2017年6月阅读群gre学科词汇汇总

GRE学科词汇集英文单 中文意absolutezero 绝对零度：在某个温度下，粒 加速度amorphous

非晶体：没有规则的晶体结构，但有确定的体积和形状的 n.[] 宽频charged control 控制组（实验对照组 （物理学）对流（气象学）气 dis 真空（相当于 finite fleeting flow- 调频（可以在不同频道转化 n.物胶子（ 原子核（ 折rotary [机式压缩 轨 virtualparticles 虚粒子（与粒子很多特性相GRE/GMAT阅读原AccordingtotheArrheniusequation,chemicalreactionsareincreasinglyunlikelytooccurastemperaturesapproachabsolutezeroabsolutezero:n.绝对零度约为-273.15度andatabsolutezerozerodegreesKelvin,orminus273degreesCelsius)reactionsstop.Someeconomistshavesuggestedthatgivingaway wouldprovideaneededaccelerationoftheprivatizationTheintensiveworkofmaterialsscientistsandsolid-statephysicistshasgivenrisetoaclassofsolidsknownasamorphousmetallicalloys,orglassymetals.Forexample,anelectronandapositron,orantielectron,canbecreatedoutofthevoid.Themathematiciansturnthescientists’theoreticalassumptions,thatis,theirconvenientpointsofyticalemphasis,intoaxioms,andthentaketheseaxiomslilly.Becauseoftheirnarrowbandwidth,CFsignalsportrayonlythetarget’spresenceand,inthecaseofsomebatspecies,itsmotionrelativetothebat’s.ThebroadbandFMsignalsandthenarrowbandCFsignalstravelouttoatarget,reflectfromit,andreturntothehuntingbat.Asaresultofthedecayofthevacuum,thespacepermeatedbysuchafieldcanbesaidtoacquireanelectriccharge,anditcanbecalledachargedSuchvariationsinsize,shape,chemistry,conductionspeed,nervecellsremainednegligible.—thatcontainbothfrequency-modulated(FM)andconstant-frequency(CF)signals.Subjectswhoreadtheresearchers’brochureperformedsignificantlybetterinunderstandingradonrisksthandidacontrolgroupwhoreadabrochurethatwaswrittenusingadifferentapproachbya ernmentagency.Ontheotherhand,thetheoryisimusiblebecauseconvectiondoesnotnormallyoccuralonglinesEffortstoexinhowthepterosaursbecameairbornehaveledtosuggestionsthattheylaunchedthemselvesbyjumfromcliffs,bydropfromtrees,orevenbyrisingintolightwindsfromthecrestsofwaves.oronemayinquireaboutthemolecularbasisfortheincreasedcellmobilityinvolvedincelldispersion.theactualvolumeofinvoluntarydiscementthatoccurs.Eveninemptyspace,particlescanappearspontaneouslyasaresultoffluctuationsofthevacuum.theadditionalinputofthermalenergyintothecirculatingrefrigerantviatheevaporatoraccountsforthedifferenceintheenergyequation.Thereareconditionsunderwhichtheintroductionofarealparticleoffinitemassintoanemptyregionofspacecanreducethetotalenergy.Particlescreatedinthiswayhaveonlyafleetingexistence;theyareannihilatedalmostassoonastheyappear,andtheirpresencecanThisflow-reversalcapabilityallowsheatpumpseithertoheatorcoolroomair.—thatcontainbothfrequency-modulated(FM)andconstant-frequency(CF)signals.Thegluonsarethequanta,orsmallestunits,ofthe(thestrong)thatkeepsthequarkstogether.Somemovementsinvolvingprimarilyverticalorhorizontalmotionsofthebodyasawhole,inwhichrotationscanbeignored,canbestudiedusingsimpleequationsoflinearmotionitmaycomeasashocktomathematicianstolearnthattheSchrodingerequationforthehydrogenatomisnotali correctdescriptionofthisatom,butonlyanapproximationtoadipole,andrelativisticeffectsAnelectricfieldofsufficientintensitytocreateachargedvacuumislikelytobefoundinonlyonece:intheimmediatevicinityofasuperheavyatomicnucleus,onewithabouttwiceasmanyprotonsastheheaviestnaturalnucleiknown.Sincethesubstancesareunevenlydistributedintheegg,whenthefertilizedeggdivides,theresultingcellsaredifferentfromthestartandsocanbequalitativelydifferentintheirownThegluonsarethequanta,orsmallestunits,ofthe )thatkeepsthequarkstogether.Inthequantumfieldtheoriesthatdescribethephysicsofelementaryparticles,the Wecandistinguishthreedifferentrea ofmatter,threelevelsonthequantumladder.Thequantumtheory,however,suggestsotherwise,foreveryobservationinvolvesthepassageofacompletequantumfromtheobjecttothesubject,anditnowappearsthatthispassageconstitutesanimportantcouplingbetweenobserverandobserved.Thegluonsarethequanta,orsmallestunits,ofthe strong)thatkeepsthequarkstogether.Theseimagesareconstructedbymechanicallyaligningpictorialrepresentationsofsuchphenomenaasthereflectionoflightwavesoutsidethevisiblespectrum,therefractionofradiowaves,andthedailychangesintemperatureinareasontheEarth’ssurface.Thevolumeflowrateofrefrigerantvaporthroughthesingle-speedrotarycompressorusedinheatpumpsisapproximayconstant.itmaycomeasashocktomathematicianstolearnthattheSchrodingerequationforthehydrogenatomisnotali correctdescriptionofthisatom,butonlyanapproximationtoadipole,andrelativisticeffectsthatmodifythetimingandthefinefrequencystructure,orspectrum,ofechoes—forexample,thetarget’ssize,shape,texture,surfacestructure,anddirectioninspace.theadditionalinputofthermalenergyintothecirculatingrefrigerantviatheevaporatoraccountsforthedifferenceintheenergyequation.ThereisnoreasonwhytheEarthshouldalwayspassthroughthestream’sexactcenter,sothetimeintervalbetweenthetwoburstsofactivitywouldvaryfromoneyeartothenext.Ifthesehypothetical“hiddenparameters”wereknown,afullydeterministictrajectorycouldbedefined.beenlinkedtoperiodicitiesdiscernedinrecordsofsuchvariablesasrainfall,temperature,andwinds.Iftheiceshadbeenrapidlyvaporizedbyanimpactingobject,theexpandinggasesmighthavehelpedtheejectedfragmentsreachescapevelocity.Theyarecalledvirtualparticlesinordertodistinguishthemfromrealparticles,whoselifetimesarenotconstrainedinthesameway,andwhichcanbedetected.alkali['ælkə'lai] [无化] （金属元素） n.矾土，[矿物铁铝氧石；[矿物]铝土矿carbon n.砂，刚 熔 [无机化学 惰性的，不活跃Isotopic 同位素组 易变性；不稳定 nucleic [生化]核 phosphatefertilizer [高分子]聚合物 ，破 n.矿物]

trace [化学Hotspotsarealsodistinguishedfromothervolcanoesbytheirlavas,whichcontaingreateramountsofalkalimetalsthandothosefromvolcanoesattemargins.Bauxiteistherichestofallthosealuminousrocksthatoccurinlargeties,andityieldsalumina,theintermediateproductrequiredfortheproductionofaluminum.EightpercentoftheEarth’scrustisaluminum,andtherearehundredsofaluminum-bearingmineralsandvasttiesoftherocksthatcontainthem.Elementalcompositioncanvarywithinthesamecopper-orelode,usuallybecauseofvaryingadmixturesofotherelements,especiallyiron,lead,zinc,andarsenic.Thebestaluminumoreisbauxite,definedasaggregatesofaluminousminerals,moreorlessimpure,inwhichaluminumispresentashydratedoxides.Recentmicrowaveobservationsofcarbonmonoxide(CO)moleculesindicateasimilarrateofmasslossanddemonstratethattheescamaterialextendsoutwardfromthestarforadistanceofatleastonelight-year.Andhighconcentrationsofcobaltorzinc,noticedinsomeartifacts,appearinavarietyofcopper-oresources.Elementalcompositioncanvarywithinthesamecopper-orelode,usuallybecauseofvaryingadmixturesofotherelements,especiallyiron,lead,zinc,andarsenic.Aluminaalsooccursnaturallyasthemineralcorundum,butcorundumisnotfoundinlargedepositsofhighpurity,andthereforeitisanimpracticalsourceformakingaluminum.Whenacontinentaltecomestorestoverahotspot,materialwellingupfromdeeperlayersformsabroaddomethat,asitgrows,developsdeepfissures.Finally,flux,whichissometimesaddedduringsmeltingtoremovewastematerialfromtheore