2011年考研英语二真题

本本绝密★启用前2011年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）（科目代码：204）☆考生注意事项☆答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂2B铅笔填涂。考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名本资料v本资料v707757501Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA，B，CorDonANSWERSHEET1．（10points）TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers，ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber－crimethathas<u>1</u>acrosstheCanprivacybepreserved<u>2</u>bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly<u>3</u>？Lastmonth，HowardSchmidt，thecyber－czar，offeredthefederalgovernmenta<u>4</u>tomaketheasaferplace–a“voluntarytrustedidentity”systemthatwouldbethehigh－tech<u>5</u>ofaphysicalkey，afingerprintandaphotoIDcard，allrolled<u>6</u>one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard，oradigitalcredential<u>7</u>toaspecificcomputer，andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.Theideaisto<u>8 </u>afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Userscould<u>9</u>whichsystemtojoin，andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense<u>10</u>bythegovernment.GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese“singlesign－on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto<u>11</u>justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.<u>12 </u>，theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”incyberspace，withsafe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseofa<u>13 </u>community.Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhich“individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith<u>14</u>，trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure<u>15</u>whichthetransactionruns.”Still，theadministration’splanhas<u>16</u>privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach；othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould<u>17</u>beacompulsoryInternet“driver’slicense”mentality.Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith<u>18</u>bysomecomputersecurityexperts，whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet<u>19</u>.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe<u>20</u>toregisterandidentifythemselves，inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.1．[A]swept[B]skipped[C]walked[D]ridden2．[A]for[B]within[C]while[D]though3．[A]careless[B]lawless[C]pointless[D]helpless4．[A]reason[B]reminder[C]compromise[D]proposal5．[A]information[B]interference[C]entertainment[D]equivalent6．[A]by[B]into[C]from[D]over7．[A]linked[B]directed[C]chained[D]compared8．[A]dismiss[B]discover[C]create[D]improve9．[A]recall[B]suggest[C]select[D]realize10．[A]released[B]issued[C]distributed[D]delivered11．[A]carryon[B]lingeron[C]setin[D]login12．[A]Invain[B]Ineffect[C]Inreturn[D]Incontrast13．[A]trusted[B]modernized[C]thriving[D]competing14．[A]caution[B]delight[C]confidence[D]patience15．[A]on[B]after[C]beyond[D]across16．[A]divided[B]disappointed[C]protected[D]united17．[A]frequently[B]incidentally[C]occasionally[D]eventually18．[A]skepticism[B]tolerance[C]indifference[D]enthusiasm19．[A]manageable[B]defendable[C]vulnerable[D]invisible20．[A]invited[B]appointed[C]allowed[D]forcedSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA，B，CorD．MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1．（40points）Text1RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs’sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000；ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmuchcriticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman’scompensationcommittee；howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked？ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime，shesaid.Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful，yetlessbiased，advisersonafirm’sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere，theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive’sproposals.Ifthesky，andthesharepriceisfalling，outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasethatcoveredmorethan10，000firmsandmorethan64，000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004．Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage，sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70．