亨利詹姆斯生平

HENRYJAMES

（1843-1916）Heisregardedasoneofthekeyfiguresof19th-centuryrealistwritersandpsychologicalrealistnovelists.Aforerunnerofstreamofconsciousness.AnAmericanwriterwhospentthebulkofhiscareerinBritainDEFINITIONLIFEEXPERIENCEBornintoawealthyculturedfamilyofNewEnglandUnusualUpbringingWasexposedtothecultural

influenceofEuropeatavery

early

ageDevelopedalifelongfridenshipwithHowells,whobecamehis"moralpolice"(道德榜样)Father--aneminentphilosopherandreformerBrother--afamousphilosopherandpsychologist(inventtheterm“streamofconsciousness”)简史P124LIFEEXPERIENCETheculturalinfluenceofEuropeIntheHavardLawSchool,hereadFrenchnovelistsandcriticsHetouredEngland,FranceandmetFlaubertandTurgenevSettleddowninLondonCOMMENTSOFTHEAUTHORHewasavoluminous（著作多的）writer,andahewasacopious（大量的）letterwriterandleftagoodnumberofnotebooks.简史P124COMMENTSOFTHEAUTHORHenevertookpartinpublicaffairsorshowedmuchinterestintheeconomicandsocialchangesoftheperiod.书上没有COMMENTSOFTHEAUTHORINFLUENCEOFOTHERAUTHORSGEORGEELIOT--idealofphilosophicalnovelistTURGENEV--“adorable”,guide--InspiredbyhisportraitsofwomenFLAUBERT--ResembletoMadameBovaryHAWTHORNE--Impressedbyhisinsightintothehumanpsyche简史P124ThreePeriods1.1865-1882Createdtheinternationalnovel（国际小说）andinternationaltheme（国际题材）

TheAmerican(1877)DaisyMiller(1879)ThePortraitofaLady(1881)简史P125/126ThreePeriods2.1882-1895Droppedthe"internationaltheme"Wrotehistalesofsubtlestudiesofinter-personalrelationshipsandsomeplaysThenovelsandplayswerepoorlyreceivedbuthegotabetterknowledgeofliterarytechniques.TheBostonians(1886)ThePrincessCasamassima（1886）简史P125ThreePeriods3.1895~1900WroteafewnovellasandtalesdealingwithchildhoodandadolescenceBacktothe"internationaltheme"WhatMaisieKnew(1897)TheTurnoftheScrew(1898)TheWingsoftheDove(1902)TheAmbassadors(1903)TheGoldenBowl(1904)简史P125THESUMMITOFHISARTCONSTITUTE"THEMAJORPHASE"OFHISCAREERaresetagainstalargeinternationalbackground,usuallybetweenEuropeandAmericafocusontheconfrontationofthetwodifferentcultureswithtwodifferentgroupsofpeoplerepresentingtwodifferentvaluesystemsInternationalThemenovels

ThemeetingofAmericaandEurope,AmericaninnocenceincontrastwithEuropeandecadence,anditsmoralandpsychologicalcomplications.（简史P125)WRITINGTECHNIQUESAmericanpersonalitiesofEuropeanpersonalitiesofinnocence,enthusiasm,ignorance,unsophistication,freshness,freedom,individualityAmericanheroesandheroines,whoconfrontedEuropeansophistication,eithertriumphedoveritorwereoverwhelmed.over-refinement,degeneration,complexity,highcultivation,sophisticationcontrastwith简史P125WRITINGTECHNIQUESWRITINGTECHNIQUESPOINTOFVIEW他对叙述故事的观察点与角度进行了一系列的试验,创造了他所称的“意识中心”的叙事方式,即故事的叙述者既不是那无所不知、“上帝”似的作者,也不是第一人称主人公的“我”,而是作品中的某一个角色。小说中的叙述、描写都从这个角色的观察和认识出发,叙述细节都必须通过这个“意识中心”人物的思想过滤。而这种过滤行为本身,反过来又能更好地折射这个“意识中心”人物的心灵。从现代叙述学的角度分析,即是采用了第三人称有限视角即内聚焦的方式。我是都教授，我预见到穿那双高跟鞋的人在游轮上有危险，因为千颂伊有那双鞋，所以我运用超能力来到游轮，救了差点落水的千颂伊。你预见到穿那双高跟鞋的人有死掉的危险，所以在知道那双鞋子的主人是千颂伊后，你利用超能力瞬间转移到游轮上，救了差点落水的千颂伊。这时的你已经爱上了颂伊。都教授预见到穿那双高跟鞋的人有生命危险，看到千颂伊穿着那双鞋后，在婚礼当天瞬间转移到游轮上，救了差点落水的千颂伊。而千颂伊却以为这只是一个梦。都教授运用瞬间转移来到游轮，救了千颂伊。他凝视着微醺的颂伊，在心里其实已经爱上了这个脾气不好又经常犯二的女明星。都教授并不知道千颂伊也已经喜欢上了他。WRITINGTECHNIQUES

Definition:Illuminationofthesitustioncharactersthroughoneorseveralminds.Thirdpersonlimitedpointofviewisamethodofstorytellinginwhichthenarratorknowsonlythethoughtsandfeelingsofasinglecharacter,whileothercharactersarepresentedonlyexternally.Thirdpersonlimitedgrantsawritermorefreedomthanfirstperson,butlessthanthirdpersonomniscient.POINTOFVIEW简史P128WRITINGTECHNIQUESPSYCHOLOGICALANALYSIStheforerunnerof"stream-of-consciousness"novelsthefounderofpsychologicalrealismDefinitionByemphasizingtheinnerawarenessandinwardmovementsofhischaractersinfaceofoutsideoccurrencesratherthanmerelydelineatingtheirenvironmentinanydetail简史P128WRITINGTECHNIQUES

anindispensablepartofhiscontributiontheartistshouldwriteaboutanythingthatconcernshim,eventheuglyandthecommonplace“TheArtofFiction”《小说的艺术》

isconcernedwithformdevotedtohumanvaluesArtmustberelatedtolife"Theonlyreasonfortheexistenceofanovelisthatitdoesattempttorepresentlife"