,couldaddtiesofelementstothefinalproduct.Thebestaluminumoreisbauxite,definedasaggregatesofaluminousminerals,moreorlessimpure,inwhichaluminumispresentashydratedoxides.Later,evidenceinsupportoftheideaofintenselocalinventwater;manyvent-sitebacteriawerefoundtobeofbacteriawerefoundinsamplesofventwaterthoughttobeimportantbiochemicalassetofbeingabletocatalyzetheoxidationofnumerousinertproductsIsotopiccomposition,thepercentagesofthedifferentisotopesofanelementinagivensampleoftheelement,isthereforeparticularlysuitableasanindicatorofthesourcesoftheore.Analternativechoiceislead,whichoccursinmostcopperandbronzeartifactsoftheBronzeAgeinamountsconsistentwiththeleadbeingderivedfromthecopperoresandpossiblyfromthefluxes.Actually,itslimitsaresetbytheamountofavailablelithium,whichisaboutasplentifulasuraniumintheEarth’scrust.Thus,justasearliertheorieshaveexinedthemobilityofthecontinentaltes,sohot-spotactivitymaysuggestatheorytoexintheirmutability.Tworelativelyrecentindependentdevelopmentsstandbehindthecurrentmajorresearcheffortonnitrogenfixation,theprocessbywhichbacteriasymbioticallyrenderleguminousntsindependentofnitrogenfertilizer.es,infectiousparticlesconsistingofnucleicacidpackagedinaproteincoat(thecapsid),aredifficulttoresist.Despitethesedifficulties,therehasbeenimportantnewworkthatsuggeststhatthissymbioticassociationcanbeharnessedtoachievemoreeconomicaluseofcostlysuperphosphatefertilizerandtopermitbetterexploitationofcheaper,lesssolublerockphosphate.Inlegumes,mycorrhizalinoculationhasincreasednitrogenfixationbeyondlevelsachievedbyaddingphosphatefertilizerThephysicalpropertiesofmosttissuescanbematchedbycarefulselectionofrawmaterials:metals,ceramics,orseveralvarietiesofpolymermaterials.Theleguminousnts—amongthemcropntssuchassoybeans,peas,alfalfa,andclover—havesolvedthenitrogensupplyproblembyenteringintoasymbioticrelationshipwiththebacterialgenusRhizobiumalongsomeofthefissuressothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.Mostofthemanyabundantnonbauxitealuminousmineralsaresilicates,and,likeallsilicateminerals,theyarerefractory,resistanttoysis,andextremelydifficulttoprocess.Despitethesedifficulties,therehasbeenimportantnewworkthatsuggeststhatthissymbioticassociationcanbeharnessedtoachievemoreeconomicaluseofcostlysuperphosphatefertilizerandtopermitbetterexploitationofcheaper,lesssolublerockphosphate.Forthesmoothoperationofthiscycle,degradationisjustasimportantassynthesis.Moreover,theprocessingoforesintroducedpoorlycontrolledchangesintheconcentrationsofminorandtraceelementsintheresultingmetal.infrared [红外射 alpha

α粒子：能发射性射线的celestial [天] collision 球碰撞而产生的 n.核]氘；[核] giantstar 引力 [地质infrared 红外辐innersolar netary

[天]行星状：ausuallycompactluminousring-shapednebulathatiscomposedofmatterwhichhasbeenejectedfromahotstaratitscenterpresolar [天 特质，特proto relative [地质]辉熔长石无球粒 小球spiral (=spiralnebula)螺 ,旋 Althoughthesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengths,wheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcentrated,topassthrough,theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wavelength,infraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurface,radiationthatwouldotherwisebetransmittedbackintospace.Theseigneousmeteoritesareknownasachondritesbecausetheylackchondrules—smallstonyspherulesfoundinthethousandsofmeteorites(called“chondrites”)composedprimarilyofunalteredmineralsthatcondensedfromdustandgasattheoriginofthesolarsystem