Theyfoundthatafterasurprisedeparture，theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasesbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass－actionlawsuitalsoincreases，andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive，itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey“tradeup，”leavingriskier，smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks，evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons，onceagainverypopularoncampus.AccordingtoParagraph1，Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor<u> </u>.gainingexcessiveprofitsfailingtofulfillherdutyrefusingtomakecompromisesleavingtheboardintoughtimeslearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe<u> </u>.generousinvestorsunbiasedexecutivessharepriceforecastersindependentadvisersAccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversity，afteranoutsidedirector’ssurprisedeparture，thefirmislikelyto<u> </u>.becomemorestablereportincreasedearningsdolesswellinthestockmarketperformworseinlawsuitsItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors<u> </u>.maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirmhaveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirmareaccustomedtostress－freeworkinthefirmwilldeclineincentivesfromthefirmTheauthor’sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis<u> </u>.permissivepositivescornfulcriticalText2Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspapers？Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.<u>NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom</u>.America’sFederalTradeCommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations？Shouldthestatesubsidizethem？Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.Inmuchoftheworldthereislittlesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers，whichinhabitthemosttroubledcorneroftheglobalindustry，havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago，butprofitallthesame.Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13，500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007．Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.thesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand，sadlyformanyjournalists，theycanbepushedfurther.Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses，withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008，accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&Development（OECD）.InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly，Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody，butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspapersareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.Bysaying“Newspaperslike...theirowndoom”（Lines3－4，Para.1），theauthorindicatesthatnewspapers<u> </u>.neglectedthesignofcrisisfailedtogetstatesubsidieswerenotcharitablecorporationswereinadesperatesituationSomenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause<u> </u>.readersthreatenedtopaylessnewspaperswantedtoreducecostsjournalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareassubscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproductsComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts，Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey<u> </u>.havemoresourcesofrevenuehavemorebalancednewsroomsarelessdependentonadvertisingarelessaffectedbyreadershipWhatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspaperbusiness？Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers.Completenessistoblameforthefailureofnewspaper.Foreignbureausplayacrucialroleinthenewspaperbusiness.Readershavelosttheirinterestincarandfilmreviews.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe<u> </u>.AmericanNewspapers：StrugglingforSurvivalAmericanNewspapers：GonewiththeAmericanNewspapers：AThrivingBusinessAmericanNewspapers：AHopelessStoryText3tendtothinkofthedecadesimmediatelyfollowingWorldIIasatimeofprosperityandgrowth，withsoldiersreturninghomebythemillions，goingofftocollegeontheG.I.Billandliningupatthemarriagebureaus.Butwhenitcametotheirhouses，itwasatimeofcommonsenseandabeliefthatlesscouldtrulybemore.DuringtheDepressionandthewar，Americanshadlearnedtolivewithless，andthatrestraint，incombinationwiththepostwarconfidenceinthefuture，madesmall，efficienthousingpositivelystylish.Economicconditionwasonlyastimulusforthetrendtowardefficientliving.Thephrase“lessismore”wasactuallyfirstpopularizedbyaGerman，thearchitectLudwigMiesvanderRohe，wholikeotherpeopleassociatedwiththeBauhaus，aschoolofdesign，emigratedtotheUnitedStatesbeforeWorldIIandtookuppostsatAmericanarchitectureschools.ThesedesignerscametoexertenormousinfluenceonthecourseofAmericanarchitecture，butnonemoresothanMies.Mies’ssignaturephrasemeansthatlessdecoration，properlyorganized，hasmoreimpactthanalot.Elegance，hebelieved，didnotderivefromabundance.Likeothermodernarchitects，heemployedmetal，glassandlaminatedwood–materialsthatwetakeforgrantedtodaybutthatinthe1940ssymbolizedthefuture.Mies’ssophisticatedpresentationmaskedthefactthatthespaceshedesignedweresmallandefficient，ratherthanbigandoftenempty.TheapartmentsintheeleganttowersMiesbuiltonChicago’sLakeShoreDrive，forexample，weresmaller–two－bedroomunitsunder1，000squarefeet–thanthoseintheirolderneighborsalongthecity’sGoldCoast.Buttheywerepopularbecauseoftheirairyglasswalls，theviewstheyaffordedandtheeleganceofthebuildings’detailsandproportions，thearchitecturalequivalentoftheabstractartsopopularatthetime.Thetrendtoward“less”wasnotentirelyforeign.Inthe1930sFrankLloydWrightstartedbuildingmoremodestandefficienthouses–usuallyaround1，200squarefeet–thanthespreadingtwo－storyoneshehaddesignedinthe1890sandtheearly20thThe“CaseStudyHouses”commissionedfromtalentedmodernarchitectsbyCaliforniaArts&Architecturemagazinebetween1945and1962wereyetanotherhomegrowninfluenceonthe“lessismore”trend.Aestheticeffectcamefromthelandscape，newmaterialsandforthrightdetailing.InhisCaseStudyHouse，RalphRapsonmayhavemispredictedjusthowthemechanicalrevolutionwouldimpacteverydaylife–fewAmericanfamiliesacquiredhelicopters，thoughmosteventuallygotclothesdryers–buthisbeliefthatself－sufficiencywasbothdesirableandinevitablewaswidelyshared.ThepostwarAmericanhousingstylelargelyreflectedtheAmericans’<u> </u>.prosperityandgrowthefficiencyandpracticalityrestraintandconfidenceprideandfaithfulnessWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3abouttheBauhaus？ItwasfoundedbyLudwigMiesvanderRohe.ItsdesigningconceptwasaffectedbyII.MostAmericanarchitectsusedtobeassociatedwithit.IthadagreatinfluenceuponAmericanarchitecture.Miesheldthateleganceofarchitecturaldesign<u> </u>.wasrelatedtolargespacewasidentifiedwithemptinesswasnotreliantonabundantdecorationwasnotassociatedwithefficiencyWhatistrueabouttheapartmentsMiesbuiltonLakeShoreDrive？Theyignoreddetailsandproportions.Theywerebuiltwithmaterialspopularatthattime.Theyweremorespaciousthanneighboringbuildings.Theysharedsomecharacteristicsofabstractart.Whatcanwelearnaboutthedesignofthe“CaseStudyHouses”？Mechanicaldeviceswerewidelyused.Naturalscenesweretakenintoconsideration.Detailsweresacrificedfortheoveralleffect.Eco－friendlymaterialswereemployed.Text4WilltheEuropeanUnionmakeit？Thequestionwouldhavesoundedstrangenotlongago.Noweventheproject’sgreatestcheerleaderstalkofacontinentfacinga“Bermudatriangle”ofdebt，populationdeclineandlowergrowth.Aswellasthosechronicproblems，theEUfacesanacutecrisisinitseconomiccore，the16countriesthatusethesinglecurrency.Marketshavelostfaiththattheeurozone’seconomies，weakerorstronger，willonedayconvergethankstothedisciplineofsharingasinglecurrency，whichdeniesuncompetitivemembersthequickfixofdevaluation.YetthedebateabouthowtosaveEurope’ssinglecurrencyfromdisintegrationisstuck.Itisstuckbecausetheeurozone’sdominantpowers，FranceandGermany，agreeontheneedforgreaterharmonisationwithintheeurozone，butdisagreeaboutwhattoharmonise.Germanythinkstheeuromustbesavedbystricterrulesonborrowing，spendingandcompetitiveness，backedbyquasi－automaticsanctionsforgovernmentsthatdonotobey.ThesemightincludethreatstofreezeEUfundsforpoorerregionsandEUmega－projects，andeventhesuspensionofacountry’svotingrightsinEUministerialcouncils.Itinsiststhateconomicco－ordinationshouldinvolveall27membersoftheEUclub，amongwhomthereisasmallmajorityforfree－marketliberalismandeconomicrigour；intheinnercorealone，Germanyfears，asmallmajorityfavourFrenchinterference.A“southern”campheadedbyFrancewantssomethingdifferent：“Europeaneconomicgovernment”withinaninnercoreofeuro－zonemembers.Translated，thatmeanspoliticiansinterveninginmonetarypolicyandasystemofredistributionfromrichertopoorermembers，viacheaperborrowingforgovernmentsthroughcommonEurobondsorcompletefiscaltransfers.Finally，figuresclosetotheFranchgovernmenthavemurmured，euro－zonemembersshouldagreetosomefiscalandsocialharmonisation：e.g.