考研英语模拟题

2012考研英语基础阶段测试题及参考答案

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SectionIVocabularyandStructure

Directions:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefour

choicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletes

thesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthe

correspondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.（20points）

Example:

IhavebeentotheGreatWallthreetimes1979.

[A]from

[B]after

[C]for

[D]since

Thesentenceshouldread,“IhavebeentotheGreatWallthreetimessince

1979.“Therefore,youshouldchoose[D].

1.IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtime

___b_____thelastbus.

[A]tohavecaught[B]tocatch

[C]catching[D]havingcaught

2.Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,wed__soformally.

[A]needn'tdressup[B]didnotneedhavedressedup

[C]didnotneeddressup[D]needn?thavedressedup

3.IapologizeifI___d____you,butIassureyouitwasunintentional.

[A]offend[B]hadoffended

[C]shouldhaveoffended[D]mighthaveoffended

4.Althoughateenager,Fredcouldresist___awhattodoandwhat

nottodo.

[A]tobetold[B]havingbeentold

[C]beingtold[D]tohavebeentold(C)

5.Greatereffortstoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeif

foodshortage___c_____avoided.

[A]istobe[B]canbe

[C]willbe[D]hasbeen

6.Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthis

isespeciallytrue___d_____itcomestoclassroomtests.

[A]before[B]as

[C]since[D]when

7.Thereareover100nightschoolsinthecity,makingitpossiblefor

aprofessionaltobere-educatednomatterc___hedoes.

[A]how[B]where

[C]what[D]when

8.I'vekeptupafriendshipwithagirlwhomIwasatschoold___

twentyyearsago.

[A]about[B]since

[C]till[D]with

9.Hewasn'taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,

insufficientlypopularwithallmembers.

[A]beingconsidered[B]considering

[C]tobeconsidered[D]havingconsidered

10.forthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompany

wouldnotbesothrivingasitis.

[A]Haditnotbeen[B]Wereitnot

[C]Beitnot[D]Shoulditnotbe

11.Pleaseyourselffromsmokingandspittinginpublicplaces,

sincethelaw

forbidsthem.

[A]restrain[B]hinder

[C]restrict[D]prohibit

12.Withouttelephoneitwouldbeimpossibletocarryonthefunctionsof

everybusinessoperationinthewholecountry.

[A]practically[B]preferably

[C]precisely[D]presumably(A)

13.Preliminaryestimationputsthefigureataround$110billion,

the$160billionthePresidentisstrugglingtogetthroughthe

Congress.

[A]inproportionto[B]inreplyto

[C]inrelationto[D]incontrastto

14.Heisplanninganothertourabroad,yethispassportwillat

theendofthismonth.

[A]expire[B]exceed

[C]terminate[D]cease

15.Alltheoff-shoreoilexplorerswereinhighspiritsastheyread

lettersfromtheirfamilies.

[A]sentimental[B]affectionate

[C]intimate[D]sensitive

16.Severalinternationaleventsintheearly1990sseemlikelyto

oratleastweaken,thetrendsthatemergedinthe1980s.

[A]revolt[B]revolve

[C]reverse[D]revive

17.Iwasunawareofthecriticalpointsinvolved,somychoicewasquite

[A]arbitrary[B]rational

[C]mechanical[D]unpredictable

18.Thelocalpeoplewerejoyfullysurprisedtofindthepriceof

vegetablesnolongeraccordingtotheweather.

[A]altered[B]converted

[C]fluctuated[D]modified

19.Thepursuitofleisureonthepartoftheemployeeswillcertainlynot

theirprospectofpromotion.

[A]spur[B]further

[C]induce[D]reinforce

20.Inwhattoalastminutestayofexecution,acouncilannounced

thatemergencyfundingwouldkeepalivetwoagingsatellites.

[A]applies[B]accounts

[C]attaches[D]amounts

SectionIIClozeTest

Directions:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,thereare

fourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C],[D].Choosethebestoneandmarkyour

answeronANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthe

bracketswithapencil.(10points)

UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrial

Revolution.They_21_thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatly

raisedthestandardoflivingforthe_22_man.Buttheyinsistedthat

its_23_resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespread

povertyandmiseryforthe_24_oftheEnglishpopulation._25_

contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,when

Englandwasstilla_26_agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreat

abundanceandprosperity.

Thisview,_27_,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists_28

historyandeconomics,have_29_twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650

to1750was_30_bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainly

didnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthe

majorityofthepopulace.