.infact,thedeuterium-tritiumreactionthatnuclearscientistsarecurrentlyexploringwithsuchzealproducesbothalphaparticlesandneutrons.OthertheoristsproposethattheMoonwasrippedoutoftheEarth’srockymantlebytheEarth’scollisionwithanotherlargecelestialbodyaftermuchoftheEarth’sironfelltoitscore.Theseigneousmeteoritesareknownasachondritesbecausetheylackchondrules—smallstonyspherulesfoundinthethousandsofmeteorites(called“chondrites”)composedprimarilyofunalteredmineralsthatcondensedfromdustandgasattheoriginofthesolarsystem.OneproblemwiththecollisionhypothesisisthequestionofhowasaliteformedinthiswaycouldhavesettledintothenearlycircularorbitthattheMoonhastoday.Anothercommonmisconceptionisthatnuclearfusionpowerisavirtuallyunlimitedsourceofenergybecauseoftheenormoustyofdeuteriuminthesea.Fortheimmediatefuture,wemustcontinuetousehydroelectricpower,nuclearfission,andfossilfuelstomeetourenergyneeds.ItisapopularmisconceptionthatnuclearfusionpowerisofradioactivityEvidencesupportingthisviewcomesfromobservationsofIRC ,apulsatinggiantstarlocated700light-yearsawayfromEarth.Inordertoaccountforsuchanunlikelysource,someunusualfactormustbeinvoked,becausetheimpactneededtoaccelerateafragmentofrocktoescapethegravitationalfieldofabodyevenassmallastheMoonissogreatthatnometeoritesoflunaroriginhavebeendiscovered.FromthesmallnumberofimpactcratersthatappearonMartianlavaflows,onecanestimatethatthenetwasvolcanicallyactiveasrecentlyasahalf-billionyearsago—andmaybeactiveAnincreaseintheamountofcarbondioxidemeansthattherearemoremoleculesofcarbondioxidetoabsorbinfraredradiation.TheoristsaredividedconcerningtheoriginoftheMoon.SomehypothesizethattheMoonwasformedinthesamewayaswerethenetsintheinnersolarsystem(Mercury,Venus,Mars,andEarth)—fromnet-formingmaterialsinthepresolarnebula.Moreover,itisjustthesemoremassivestarswhosecollapsedoesnothaltatintermediatestages(thatis,aswhitedwarfsorneutronstars).Oncethestarhaslosttheentireenvelope,itsexposed esthecentralstarofthenetarynebulaandheatsandionizesthelastvestigesoftheenvelopeasitflowsawayintospace.Shergottitescrystallizedfrommoltenrocklessthan1.1billionyearsagoTheoreticalmodelsaswellasstatisticsonsupernovasandnetarynebulassuggestthatstarsthatbegintheirliveswithmassesaround6Mshedsufficientmaterialtodropbelowthecriticalvalue1.4M.IRC ,forexample,shoulddothisinamere50,000yearsfromitsbirth,onlyaninstantinthelifeofastar.infact,thedeuterium-tritiumreactionthatnuclearscientistsarecurrentlyexploringwithsuchzealproducesbothalphaparticlesandneutrons.Arecentstudysuggests,however,thatpermafrosticesbelowthesurfaceofMarsmayhavealteredtheeffectsofimpactonit.Oncethestarhaslosttheentireenvelope,itsexposed esthecentralstarofthenetarynebulaandheatsandionizesthelastvestigesoftheenvelopeasitflowsawayintospace.TheoristsaredividedconcerningtheoriginoftheMoon.SomehypothesizethattheMoonwasformedinthesamewayaswerethenetsintheinnersolarsystem(Mercury,Venus,Mars,andEarth)—fromnet-formingmaterialsinthepresolarnebula.Whilemostmeteoritesappeartoderivefromcomparativelysmallbodies,shergottitesexhibitpropertiesthatindicatethattheirsourcewasalargenet,conceivablyMars.ButwhatcedoesIRC haveinslarevolution?Astronomerssuggestthatstarslike areactually“protonetarynebulas”—oldgiantstarswhosedensecoreshavealmostbutnotquiteridthemselvesofthefluffyenvelopesofgasaroundthem.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeatarateof6.5℃perkilometer.Shergottites,thenamegiventothreeanomalousachondritessofardiscoveredonEarth,presentscientistswithagenuineenigma.Theseigneousmeteoritesareknownasachondritesbecausetheylackchondrules—smallstonyspherulesfoundinthethousandsofmeteorites(called“chondrites”)composedprimarilyofunalteredmineralsthatcondensedfromdustandgasattheoriginofthesolarsystem.Ifmanysuchchainswerecreatedinadifferentiallyrotatinggalaxy,thedistributionofstarswouldresembletheobserveddistributioninaIfasupernova(theexplosionofamassivestar)triggeredstarformationfromdensecloudsofgasanddust,andifthemostmassivestartobeformedfromthecloudevolvedintoasupernovaandtriggeredanewroundofstarformation,andsoon,thenachainofstar-formingregionswouldtadpolelike

adrenal anaerobic 成乳酸并释放出能量的过程animalexclusion [免疫]抗原 [免疫] archetypal [生理]bacterial l

blood-brain brain 衣壳（的 cerebral [解剖 [化学 classical [生物]渐变群，生态群(一种生态特征commonsequence deleterious endocrine [解剖endocrine 动 genetic 食草动 [地质 [解剖 invertebrate lactic life [生化脂蛋白（与蛋白质结合在一起形成的 metabolic molecular [分子生物 nucleic oxidative particulate 病原体：菌，原生动物，真菌， peptide

红细胞生成等实现促进的生长、发育，部分运动员该激素提高竞赛成peripheral 问red n.熏青鱼,与事实不相干的resident rhesus []鼻（造成上呼吸道的 sensory 感觉神 (美洲)箭齿鲽,星斑川 [生物]分类的；[生物] 四环素（一种抗生素 [化]甘油三酸 venom vent isthatofthetadpolelikeappendicularianwholivesinawalnut-sized(orsmaller)balloonofmucusequippedwithfiltersthatcaptureandconcentrateTheelementsofin togethermarvelouslytoproducedifferentstylesinpredatorandprey.Herbivoresandcarnivoresdevelopdifferentkindsofattentionrelatedtoescaorchasing.Althoughinbothkindsofanimal,arousalstimulatestheproductionofadrenalineandnorepinephrinebytheadrenaltogethermarvelouslytoproducedifferentstylesinpredatorandprey.Herbivoresandcarnivoresdevelopdifferentkindsofattentionrelatedtoescaorchasing.Althoughinbothkindsofanimal,arousalstimulatestheproductionofadrenalineandnorepinephrinebytheadrenalglandsThefirstreportsdescribingventfaunasproposedtwopossiblesourcesofnutrition:bacterialchemosynthesis,productionoffoodbybacteriausingenergyderivedfromchemicalchanges,andadvection,thedriftingoffoodmaterialsfromsurroundingThereleaseofthecarboninthesecompoundsforrecyclingdependsalmostentirelyontheactionofbothaerobicandanaerobicbacteriaandcertaintypesoffungi.Second,puromycinwasfoundtoinhibitproteinsynthesisbybreakingcertainamino-acidchains,andtheresultingfragmentswereedofbeingtheactualcauseofamnesiainsomecases.Thefirststeptowardestablishingaconnectionblockmemory(causeamnesia)byinterruptingtheproductionofprotein.Thereleaseofthecarboninthesecompoundsforrecyclingdependsalmostentirelyontheactionofbothaerobicandanaerobicbacteriaandcertaintypesoffungi.Perhapstheycouldifitwerenotforanaerobicglycolysis,thegreatequalizer.Theconverseobservation,oftheabsenceofgrazersinareasofhighphytonktonconcentration,ledHardytoproposehisprincipleofanimalexclusion,whichhypothesizedthatphytonktonproducedarepellentthatexcludedgrazersfromregionsofhighphytonktonanrejectionislikelyunlessthetransntationofbothindividualsarenearlyidenticalButthesebeliefsaboutpeptidehormoneswerequestionedaslaboratoryafterlaboratoryfoundthatantiserumstopeptidehormones,wheninjectedintothebrain,bindincesotherthanthehypothalamus,indicatingthateitherthehormonesorsubstancesthatcross-reactwiththeantiserumsarepresent.Abouthalfthe35,000knownkindsofspidersmakewebs;athirdofthewebweaversmakeorbwebs.SincemostorbweaversbelongeithertotheAraneidaeortheUloboridaefamilies,theoriginoftheorbwebcanbedeterminedonlybyascertainingwhetherthefamiliesarerelated