英汉句式差异及翻译中的语序调整

英汉句式差异及翻译中的语序调整——定语及定语从句语序的调整一．定语语序调整见课本P96二．定语从句语序调整前置译法限制性定语从句往往要译成“……的”这种句型的前置定语结构，因为限制性定语从句与所修饰的词关系密切，若分开译则会影响主句意思的完整。也有一些非限制性定语从句，或因结构较短，或因与被修饰词关系较为密切，或因拆译后将会造成译文结构松散，在这种情况下也可以译成前置定语结构。Thepressureisalsoheavyonstudentswhojustwanttograduateandgetajob.Mybrother'slaugh,whichwasveryinfectious,brokethesilence.Therewillcomethedaywhenpeopletheworldoverwillliveahappylifeunderthesunofsocialism.Awriter'sworkisaconstantstruggletogettherightwordintherightplace,tofindthatparticularwordthatwillconveyhismeaningexactly,thatwillpersuadethereaderorsoothehimoramusehim.AneminentAmericanhistorian,BarbaraTuchman,whohasbeenhighlyacclaimedforhernarrativehistories,gainedherfirstsignificantrecognitionin1958.后置译法后置译法在非限制性定语从句中使用得比较普遍。有些限制性定语从句结构相对复杂，译成汉语前置定语则显得过长，而且不符合汉语表达习惯，这种情况下往往也可以译成后置的并列分句，作进一步的连贯叙述。Theyturnedadeafeartoourdemands,whichenragedallofus.2.Ihavemetchildrenwhonotonlyaregrowingemotionallyandintellectuallybutalsoaretryingtomakesenseoftheworldmorally.3.WorldWarIIwas,however,morecomplexthanWorldWarI,whichwasacollisionamongtheimperialistpoweroverthespoilofmarkets,resourcesandterritories.4.IfyoureachChicagobytrainandspendonlyanhourortwothereyouwillfeelthelightwindoffthelakewhichgivesitthename“WindyCity”.5.InthespiritoffranknesswhichIhopewillcharacterizeourtalksthisweek,letusrecognizeattheoutsetthesepoints:wehaveattimesinthepastbeenenemies.Wehavegreatdifferencestoday.Whatbringsustogetheristhatwehavecommoninterestswhichtranscendthesedifferences.TheyarestrivingfortheidealwhichisclosetotheheartofeveryChineseandforwhich,inthepast,manyChinesehavelaiddowntheirlives.合成译法把原句中的被修饰词与定语从句合在一起译成一个独立的汉语句子的翻译方法。英语中的‘therebe'结构就可以采用这种译法来处理。还有一些带有限制性定语从句的英语复合句，如果英语中的主句能够压缩成汉语词组并用做主语，那么定语从句就可以译成谓语结构，从而构成一个独立句。如果主句压缩成汉语词组后用作其它成分，那么定语从句可以译成一个句子。关系代词可灵活处理。[.Therearemanypeoplewhowanttoseethefilm.Therewasamanwhoseemedtohavetheanswers,andwhowasMr.Robert.“Weareanationthatmustbegtostayalive,”saidaforeigneconomist.Weusedaplaneofwhichalmosteverypartcarriedsomeindicationofnationalidentity.TherewerethemeetingsthatengineeredKhrushchev's“resignation”onthegroundof“advancingageanddeterioratingheath.”Thekapokisinblossomthatindicatestheearlyspring.YoucompareherwithyourEnglishwomenwhowolfdownthreetofivemeatmealsaday;naturally,youfindherasylph.(3)译成状语从句有些定语从句从形式上看是定语，但在意义上与主句有着逻辑状语关系，起着主句的原因，结果，目的，条件，让步等状语的作用，翻译时应该按照其语法功能，译成汉语各种相应的复句。原因状语Thecomputer,whichseemstoplaytheroleofahumanbrain,isoftencalledanelectronicbrain.由于计算机起着类似人脑的作用，所以常常被称作电脑。Weknowthatacat,whoseeyescantakeinmanymoreraysoflightthanoureyes,canseeclearlyinthenight.Theambassadorwasgivingadinnerforafewpeoplewhomhewishedespeciallytotalktoortohearfrom.Youwouldhavetobecarefulnottooffendtheboss,whowouldgiveyouthesackatanytime.Therewassomethingoriginal,independent,andheroicabouttheplanthatpleasedallofthem.条件状语[.Thereisnobadhabitthatmaynotbecuredbyastrongwill-power.只要有坚强的意志力，就没有什么坏习惯不能改掉。Menbecomedesperateforwork,anywork,whichwillhelpthemtokeepalivetheirfamilies.Hewouldbeashort-sightedcommanderwhomerelymannedhisfortressanddidnotlookbeyond.目的状语[.Thenewswomanwishestowriteanarticlethatwillattractpublicattentiontothatshipwreck.这位女记者想写篇文章，以便能够引起公众对那起沉船事件的注意。2.Theimperialiststatesmaintainenormousarmiesandgiganticnavieswhichareusedforoppressingandexploitingthepeopleindistantlands.一主多从式定语从句一主多从式定语从句是指一个先行词带有两个或两个以上定语从句的情况。该结构中的定语从句一般都较规范，均修饰一个先行词，在翻译时，虽然也遵循一般定语从句的翻译技巧和方法，但同时也要注意其独特之处。译成定语Theoldwaysofearningalivingrivaledbynewagriculturaltechniques,bycommercewithhithertounknownpartsoftheglobe,andbynewcraftswithstrangemachinesthatsavedlaborandthatranwithoutthetraditionalhumanoranimalpower.这些古老的谋生之道正受到农业新技术、商业贸易（与世界上至今尚不知名的地区之间所进行的贸易）以及各式奇特机器新工艺的挑战，这些奇特的机器可节省劳动力而无需传统的人力畜力驱动。（并列的定语）AndithelpsexplainwhysomanyinventionsthatwereofChineseoriginorthathadbeenknowntotheGreco-Romans,werefullydevelopedandexploitedonlybytheWesternEuropeans.它有助于说明，为什么源于中国的许多发明和希腊罗马人所知道的许多发明，只是在西欧人手中才得到全面发展和充分利用。（分开的定语修饰重复的先行词）Consequentlythemanorwasaself-sufficientvillagethatwasworkedbyserfswhowerenotfreetoleave,andwhowiththeirlaborsupportedahierarchyoflayandclericallords.因而，庄园是靠农奴经营的自给自足的村庄；农奴不能随便离开，并以其劳动养活封建教俗集团。（一个并列句）After-classappreciation:春节ChineseNewYear'sDay,ChineseLunarNewYear除夕NewYear'sEve正月lunarJanuary初一thebe