高二英语译林版选修七讲义unit2sectionⅠ

Holdingasmallceremonybeforeeatingfoodcanmakeittastebetter,accordingtoanewresearch.Fromblowingoutcandlesonabirthdaycaketounwrappingabarofchocolateinacertainway,psychologistsfromtheUniversityofMinnesotafindceremoniescannotonlymakeaneatingexperiencemoreunforgettablebutcanalsoimprovethetasteofPsychologistKathleenVohsfromthisuniversitylookedintothepowerofceremoniesperformedbeforeeatinganddrinking.Vohsconductedfourexperimentstofindhowthesebehaviorsmightinfluencethetasteandconsumptionofvariousfoods.Inthefirstexperiment,participantsateabarofchocolatedifferently.Thefirstgroupateitaccordingtospecificinstructions.Whilethesecondgroupweretoldtorelaxforawhileandtheneatthechocolatebarinwhateverfashiontheywished.Theresultsshowedthatthosewhohadperformedthe“ceremony”enjoyedthechocolatemore,andwerewillingtopaymoreforthechocolatethantheothergroup.Thesecondexperimentshowedthatonly“repeated,occasionalandfixedbehaviors”seemtochangethetasteoffood.Thedataalsoshowedthatalongerstaybetweentheceremonyandtheconsumptionsupportstheseeffectsbetter.Inthefinaltwostudies,Vohsandhispartnersshowedthatpersonalinvolvementintheceremonyisthemostimportant.Inconclusion,psychologistsfoundthatceremoniescreate“intrinsic(内在)interest”inthefood,whichdrawspeopleintotheexperienceofeatingitandincreasestheirpositivefeelingstowardsit.Sometimes,ceremoniesmayseemsmallorordinary,buttheeffectstheyproducearequitepractical.Ceremoniesbeforemealscouldplayaroleinothersituations,too.“Wearethinkingofgettingpatientstoperformceremoniesbeforeanoperationandthenwearemeasuringtheirpainaftertheoperationandhowfasttheyrecover，”saidVohs.,[阅读障碍词]1．unwrapvt.打开2．consumptionn．消耗量3．occasionaladj.偶然的，临时的4．involvementn．参与5．inconclusion最后6．recovervi.康复，恢复Pleasematchthewordswiththeirpropermeanings.1．chemisteq\a\vs4\al(A.)havingahelpfulorusefuleffect2．revolutioneq\a\vs4\al(B.)tohaveorownsomething3．beneficialeq\a\vs4\al(C.)apersonwhosejobistoprepareandsellmedicines4．possesseq\a\vs4\al(D.)necessaryinorderforsth.tosucceedorexist5．vitaleq\a\vs4\al(E.)tosurprisesb.greatly6．astonisheq\a\vs4\al(F.)agreatchangethataffectsalargenumberofpeople7．accelerateeq\a\vs4\al(G.)agreementtoaplanorrequest8．approvaleq\a\vs4\al(H.)tohappenortomakesomethinghappenfasteroreasierthanexpected答案：1～5CFABD6～8EHGⅠ.Asasayinggoes,healthisbetterthanwealth.Wecankeepfitbyeatingdifferentkindsoffruitsandnutritiousfoods.Alsowecandomanykindsofsportstokeepusstrong.Butwhatifwegetsick?Forexample,wehaveahightemperature,haveaheadache,havecaughtabadcold—themostcommonillnessamongus.Wecanturntomedicineforhelp.Todaywe'lltalkabouttwomedicines—aspirinandpenicillin,whichhavehadimportanteffectsonourlife,evensavedmillionsofpeople.Ⅱ.Inadditiontomedicines,wehaveotherwaystotreatpeople'sillnesses.Lookatthefollowingpicturesandthenmatchthemwiththeirnames.a．Telemedicineb．Massagec．Transfusiond．Operation答案：①～④bcdaⅠ.Fast­reading1．Firstlookatthetitleandtheheadlineofeachsection,andthenanswerthefollowingquestion.Thepassageismainlyabouttwo_important_medicines_—_aspirin_and_penicillin.2．Putthefollowingeventsintherightorder.A．