21.[A]admitted[B]believed[C]claimed[D]predicted

22.[A]plain[B]average[C]mean[D]normal

23.[A]momentary[B]prompt[C]instant[D]immediate

24.[A]bulk[B]host[C]gross[D]magnitude

25.[A]0n[B]With[C]For[D]By

26.[A]broadly[B]thoroughly[C]generally[D]completely

27.[A]however[B]meanwhile[C]therefore[D]moreover

28.[A]at[B]in[C]about[D]for

29.[A]manifested[B]approved[C]shown[D]speculated

30.[A]noted[B]impressed[C]labeled[D]marked

SectionIIIReadingComprehension

Directions:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.

Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D]・

Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthe

questions.ThenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthe

correspondingletterinthebrackets.(40points)

Text1

Fewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.

Perhapsitishumankind,slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddrought

thatmakestheideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.

Buttobefascinatedisalso,sometimes,tobeblind.Severalgiantdam

projectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood.

Thelessonfromdamsisthatbigisnotalwaysbeautiful.Itdoesn,thelp

thatbuildingabig,powerfuldamhasbecomeasymbolofachievementfor

nationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.Egypt'sleadershipin

theArabworldwascementedbytheAswanHighDam.Turkey?sbidforFirst

WorldstatusincludesthegiantAtaturkDam.

Butbigdamstendnottoworkasintended.TheAswanDam,forexample,

stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthat

floodsleft-allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnow

sofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity.

Andyet,themythofcontrollingthewaterspersists.Thisweek,inthe

heartofcivilizedEurope,SlovaksandHungariansstoppedjustshortof

sendinginthetroopsintheircontentionoveradamontheDanube.The

hugecomplexwillprobablyhavealltheusualproblemsofbigdams.But

SlovakiaisbiddingforindependencefromtheCzechs,andnowneedsadam

toproveitself.

Meanwhile,inIndia,theWorldBankhasgiventhego-aheadtotheeven

morewrong-headedNarmadaDam.Andthebankhasdonethiseventhoughits

advisorssaythedamwillcausehardshipforthepowerlessand

environmentaldestruction.Thebenefitsareforthepowerful,butthey

arefarfromguaranteed.

Proper,scientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostand

benefitsofcontrollingwatercanhelptoresolvetheseconflicts.

Hydroelectricpowerandfloodcontrolandirrigationarepossiblewithout

buildingmonsterdams.Butwhenyouaredealingwithmyths,itishard

tobeeitherproper,orscientific.Itistimethattheworldlearnedthe

lessonsofAswan.Youdon'tneedadamtobesaved.

31.Thethirdsentenceofparagraph1impliesthat.

[A]peoplewouldbehappyiftheyshuttheireyestoreality

[B]theblindcouldbehappierthanthesighted

[C]over-excitedpeopletendtoneglectvitalthings(C)

[D]fascinationmakespeoplelosetheireyesight

32.Inparagraph5,“thepowerless”probablyrefersto.

[A]areasshortofelectricity

[B]damswithoutpowerstations

[C]poorcountriesaroundIndia(D)

[D]commonpeopleintheNarmadaDamarea

33.Whatisthemythconcerninggiantdams?

[A]Theybringinmorefertilesoil.

[B]Theyhelpdefendthecountry.

[C]Theystrengtheninternationalties.(D)

[D]Theyhaveuniversalcontrolofthewaters.

34.Whattheauthortriestosuggestmaybestbeinterpretedas.

[A]"It'snousecryingoverspiltmilk”

[B]"Morehaste,lessspeed”

[C]"Lookbeforeyouleap”(C)

[D]"Hewholaughslastlaughsbest”

Text2

Well,nogainwithoutpain,theysay.Butwhataboutpainwithoutgain?

EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.What

ishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthat

businessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal.

Theofficialstatisticsaremildlydiscouraging.Theyshowthat,ifyou

lumpmanufacturingandservicestogether,productivityhasgrownon

averageby1.2%since1987.Thatissomewhatfasterthantheaverageduring

thepreviousdecade.Andsince1991,productivityhasincreasedbyabout

2%ayear,whichismorethantwicethe1978-1987average.Thetrouble

isthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetotheusualreboundthat

occursatthispointinabusinesscycle,andsoisnotconclusiveevidence

ofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.Thereis,asRobertRubin,the

treasurysecretary,says,a"disjunction”betweenthemassofbusiness

anecdotethatpointstoaleapinproductivityandthepicturereflected

bythestatistics.

Someofthiscanbeeasilyexplained.Newwaysoforganizingthe

workplace-allthatre-engineeringanddownsizing-areonlyone

contributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdriven

bymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,

newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining.Moreover,most

ofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedtokeepthemprofitable,

andthisneednotalwaysmeanincreasingproductivity:switchingtonew

marketsorimprovingqualitycanmatterjustasmuch.