，curbingcompetitionincorporate－taxratesorlabourcosts.ItistoosoontowriteofftheEU.Itremainstheworld’slargesttradingblock.Atitsbest，theEuropeanprojectisremarkablyliberal：builtaroundasinglemarketof27richandpoorcountries，itsinternalbordersarefarmoreopentogoods，capitalandlabourthananycomparabletradingarea.Itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharpestedgesofglobalisation，andmakecapitalismbenign.TheEUisfacedwithsomanyproblemsthat .ithasmoreorlesslostfaithinmarketsevenitssupportersbegintofeelconcernedsomeofitsmembercountriesplantoabandoneuroitintendstodenythepossibilityofdevaluationThedebateovertheEU’ssinglecurrencyisstuckbecausethedominantpowers_____.arecompetingfortheleadingpositionarebusyhandlingtheirowncrisesfailtoreachanagreementonharmonisationdisagreeonthestepstowardsdisintegrationsolvetheeuroproblem，Germanyproposedthat .EUfundsforpoorregionsbeincreasedstricterregulationsbeimposedonlycoremembersbeinvolvedineconomicco－ordinationvotingrightsoftheEUmembersbeguaranteedTheFrenchproposalofhandlingthecrisisimpliesthat<u> </u>.poorcountriesaremorelikelytogetfundsstrictmonetarypolicywillbeappliedtopoorcountriesloanswillbereadilyavailabletorichcountriesrichcountrieswillbasicallycontrolEurobondsRegardingthefutureoftheEU，theauthorseemstofeel<u> </u>.pessimisticdesperateconceitedhopefulPartBDirections：Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtherightcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintheleftcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1．（10points）Leadingdoctorstodayweighinonthedebateoverthegovernment’sroleinpromotingpublichealthbydemandingthatministersimpose“fattaxes”onunhealthyfoodandintroducecigarette－stylewarningstochildrenaboutthedangersofapoordiet.Thedemandsfollowcommentsmadelastweekbythehealthsecretary，AndrewLansley，whoinsistedthegovernmentcouldnotforcepeopletomakehealthychoicesandpromisedtofreebusinessesfrompublichealthregulations.Butseniormedicalfigureswanttostopfast－foodoutletsopeningnearschools，restrictadvertisingofproductshighinfat，saltorsugar，andlimitsponsorshipofsportseventsbyfast－foodproducerssuchasMcDonald’s.TheyarguethatgovernmentactionisnecessarytocurbBritain’saddictiontounhealthyfoodandhelphaltspiralingratesofobesity，diabetesandheartdisease.ProfessorTerenceStephenson，presidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPaediatricsandChildHealth，saidthattheconsumptionofunhealthyfoodshouldbeseentobejustasdamagingassomkingorexcessivedrinking.“Thirtyyearsago，itwouldhavebeeninconceivabletohaveimaginedabanonsmokingintheworkplaceorinpubs，andyetthatiswhatwehavenow.Arewewillingtobejustascourageousinrespectofobesity？Iwouldsuggestthatweshouldbe，”saidtheleaderoftheUK’schildren’sdoctors.Lansleyhasalarmedhealthcampaignersbysuggestinghewantsindustryratherthangovernmenttotakethelead.HesaidthatmanufacturersofcrispsandcandiescouldplayacentralroleintheChange4Lifecampaign，thecentrepieceofgovernmenteffortstoboosthealthyeatingandfitness.HehasalsocriticisedthecelebritychefJamieOliver’shigh－profileattempttoimproveschoollunchesinEnglandasanexampleofhow“lecturing”peoplewasnotthebestwaytochangetheirbehaviour.StephensonsuggestedpotentialrestrictionscouldincludebanningTVadvertisementsforfoodshighinfat，saltorsugarbefore9pmandlimitingthemonbillboardsorincinemas.“Ifwewerereallybold，wemightevenbegintothinkofhigh－caloriefastfoodinthesamewayascigarettes–bysettingstrictlimitsonadvertising，productplacementandsponsorshipofsportsevents，”hesaid.SuchamovecouldaffectfirmssuchasMcDonald’s，whichsponsorstheyouthcoachingschemerunbytheFootballAssociation.Fast－foodchainsshouldalsostopoffering“inducements”suchastoys，cuteanimalsandmobilephonecredittolureyoungcustomers，Stephensonsaid.ProfessorDineshBhugra，presidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPsychiatrists，said：“Ifchildrenaretaughtabouttheimpactthatfoodhasontheirgrowth，andthatsomethingscanharm，atleastinformationisavailableupfront.”Healsourgedcouncilstoimpose“fast－food－freezones”aroundschoolsandhospitals–areaswithinwhichtakeawayscannotopen.ADepartmentofHealthspokespersonsaid：needtocreateanewvisionforpublichealthwhereallofsocietyworkstogethertogethealthyandlivelonger.Thisincludescreatinganew‘responsibilitydeal’withbusiness，builtonsocialresponsibility，notstateregulation.Laterthisyear，wewillpublishawhitepapersettingoutexactlyhowwewillachievethis.Thefoodindustrywillbealarmedthatsuchseniordoctorsbacksuchradicalmoves，especiallythecalltousesomeofthetoughtacticsthathavebeendeployedagainstsmokingoverthelastdecade.[A]“fattaxes”shouldbeimposedonfast－foodproducerssuchasMcDonald’s.41．AndrewLansleyheldthat[B]thegovernmentshouldbanfast－foodoutletsintheneighborhoodofschools.42．TerenceStephensonagreedthat[C]“lecturing”wasaneffectivewaytoimproveschoollunchesinEngland.43．JamieOliverseemedtobelievethat[D]cigarette－style warnings should beintroducedtochildrenaboutthedangersofapoordiet.44．DineshBhugrasuggestedthat[E]theproducersofcrispsandcandiescouldcontributesignificant