Aspirinbecamethebest­sellingmedicineintheworldforpainrelief.B．PenicillinwasdiscoveredbyaScottishscientistnamedAlexanderFleming.C．Aspirinwasinventedin1897.D．AChinesedoctorfoundaspirincouldreducebloodsugarlevels.E．Threescientists—Fleming,FloreyandChain,sharedtheNobelPrizeinMedicine.答案：CABDEⅡ.Careful­reading(Ⅰ)Readthetextanddecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)．1．AspirinwasinventedbytheGreekphysicianHippocratesin1897.(F)2．Aspirinhasprovedvitalforreducingfeverandhelpingstoppain.(T)3．Penicillincanreducebloodsugarlevelsand,therefore,helppeoplewithdiabetes.(F)4．Flemingthoughtthemouldmightbeusedtotreatillnessescausedbybacteria.(T)5．Duetothewidespreaduseofpenicillin,manylivesweresavedduringWorldWarⅠ.(F)(Ⅱ)Fillineachblankwithnomorethanthreewords.Twolife­savingmedicinesNamesofmedicinesAspirinPenicillinDevelopment·In1897,aspirinwasinventedby(1)a_European_chemist.·In1900,aspirinwassoldinshopsintheformof(2)tablets.·In1971,itwasprovedthataspirincouldreducetheriskof(3)heart_attacks.·In1977,astudy，carriedoutinAmericashowedaspirincould(4)prevent_strokes.·In2003,aChinesedoctorfoundthataspirincouldreduce(5)blood_sugar_levels.·In1928,penicillin(6)was_discoveredbyFleming.·In1940,twootherscientistsmanagedtomakeandtestthenewdrug(7)in_large_quantities.·In1944,(8)massproductionofpenicillinbegan.·In1945,thethreescientists(9)sharedtheNobelPrizeinMedicinefortheirwork.ConclusionBothofthesemedicineshavesavedmillionsofpeople'slivesandhaveproved(10)beneficial_to_mankindsincetheywereinvented.Ⅲ.Study­readingAnalyzethefollowingdifficultsentencesinthetext.1．Itwasin1897thataEuropeanchemistcalledDrFelixHoffmannproducedaspirinfromthischemical.[句式分析][尝试翻译]1897年一个叫费利克斯·霍夫曼的欧洲药剂师用这种化学物质制成了阿司匹林。2．Notonlyhasaspirinprovedvitalforreducingfeverandhelpingstoppain,buttherearealsootherthingsthataspirincanhelpwith.[句式分析]本句中notonly...butalso...连接两个并列分句。因notonly放在句首，故其所在的分句使用了部分倒装。thataspirincanhelpwith是定语从句，修饰otherthings。[尝试翻译]阿司匹林不仅被证明对于退烧、止痛必不可少，而且还有其他用途。3．Itastonishedhimtoseethebacteriasurroundingthemoulddead,whichmeantthatthemouldhadkilledthem.[句式分析][尝试翻译]令他十分惊讶的是，他发现这种霉周围的细菌都死了，这意味着这种霉杀死了它们。Ⅳ.Post­readingFillintheblanksaccordingtothetext.Ifyouopenupanymedicinecupboard①orgotoanymedicinecounterintheworld,itislikely②thatyouwillfindaspirinandpenicillin.Aspirin③was_invented(invent)in1897.Thefirsttrialsofthismedicinetookplacein1899.In1900aspirinwassoldinshops④intheformoftablets.Notonlyhasaspirinprovedvitalforreducingfeverandhelpingstoppain,⑤buttherearealsootherthingsthataspirincanhelpwith.In1977astudycarried⑥outintheUSAshowedthataspirincouldprevent⑦Anotherdrugthathashelpedincreasethestandardofpeople'shealthispenicillin.ItwasdiscoveredbyaScottishscientistnamedFlemingin1928.In1940,twootherscientistsmanaged⑧to_make(make)andtestthenewdruginlargequantities.Dueto⑨thewidespreaduseofpenicillin,manylivesweresavedduringWorldWarⅡ.Penicillinbecamethegreatestdrugofthe20thcentury,⑩saving(save)millionsoflives.eq\a\vs4\al([课文对译])Twolife­savingmedicinesThisarticlewillfocusontwodrugsthatstartedrevolutionsinmedicine.Ifyouopenupanymedicinecupboardorgotoanymedicinecounterintheworld,itislikelythatyouwillfindaspirinandpenicillin.Bothofthesemedicineshavesavedmillionsofpeople'slivesandhaveprovedbeneficialtomankindsincetheywereinvented.AspirinAspirinwasinventedin1897.However,thebasicchemicalusedtomakeaspirincanbefoundinnature.Nearly3,500yearsago,peoplechewedonleavesordrankakindofteamadefromleavespossessingaspecialchemicaltoreducebodypainsandfever.About2,500yearsago,theGreekphysicianHippocrates,fatherofalldoctors,madeajuicefromatreebarkcontainingsalicylicacidforthesameeffect.Itwasin1897thataEuropeanchemistcalledDrFelixHoffmannproducedaspirinfromthischemical.Thefirsttrialsofthismedicinetookplacein1899,whenthecompanyHoffmannworkedforbegandistributingthemedicineinpowderformtophysicianstousewithpatients.Ayearlater,in1900,aspirinwassoldinshopsintheformoftablets.Withinashorttime,aspirinbecamethebest­sellingmedicineintheworldforpainrelief.Notonlyhasaspirinprovedvitalforreducingfeverandhelpingstoppain,buttherearealsootherthingsthataspirincanhelpwith.LawrenceCraven,adoctorfromtheUSA,introducedtheideain1953thataspirinhadthepotentialtoreducetheriskofheartattacks,becauseithelpedthebloodcirculatebetter.Thereportwasignored.However,in1971,SmithandWillisfromtheUKprovedthataspirincouldhavethateffect,andin1977astudycarriedoutintheUSAshowedthataspirincouldpreventstrokes,aswell.Elevenyearslater,DrThunfromtheUSAshowedthataspirincouldreducetheriskofsomecancersby40percent.In1999,aspirinwasover100yearsold,andyettherehavebeenmorediscoveriesabouthowitcanhelpincreasethelengthofpeople'slives.In2003,aChinesedoctor,DrYuanMinsheng,foundthataspirincouldreducebloodsugarlevelsand,therefore,helppeoplewithPenicillinAnotherdrugthathashelpedincreasethestandardofpeople'shealthispenicillin,whichisconsideredbymanytobeoneofthemostimportantmedicinesincontemporarysociety.ItwasdiscoveredbyaScottishscientistnamedAlexanderFlemingin1928.Henotedthatadishinwhichhewastryingtogrowbacteriaforanexperimentlookedabnormal—therewasbluemouldinit.Itastonishedhimtoseethebacteriasurroundingthemoulddead,whichmeantthatthemouldhadkilledthem.Flemingtriedthismouldoutonanotherbacteriumandfoundthatitkilledthebacteriumtoo.Heimmediatelyrealizedthatthemouldmighthaveanapplicationintreatingillnessescausedbybacteria.Henamedtheliquidmadefromthemould‘penicillin’.However,thedevelopmentofpenicillinasadrugfacedtwoproblems.First,hewasunabletofindaproceduretomakepenicillinpureenoughtoworkasamedicine.Second,itwasdifficulttoproducepenicillinintheamplequantitiesneededtobeeffective.In1940,twootherscientists,HowardFlorey(Australian)andErnstChain(German­bornEnglish),helpedsolvetheseproblems,andmanagedtomakeandtestthenewdruginlargequantities.SincethenewdrugwasneededforWorldWarⅡ，thegovernmentapprovalprocessforpenicillinwasaccelerated,andmassproductionbeganin1944.Duetothewidespreaduseofpenicillin,manylivesweresavedduringthewar.Ifpenicillinhadnotbeenavailable,manypeoplewouldhavediedfromsicknessorevensmallwounds.Penicillinbecamethegreatestdrugofthe20thcentury,savingmillionsoflives.In1945,thethreescientists,Fleming,FloreyandChain,sharedtheNobelPrizeinMedicinefortheirwork.两种