Twootherexplanationsaremorespeculative.First,someofthebusiness

restructuringofrecentyearsmayhavebeenineptlydone.Second,even

ifitwaswelldone,itmayhavespreadmuchlesswidelythanpeople

suppose.

LeonardSchlesinger,aHarvardacademicandformerchiefexecutiveofAu

BongPain,arapidlygrowingchainofbakerycafes,saysthatmuch

“re-engineering“hasbeencrude.Inmanycases,hebelieves,theloss

ofrevenuehasbeengreaterthanthereductionsincost.Hiscolleague,

MichaelBeer,saysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedre-engineering

inamechanisticfashion,choppingoutcostswithoutgivingsufficient

thoughttolongtermprofitability.BBDO'sAlRosenshineisblunter.He

dismissesalotoftheworkofre-engineeringconsultantsasmere

rubbish-"theworstsortofambulancecashing.”

35.Accordingtotheauthor,theAmericaneconomicsituationis.

[A]notasgoodasitseems

[B]atitsturningpoint

[C]muchbetterthanitseems(A)

[D]neartocompleterecovery

36.Theofficialstatisticsonproductivitygrowth.

[A]excludetheusualreboundinabusinesscycle

[B]fallshortofbusinessmen,santicipation

[C]meettheexpectationofbusinesspeople(B)

[D]failtoreflectthetruestateofeconomy

37.Theauthorraisesthequestion"whataboutpainwithoutgain?”

because.

[A]hequestionsthetruthof“nogainwithoutpain”

[B]hedoesnotthinktheproductivityrevolutionworks

[C]hewondersiftheofficialstatisticsaremisleading(B)

[D]hehasconclusiveevidencefortherevivalofbusinesses

38.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTmentionedinthepassage?

[A]Radicalreformsareessentialfortheincreaseofproductivity.

[B]Newwaysoforganizingworkplacesmayhelptoincreaseproductivity.

[C]Thereductionofcostsisnotasurewaytogainlongtermprofitability.

(A)

[D]Theconsultantsareabunchofgood-for-nothings.

Text3

Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.

ThinkofGallileo,s17th-centurytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbefore

theCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake'sharshremarksagainstthe

mechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthe

humanitieshas,ifanything,deepenedinthiscentury.

Untilrecently,thescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcould

affordtoignoreitscritics-butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehas

declined,scientistshaveattacked“anti-science“inseveralbooks,

notablyHigherSuperstition,byPaulR.Gross,abiologistatthe

UniversityofVirginia,andNormanLevitt,amathematicianatRutgers

University;andTheDemon-HauntedWorld,byCarlSaganofCornell

University.

Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas

“TheFlightfromScienceandReason,"heldinNewYorkCityin1995,

and“ScienceintheAgeof(Mis)information,“whichassembledlastJune

nearBuffalo.

Anti-scienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.Gross

andLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologists,philosophersandother

academicswhohavequestionedscience'sobjectivity.Saganismore

concernedwiththosewhobelieveinghosts,creationismandother

phenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview.

Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheanti-sciencetaghas

beenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocated

theeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirusto

Republicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.

FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomber,whosemanifesto,

publishedin1995,scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoa

pre-technologicalutopia.Butsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentaiists

concernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareanti-science,asan

essayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.

Theenvironmentalists,inevitably,respondtosuchcritics.Thetrue

enemiesofscience,arguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversity,apioneer

ofenvironmentalstudies,arethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupporting

globalwarming,thedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequences

ofindustrialgrowth.

Indeed,someobserversfearthattheanti-scienceepithetisindanger

ofbecomingmeaningless."Theterm'anti-science'canlumptogether

toomany,quitedifferentthings,“notesHarvardUniversityphilosopher

GeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science."Theyhavein

commononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregard

themselvesasmoreenlightened.”

39.Theword,schism”(Line3,Paragraph1)inthecontextprobablymeans

[A]confrontation

[B]dissatisfaction

[C]separation(C)

[D]contempt

40.Paragraphs2and3arewrittento.

[A]discussthecauseofthedeclineofscience'spower

[B]showtheauthor'ssympathywithscientists

[C]explainthewayinwhichsciencedevelops(D)

[D]exemplifythedivisionofscienceandthehumanities

41.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?

[A]Environmentalistswereblamedforanti-scienceinanessay.

[B]Politiciansarenotsubjecttothelabelingofanti-science.

[C]Theumoreenlightened^tendtotagothersasanti-science.(A)

[D]Taggingenvironmentalistsas“anti-science“isjustifiable.

42.Theauthor?sattitudetowardtheissueof“sciencevs.

anti-science”is.

[A]impartial

[B]subjective

[C]biased(A)

[D]puzzling

Text4

Emergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmore

andmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastand

Midwestreachesanearstandstill.