.Therolethoseanthropologistsascribetoevolutionisnotofdictatingthedetailsofhumanbehaviorbutoneofimposingconstraints—waysoffeeling,thinking,andactingthat“comenaturally”inarchetypalsituationsinanyculture.Inoneexperiment,whenanelectricstimuluswasappliedtoagivensensoryfieldofthecerebralcortexofaconscioushumansubject,itproducedasensationoftheappropriatemodalityforthatparticularlocus,thatis,avisualsensationfromthecortex,andsoon.Medicationsaddedtofeedskillbacterialstrainsthatareresistanttoanti-infectiveFlatfish,suchastheflounder,areamongthefewvertebratesthatlackapproximatebilalsymmetry(symmetryinwhichstructurestotheleftandrightofthebody’smidlinearemirrorimages).theblood-brainbarrier,researchersbelievedthattheynevergottoanypartofthebrainotherthanthehypothalamus,wheretheyweresimplyproducedandthenreleasedintothebloodstream.Theprocessesofarousalandconcentrationgiveattentionitsdirection.Arousalisatfirstgeneral,withafloodingofimpulsesinthebrainstemThestrainsdiffermostinthemolecularstructureoftheproteinsintheircapsids.SomebacteriaandfungipossesstheuniqueandtocatalyzetheoxidationofnumerousinertInoneexperiment,whenanelectricstimuluswasappliedtoagivensensoryfieldofthecerebralcortexofaconscioushumansubject,itproducedasensationoftheappropriatemodalityforthatparticularlocus,thatis,avisualsensationfromthecortex,andsoon.Thefirstreportsdescribingventfaunastwopossiblesourcesofnutrition:bacterialchemosynthesis,productionoffoodbybacteriausingenergyderivedfromchemicalchanges,andadvection,thedriftingoffoodmaterialsfromsurroundingForsometimescientistshavebelievedcholesterolysamajorroleinheartdiseasebecausepeoplewithfamilialhypercholesterolemia,ageneticdefect,havesixtoeighttimesthenormallevelofcholesterolintheirbloodandtheyinvariablydevelopheartdiseaseSinceFisher’stime,ithasbeenrealizedthatgenesbemorelikelytoparticipateinfertilization.Historically,acornerstoneofclassicalempiricismhasbeenthenotionthateverytruegeneralizationmustbeconfirmablebyspecificobservations.Biologistscallthiskindofgradualvariationoveracertaingeographicrangeaclineandinterpretclinesasstrongindicationsthatthevariationisadaptive,aresponsetoenvironmentaldifferences.Amongthesesmaller,nonantibodymolecules,somemightbindtothecommonsequence,lockthenucleicacidinitscoat,andtherebypreventthefromthelipidsinsebumcollectedfromtheskinsurface,inhibitthegrowthofseveralbacterialandfungalcutaneouspathogens.Ifagivenproteinpersistsinthebodyformonthsoryears,someofitsAmadoriproductsslowlydehydratederivedstructures.littlecongressionalattentionhasbeenfocusedonItissuperfluoustopointoutthatgenemutationsanddisturbancesofthebio-syntheticprocessesintheembryomayresultinabnormalitiesinthemorphology(structure)ofanorganism.Peptidehormones,scientiststhought,weremadebyendocrineglandsandthehypothalamuswasthoughttobethebrains’onlyendocrinegland.Theherbivorepreyisofadifferentmind.Itsmoodofwarinessratherthansearchinganditsattitudeofgeneralexpectancyinsteadofanticipatingaresilk-thinveilsoftranquilityoveranexplosiveendocrine