英汉词汇对比

Unit

3:ComparisonandDiction英汉语言对比与翻译选词1EnglishandChinesebelongtotwodifferentlanguagefamilies:English,theIndo-EuropeanfamilyandChinese,theSino-Tibetanfamily.Thetwolanguagesalsohavedifferentculturalbackgrounds---WesternandChinese.Sino-Tibetanfamily汉藏语系ideographiccharacter表意文字Indo-Europeanfamily印欧语系orthographicspelling表音文字汉语英语Translationisaninterlingualandinterculturaltransferandmulti-dimensionalcontrastivestudiesofthetwolanguagesandculturesarethereforeessential.WewouldliketofocusonthedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseonlexicallevel,whichcountinEnglish-Chinesetranslation.1)Word-for-WordEquivalence(完全对等)Thisismostevidentlyshowninpropernounsandtechnicalterms,whichcanbetranslatedliterally.E.g.China,Germany,NewYorktable,watch,sun,microwave,

supermarket,nuclearweapons,

chainreactions1.EquivalencebetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevel1.EquivalencebetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevel2)PartialEquivalence(部分对等)ThemeaningofsomeEnglishwordspartiallycorrespondstothatofChinesewords.(1)OneWordwithMultipleEquivalentsoftheSameMeaningWife:妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、堂客、内人......Potato:马铃薯、洋芋、土豆、山药蛋......人：humanbeing,man,people,person......

weargunmarriagepresidentunclefrycut

穿、戴枪、炮嫁、娶总统/校长/主席/长官叔/伯伯/姑父/舅/姨夫煎/炒/炸/煸/炝割/切/剪/修1.EquivalencebetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevel(2)OneWordwithSeveralEquivalentsofDifferentMeanings山门大学笑叫看hill/mountaingate/doorcollege/universitylaugh/smilecall/shout/crysee/look/peer（凝视）/peep（窥视）glance/glimpse/stare/gaze/glare（怒目注视）/gape（吃惊地看）1.EquivalencebetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevel走英勇/临危不惧walk/stroll（散步）/saunter（闲逛）/trudge（艰难地走）/plod/toddle（蹒跚地走）/stride/march/trot（小跑）/strut（趾高气昂地走）/wobble（颤抖地走）/amble（马，从容地走）brave/bold/courageous/valorous/valiant1.EquivalencebetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevel

3)noequivalentsDINKcouchpotatohacker气功功夫粽子磕头(kowtow)阴阳八卦太极雨水三九1.EquivalencebetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevel1.EquivalencebetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevel对无对等的翻译选词，一般采用下列方法：1)采用拼音法。如：叩头（kowtow)、功夫(kongfu)、馄饨(wonton)、秧歌(yangko;扭秧歌dotheyangko)、炕(kang)、亩(mu)、斤(jin)、两(liang)、武术(wushu,或martialart)等。2)通过解释的方法。如：三伏(thethreeperiodsofthehotseason;三伏天dogdays;中伏thesecondofthethreeten-dayperiodofthehotseason)、惊蛰(theWakingofInsects)等。1.EquivalencebetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevel3)通过英语词语组合翻译法。如：天干(theheavenlystems)、地支(theearthlybranches)等。4)拼音+解释阴：yin(inChinesethoughtthesoftinactivefemaleprincipleorforceintheworld)阳：yang(inChinesethoughtthestrongactivemaleprincipleorforceintheworld)Story：AyoungmancametoScottiswithastory.一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。Herstoryisoneofthesaddest.她的遭遇最惨。He’llbehappyifthatstoryholdsup.如果这一说法当真，那他就太高兴了。

2.polysemyIt’squiteanotherstorynow.现在情形完全不同了。Thewarisbecomingthemostimportantstoryofthisgeneration.这场战争已成为这一代人的最重大事件。2.polysemyTheofficialrefusedtoconfirmthestory.那个官员拒绝证实这个消息。Somereporterswhowerenotincludedinthesessionbrokethestory.有些那次会议没有到场的记者把内情揭露出来。2.polysemySoft：The

record

has

been

considered

soft

ever

since

it

was

set

last

May.自从五月份创造了这个纪录以来，人们一直认为它是很容易被打破的。Marijuana

is

usually

regarded

as

a

soft

drug.大麻通常被看作是软性（毒性较轻的）麻醉毒品。2.polysemyAt

this

stage

there

is

only

soft

intelligence

about

the

enemy’

intention.We

should

not

shoot

him

from

the

hip.在目前，关于敌人的意图还只有不太充分的情报，我们不能鲁莽行事。Don'tbesosoft,there'snothingtobeafraidof.

别这么窝囊,没什么可怕的嘛.

2.polysemy上班上课上场上演上阵上台上任gotowork;attendclass;appearonthestage/court;perform;gointobattle;cometopower;takeupanofficialpost上当上火上瘾betakenin;getangry;beaddicted2.polysemy表该上了。Thewatchneedswinding.这事已上了电视。IthasbeenpublicizedonTV.一连上了好几盘菜。Severalcourseswereservedinsuccession.2.polysemyLearningawordisnotonlylearningitsmeaning;italsoincludeslearningwhichwordorwordsitusuallygoeswith,thatis,itscollocations.

ThereisgreatdifferencebetweenEnglishcollocationandChinesecollocation.

3.Collocation

3.Collocation1).n.+n.General-utilitywords(概括词)arefrequentlyusedinChinesecollocation,whichisamajorfeatureofChineseword-building.

3.Collocation图书馆博物馆旅馆饭馆体育馆展览馆照相馆大使馆librarymuseumhotelrestaurantgymnasiumexhibitionhallphotostudio

embassy

3.Collocation个人卫生公共卫生环境卫生personalhygienepublichealthenvironmentalsanitation

3.Collocation2).adj.+n.黄色小说黄色音乐黄色电影filthynovelsvulgarmusicpornographicmovies

3.Collocation副总统副经理副教授副食品副作用副标题vicepresidentdeputymanagerassociateprofessornon-staplefoodsideeffectsubheading

3.Collocation浓汤浓茶浓咖啡浓头发浓眉毛淡水淡茶淡季thicksoupstrongteastrongcoffeethickhairthickeyebrowfreshwaterweakteaslowseason3).v.+n.打开电视打开箱子打开敲门打开领结打开信件打开奥秘turnontheTVopentheboxanswerthedoorloosenthetieunfoldtheletterdiscoverthesecrets

3.Collocation3.CollocationWearacoatWearawatchWearapairofspectaclesWearhairWearperfume穿衣服戴手表戴眼镜留头发擦香水4.DifferentWordOrder前后 左右 新旧 水陆 贫富 田径

backandforthrightandleftoldandnewlandandwater

richandpoor

trackandfield4.DifferentWordOrder迟早 不论晴雨东西南北衣食住行soonerorlaterrainorshineNorth,South,EastandWestfood,clothing,housing,t