后备鸡和产蛋鸡的光照

June12,2014后备鸡和产蛋鸡的光照

LightingPulletsandLayers©Hy-LineInternationalIanRubinoff,DVM,MPHHy-LineInternationalTechnicalServicesVeterinarian了解家禽光照

Understandingpoultrylighting设定光照程序 Settingupalightingprogram对于不同灯泡的指南 Aguidetodifferentbulbs©Hy-LineInternational概述Outline光Light电磁谱辐射的一部分 PortionoftheElectromagneticSpectrumRadiation紫外光UltraViolet(UV)可见光Visible红外线Infrared(IR)光照环境LightEnvironment:持续时间即：光周期、白昼长度 Duratione.i.,Photoperiod,Daylength亮度即：光照强度

Luminancee.i.,Intensity波长即：颜色Wavelengthe.i.,Color基本概念BasicConcepts©Hy-LineInternational电磁波谱Electromagneticspectrum©Hy-LineInternational家禽可识别波长FowlwavelengthrecognitionCourtesyofONCEInnovations地方家禽对可适光波谱的反应©Hy-LineInternational人类可识别波长HumanwavelengthrecognitionCourtesyofONCEInnovations人眼对可适光波谱的反应100lumen100lux1m2强度，亮度Intensity,Luminance:1勒克斯=1㎡1流明

1Lux=1Lumenin1m2人类的感觉与鸟类不同Perceptionforhumansisnotthesameasforbirds.10lux10m2100lumen©Hy-LineInternational显色指数

Colorrenderingindex(CRI)

色度是测量光的相对暖性和冷性的一种方法 Chromaticityisamethodtomeasuretherelativewarmnessorcoolnessoflight以开尔文为单位表示 ExpressedindegreesofKelvin最初用来表述白炽灯 Wasoriginallydevelopedforincandescentlights>4000K-冷色

>4000K-cool3500-3600K-中等且平衡 3500–3600K–neutralandbalanced<3000K-暖色

<3000K-warm©Hy-LineInternational色度Chromaticity©Hy-LineInternational色度Chromaticity家禽生物学Poultrybiology感受Reception:

视网膜Retinal

-锥形体Conephotoreceptors

-视觉感知Visualperception

-多巴胺Dopamine&UV-A↔

褪黑激素melatonin2a.松果体Pineal

“Soulgland” -光感受器

Photoreceptors(>4lux)

-生物钟Circadianclock:血清素和褪黑激素serotoninandmelatonin2b.下丘脑Hypothalamic

性成熟SexualMaturity

-大脑深处的光感受器Deepencephalicphotoreceptor

-性激素Sexualhormones2a.2b.光的基本生理效应 BasicPhysiologicaleffectsoflight:增加视力Facilitatesight -找寻食物Foodsearch刺激内循环StimulateInternalCycles生理节奏-白昼长度变更Circadian-daylengthchanges产生并调整激素分泌Initiateandregulatehormonerelease -新陈代谢调整：脂肪和肌肉沉积 Metabolicregulation:fat&muscledeposition -繁殖Reproduction -钙磷和骨骼形成Calciumandphosphorusandboneformation家禽生物学

Poultrybiology波长不同Wavelengthdifferences紫外线A-B光UltravioletA-Blight维生素D转换、钙磷代谢、骨骼形成、免疫系统、血压和血液循环、肌肉发育 VitaminDconversion,calciumandphosphorusmetabolism,boneformation,immunesystem,bloodpressureandcirculation,muscledevelopment可见光Visuallight鸟类有4种类型的单独锥形体光感受器和四色光感觉 Birdshave4typesofsingle-conephotoreceptorsandtetra-chromaticcolorvision第5个单独锥形体用于基于亮度的运动检测 A5thsingle-coneisluminancebasedformotiondetection红外光Infraredlight感觉为热能Perceivedasheat家禽生理学Poultryphysiology野生鸟类的季节性源于光照

LightisResponsibleforWildBird’sSeasonality白昼时间和光照强度上升Daylength&Intensity

↑食物供应增加FoodSupply↑

繁殖行为增多Reproduction↑

产蛋LAY热量强度增加IntensityHeat,T↑孵卵≠产蛋Brooding

≠LAY白昼时间和光照强度下降Daylength&Intensity

↓食物供应减少FoodSupply↓

小鸟出壳PULLETSHATCH体型成熟MatureBodySize

白昼时间和光照强度上升

↑Daylength&Intensity

性成熟开始OnsetSexualMaturitySpringSummerFallWinter春夏秋冬开始增加光照时间和强度Startwith↑

light

L&I光照时间和强度逐渐减少StepDown:

↓lightL&I光照刺激增加LightStimulation:↑Photoperiod白昼时间逐渐增加维持产蛋Gradually↑

DaylengthToSustainProductionPulletLayingHenGrownPullet遵守生理规律RespectPhysiologicalRules现代蛋鸡生产模拟自然的季节性

ModernLayerProductionMimicsNaturetoTrickSeasonality后备鸡后备鸡育雏育成期产蛋期雏鸡须要强光来找寻食物和饮水 Chicksneedintenselighttofindfeed&water雏鸡须要长时间的光照来采食和饮水 Chicksneedmanyhoursoflighttoeat&drink雏鸡也须要休息的时间 Chicksdoneedarestperiod第一周：20小时间照 Week1:20hoursoflight循环的光照和黑暗时间以刺激采食量和饮水量-间歇性光照 Cyclelightanddarkperiodstostimulatefeed&waterintake–intermittentlighting生理规律:后备鸡PhysiologicalRules:Pullets

渐渐降低：通过光照时间和强度的削减来模拟秋天的光照模式 StepDown:↓daylength&intensitytomimicfalllightpattern褪黑激素分泌增加：阻断促性腺激素释放激素和促黄体素 ↑Melatoninsecretion:keepsgonadotropin-releasinghormone(GnRH)&luteinizinghormone(LH)blocked刺激：光照时间增加以模拟春天 Stimulation:↑daylengthtomimicspring褪黑激素分泌下降：刺激促性腺激素释放激素和促黄体素的分泌 ↓Melatoninsecretion:stimulateGnRH&LHsecretion起先排卵产蛋阶段 OnsetovulationLayingphase生理规律：后备鸡PhysiologicalRules:Pullets除非想刺激产蛋，否则不要增加光照强度和时间 Donotincreaselightintensityordaylengthuntilyouwanttostimulateproduction进入产蛋期后，每周缓慢增加光照时间可以帮助维持较高的产蛋高峰 Increasedaylengthbysmallamountweeklyenteringintolayhelpsbirdsmaintainhighproductionpeak鸡只接着生长并成熟直到32周龄，对于正在生长和成熟的鸡只，缓慢的刺激特殊关键 Birdscontinuetogrowandmatureto32weeks.Slowstimulationiscriticaltothestillgrowing&maturingbird光照时间的削减对成年鸡来说意味着换羽 Decreasingdaylengthforadultbirdsisasignaltostartmolting生理规律：后备鸡和产蛋鸡

PhysiologicalRules:Pullets&Layers雏鸡到达之前就制定好光照程序 Planyourlightingprogrambeforechicksarrive了解光照对于后备鸡生长发育的影响 Understandimpactoflightonpulletgrowthanddevelopment体重达标后再起先加光刺激开产 Alwayswaittolightstimulatebirdsforproductionuntilbodyweightgoalsaremet光照程序LightingProgram白炽灯 Incandescent荧光灯 Fluorescent卤素灯 HalogenLED灯

LED©Hy-LineInternational灯泡的选择Availablelightbulbs©Hy-LineInternational灯泡对比Bulbcomparison©Hy-LineInternationalBulbcomparisonLED灯有众多的优势 LEDlightshavealotofadvantages照旧须要学习 Thereisstillalearningcurve了解明暗度Understandingdimming测定强度 Measuringintensity©Hy-LineInternational换成LED灯SwitchingtoLED调光器必需与特殊的LED灯安装模式相匹配 DimmersneedtobecompatiblewithspecificLEDinstalled调光器不匹配将导致LED灯闪烁、过热、更快的烧毁 IncompatibledimmercancauseLEDlightstoflicker,overheat,orburnoutmorequickly与LED灯生产厂家合作以保证调光器正确安装 WorkwithLEDmanufacturertoensureyouhavethecorrectdimmerinstalled©Hy-LineInternational调整LED灯亮度DimmingLEDlights传统的测光仪器无法在鸡舍中精确测定LED灯 TraditionallightmeterscannotbeusedtomeasureLEDlightsaccuratelyinapoultryhouse多数测光仪的刻度标度为可见光为“白光”时的温度，大约在2800K并且波长为550-560纳米 Mostlightmetersarecalibratedforvisiblelightata"white"colortemperature,usually~2800Kandmostcloselyassociatedwith~550-560nmwavelengths.多数传感器和滤镜的光谱反应都是依据国际照明委员会（CIE）规定的可见光和人眼的反应曲线设计的 ThespectralresponseofmostsensorsandfiltersaredesignedtomeettheCIEphotopic/HumanEyeResponsecurve.测定LED光照强度

MeasuringLEDlightintensity©Hy-LineInternational测定光照强度MeasuringlightintensityC