Thisdevelopment-anditsstrongimplicationsforUSpoliticsandeconomy

inyearsahead-hasenthronedtheSouthasAmerica'smostdensely

populatedregionforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthenation,shead

counting.

Altogether,theUSpopulationroseinthe1970sby23.2million

peop1e-numerica11ythethirdlargestgrowtheverrecordedinasingle

decade.Evenso,thatgainaddsuptoonly11.4percent,lowestinAmerican

annualrecordsexceptfortheDepressionyears.

AmericanshavebeenmigratingsouthandwestinlargernumbersinceWorld

WarII,andthepatternstillprevails.

Threesun-beltstates-Florida,TexasandCalifornia-togetherhadnearly

10millionmorepeoplein1980thanadecadeearlier.Amonglargecities,

SanDiegomovedfrom14thto8thandSanAntoniofrom15thto10th-with

ClevelandandWashington.D.C.droppingoutofthetop10.

Notallthatshiftcanbeattributedtothemovementoutofthesnowbelt,

censusofficialssay,Nonstopwavesofimmigrantsplayedarole,too-and

sodidbiggercropsofbabiesasyesterdayJs“babyboom“generation

reacheditschildbearingyears.

Moreover,demographersseethecontinuingshiftsouthandwestasjoined

byarelatedbutnewerphenomenon:Moreandmore,Americansapparently

arelookingnotjustforplaceswithmorejobsbutwithfewerpeople,too.

Someinstances-

IRegionally,theRockyMountainstatesreportedthemostrapidgrowth

rate-37.1percentsince1970inavastareawithonly5percentofthe

USpopulation.

1Amongstates,NevadaandArizonagrewfastestofall:63.5and53.1

percentrespectively.ExceptforFloridaandTexas,thetop10inrate

ofgrowthiscomposedofWesternstateswith7.5millionpeople-about9

persquaremile.

Theflightfromovercrowdednessaffectsthemigrationfromsnowbeltto

morebearableclimates.

Nowheredo1980censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchfor

spaciouslivingthanintheFarWest.There,Californiaadded3.7million

toitspopulationinthe1970s,morethananyotherstate.

Inthatdecade,however,largenumbersalsomigratedfromCalifornia,

mostlytootherpartsoftheWest.Oftentheychose-andstillare

choosing-somewhatcolderclimatessuchasOregon,IdahoandAlaskain

ordertoescapesmog,crimeandotherplaguesofurbanizationintheGolden

State.

Asaresult,California'sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970s,to18.5

percent-littlemorethantwothirdsthe1960s'growthfigureand

considerablybelowthatofotherWesternstates.

43.Discernedfromtheperplexingpictureofpopulationgrowththe1980

censusprovided,Americain1970s.

[A]enjoyedthelowestnetgrowthofpopulationinhistory

[B]witnessedasouthwesternshiftofpopulation

[C]underwentanunparalleledperiodofpopulationgrowth(B)

[D]broughttoastandstillitspatternofmigrationsinceWorldWarII

44.Thecensusdistinguisheditselffrompreviousstudiesonpopulation

movementinthat.

[A]itstressestheclimaticinfluenceonpopulationdistribution

[B]ithighlightsthecontributionofcontinuouswavesofimmigrants

[C]itrevealstheAmericans?newpursuitofspaciousliving(C)

[D]itelaboratesthedelayedeffectsofyesterdayJs“babyboom”

45.Wecanseefromtheavailablestatisticsthat.

[A]CaliforniawasoncethemostthinlypopulatedareainthewholeUS

[B]thetop10statesingrowthrateofpopulationwerealllocatedin

theWest

[C]citieswithbetterclimatesbenefitedunanimouslyfrommigration

(D)

[D]Arizonarankedsecondofallstatesinitsgrowthrateofpopulation

46.Theword“demographers”(Line1,Paragraph8)mostprobablymeans

[A]peopleinfavorofthetrendofdemocracy

[B]advocatesofmigrationbetweenstates

[C]scientistsengagedinthestudyofpopulation(C)

[D]conservativesclingingtooldpatternsoflife

Text5

Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolated

volcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostofthe

world,svolcanoes,theyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthe

greatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearthJssurface;onthecontrary,

manyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspots

moveonlyslowly,andinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthem

haslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrails

aremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates.

Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmerica,

forexample,aremovingawayfromeachotherasnewmaterialisinjected

intotheseafloorbetweenthem.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertain

geologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwhere

thetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplates

carryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetail,butthemotion

ofoneplatewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedinto

motionwithrespecttotheearth?sinterior.Itisnotpossibleto

determinewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsor

whetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfrom

it.Hotspots,anchoredinthedeeperlayersoftheearth,providethe

measuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.Froman