researchers,states:“Iwastrainedasanendocrinologist.Butitbecamecleartomethatthefieldofendocrinologyneededmolecularbiologyhumanculturalbehaviorwithbitsofgeneticallyprogrammedanimalbehavior.Thedeepseatypicallyhasasparsefaunadominatedbytinywormsandcrustaceans,withanevensparserdistributionoflargeranimals.Flatfish,suchastheflounder,areamongthefewvertebratesthatlackapproximatebilalsymmetry(symmetryinwhichstructurestotheleftandrightofthebody’smidlinearemirrorimages).SinceFisher’stime,ithasbeenrealizedthatgenesbemorelikelytoparticipateinfertilization.How,scientistswondered,couldageneticmutationthatcausesaslowdownintheremovalofLDL’sfromthebloodalsoresultinanincreaseinthesynthesisofthischolesterol-carryingprotein?Theamountofenergythatcanbeproducedanaerobicallyisafunctionoftheamountofglycogenpresent—inallvertebratesabout0.5percentoftheirmuscles’wetweight.Manytheorieshavebeenformulatedtoexintheroleofgrazersuchaszoonktonincontrollingtheamountofnktonicalgae(phytonkton)inlakes.ofstatements(notmerelythe“offending”generalization,asinclassicalempiricism)canbealteredtoachievethefundamentalrequirement,a ofcontradictions,evenif,insomecases,theal tionconsistsoflabelingthenewobservationa“hallucination.”compoundsaresynthesized,transformed,andposedHence,thewidelyquotedconclusionwasreachedforhydrothermal-ventfoodchainsForsometimescientistshavebelievedthatcholesterolysamajorroleinheartdiseasebecausepeoplewithfamilialhypercholesterolemia,ageneticdefect,havesixtoeighttimesthenormallevelofcholesterolintheirbloodandtheyinvariablydevelopheartdisease.Untilaboutfiveyearsago,theveryideathatpeptidehormonesmightbemadeanywhereinthebrainbesidesthehypothalamuswasastounding.SomebacteriaandfungipossesstheuniqueandtocatalyzetheoxidationofnumerousinertItmightseemthatthisinterminablylongrecoverytimeinalargevertebratewouldproveagravedisadvantageforsurvival.Anaerobicglycolysisisaprocessinwhichenergyisproduced,withoutoxygen,throughthebreakdownofmuscleglycogenintolacticacidandadenosinetriphosphate(ATP),theenergyprovider.Hamilton,notingthattheeggsdevelopwithintheirhost—thelarvaofanotherinsect—andthatthenewlyemergedadultwaspsmateimmediayanddisperse,offeredaremarkablycogentysis.Inlegumes,mycorrhizalinoculationhasincreasednitrogenfixationbeyondlevelsachievedbyaddingphosphatefertilizeralone.Inonekindofvirallifecycle,thefirstbindstothecell’ssurface,thenpenetratesthecellandshedsitscapsid.Thesepeoplelackcell-surfacereceptorsforlow-densitylipoproteins(LDL’s),whicharethefundamentalcarriersofbloodcholesteroltothebodycellsthatusecholesterol.theintroductionofanyunmatchedtransntationinducesthedevelopmentbytherecipientofrejectionoffurthertransntationsfromthatdonorThehighmetabolicrateofsmallanimals,forexample,givesthemsustainedpowerandactivityperunitofweight,Newtechniquesofmolecularbiology,however,provideawaytoanswerthesequestions.Itissuperfluoustopointoutthatgenemutationsanddisturbancesofthebio-syntheticprocessesintheembryomayresultinabnormalitiesinthemorphology(structure)ofanorganism.Mycorrhizalfungiinfectmorentsthandoanyotherfungiandarenecessaryformanyntstothrive,buttheyhaveescapedwidespreadinvestigationuntilrecentlyfortworeasons.Perhapsthefactthatmanyofthesefirststudiesconsideredonlyalgaeofasizethatcouldbecollectedinanet(netphyto overlookedthesmallerphyto (nannonkton)thatwenowknowgrazersaremostlikelytofeedon,ledtoade-emphasisoftheroleofgrazersinsubsequentresearch.Theconceptualframeworkforthisresearchwasderiveddirectlyfrommolecularbiology,whichhadshownthatgeneticinformationisstoredinnucleicacidsandexpressedinproteins.Butinmostcases,thebehaviorofcellsintheintactembryoisdifficulttostudybecauseofthethicknessandopacityofthecellmasses.OneofthequestionsofinterestinthestudyoftheevolutionofspidersiswhethertheweavingoforbwebsevolvedonlyonceorTheyarenecessarytopreventoversynthesisofforthenormalremovalofLDL’sfromtheblood.Ithas