英语语言学导论复习题

一．名词解释1.Broadtranscription(宽式音标:Broadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly.Thisisthetranscriptionnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooksforgeneralpurposes.2.Componential[.kɔmpʃəl]analysis（成分分析）:Componentialanalysisisawayproposedbythestructurals'mæntsist]toanalyzewordmeaning.Theapproachisbasedonthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.3.Interlanguage（中介语；过渡语）：ProposedbyS.PitCorderandLarrySelinker,theconceptofinterlanguagewasestablishedaslearners’independentsystemofthesecondlanguagewhichisofneitherthenativelanguagenorthesecondlanguage,butacontinuum[kn'tinjum]orapproximation[.prɔksi'meiʃən]n.接近，近似fromhisnativelanguagetothetargetlanguage.4.Competence&performance(语言能力和语言行为)：Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.5.（语境）:Thenotionofcontextisessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.Itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthesuchasculturalbackground,situation,therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandtheetc.6.LanguageAcquisition(语言习得：Languageacquisitionreferstothechild’sacquisitionofhismothertongue,i.e.howthechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.7.Sapir-WhorfHypothesis[hai'pɔθisis]萨丕尔沃尔夫假说）:SapirandWhorf,proclaimedthatthestructureofthelanguagepeoplehabituallyuseinfluencesthewaystheythinkandbehave.SapirandWhorfbelievethatlanguagefilters过滤people’sperception感官，观念andthewaytheycategorize分类experiences.Thisinterdependence互相依赖oflanguageandthoughtisnowknownasSapir-WhorfHypothesis.8.LanguageAcquisitionDevice(语言习得机制：ThelinguistNoamChomskyclaimsthathumanbeingsarebiologicallyɔdʒikli]生物学地programmedforlanguageandthatthelanguagedevelopsinthechildjustasotherbiologicalfunctionssuchaswalking.OriginallyChomskyreferredtothisinnate天生的abilityasLanguageAcquisitionDevice,(alsoknownasLAD).二．论述题1.Whatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning?(1)Thenamingtheory命名论Oneoftheoldestnotionsconcerningmeaning,andalsothemostprimitiveone,wasthenamingtheoryproposedbytheancientGreekscholarPlato.Theviewholdsthatwordsarejustnamesorlabels称谓forthings.(2)Theconceptualistview概念论Thisviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto(i.e.betweenlanguageandtherealworld);rather,intheinterpretation解释ofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.(3)Contextualism语境论Theviewholdsthatmeaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context—elementscloselylinkedwithlanguage(4)Behaviorism行为主义论Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformas“situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”.(Bloomfield)唤起，引起2.AccordingtoAustin,whatarethethreeactsapersonispossiblyperformingwhilemakinganutterance.Giveanexample.AccordingtoAustin,aspeakermightbeperformingthreeactswhenspeaking:locutionary[lu'kju:nri]act(言内行为),illocutionary言外行为),andperlocutionaryact.(言后行为)Alocutionaryactistheactofutteringwords,phrasesandclauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.Anillocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeakersintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.Aperlocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance;itistheactperformedbysayingsomething.For“Youhaveleftthedoorwideopen.”Thelocutionaryactisthesayingofitwithitsliteralmeaning:youhaveleftthedooropen.Theillocutionaryactcanbearequestofthehearertoclosetheormakingacomplaint,dependingonthecontext.Theperlocutionaryactreferstotheeffectoftheutterance.Itcanbethehearersclosingthedoororhisrefusaltocomplywiththerequest.3.WhatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguagethathavebeenspecifiedbyC.Hocketttoshowthatitisessentiallydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystem?Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.任意性)Thismeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.languageisnotentirearbitrary;certainwordsaremotivated.Somecompoundwordsarealsonotentirelyarbitrary.Butnon-arbitrarywordsmakeuponlyasmallpercentageofthevocabularyofalanguage.(2)Productivity能产性)Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.(3)Duality（二层性）Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerorthebasiclevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofthesystem.Thisdualityofstructureoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.(4)Displacement（移位性）Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthe(5)Cultural（文化传承性）Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagesystem