OG13 RC考试复习资料

7.4PracticeQuestions

Eachofthereadingcomprehensionquestionsisbasedonthecontentofapassage.Afterreadingthepassageanswerallquestionspertainingtoitonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassage.

Foreachquestion,selectthebestanswerofthechoicesgiven.

Line2Ecoefficiency(measurestominimizeenvironmental

impactthroughthereductionoreliminationofwaste

fromproductionprocesses)hasbecomeagoalfor

companiesworldwide,withmanyrealizingsignificant

(5)costsavingsfromsuchinnovations.PeterSengeand

GoranCarstedtseethisdevelopmentaslaudablebut

suggestthatsimplyadoptingecoefficiency

innovationscouldactuallyworsenenvironmental

stressesinthefuture.Suchinnovationsreduce

(10)productionwastebutdonotalterthenumberof

productsmanufacturednorthewastegenerated

fromtheiruseanddiscard;indeed,mostcompanies

investinecoefficiencyimprovementsinorderto

increaseprofitsandgrowth.Moreover,thereisno

(15)guaranteethatincreasedeconomicgrowthfrom

ecoefficiencywillcomeinsimilarlyecoefficientways,

sinceintoday'sglobalmarkets,greaterprofitsmay

beturnedintoinvestmentcapitalthatcouldeasilybe

reinvestedinold-styleeco-inefficientindustries.Even

(20)avastlymoreecoefficientindustrialsystemcould,

wereittogrowmuchlarger,generatemoretotal

wasteanddestroymorehabitatandspeciesthan

wouldasmaller,lessecoefficienteconomy.Senge

andCarstedtarguethattopreservetheglobal

(25)environmentandsustaineconomicgrowth,

businessesmustdevelopanewsystemicapproach

thatreducestotalmaterialuseandtotalaccumulated

waste.Focusingexclusivelyonecoefficiency,which

offersacompellingbusinesscaseaccordingto

(30)establishedthinking,maydistractcompaniesfrom

pursuingradicallydifferentproductsandbusiness

models.

Questions1-3refertothepassageabove.

Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

explainwhyaparticularbusinessstrategyhas

beenlesssuccessfulthanwasonceanticipated

proposeanalternativetoaparticularbusiness

strategythathasinadvertentlycaused

ecologicaldamage

presentaconcernaboutthepossible

consequencesofpursuingaparticularbusiness

strategy

makeacaseforapplyingaparticularbusiness

strategyonalargerscalethaniscurrently

practiced

suggestseveralpossibleoutcomesof

companies'failuretounderstandtheeconomic

impactofaparticularbusinessstrategy

Thepassagementionswhichofthefollowingasa

possibleconsequenceofcompanies'realizationof

greaterprofitsthroughecoefficiency?

Thecompaniesmaybeabletosellagreater

numberofproductsbyloweringprices.

Thecompaniesmaybebetterabletoattract

investmentcapitalintheglobalmarket.

Theprofitsmaybereinvestedtoincrease

economicgrowththroughecoefficiency.

Theprofitsmaybeusedasinvestmentcapital

forindustriesthatarenotecoefficient.

Theprofitsmayencouragecompaniestomake

furtherinnovationsinreducingproduction

waste.

3.Thepassageimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingisa

possibleconsequenceofacompany'sadoptionof

innovationsthatincreaseitsecoefficiehcy?

Companyprofitsresultingfromsuchinnovations

maybereinvestedinthatcompanywithno

guaranteethatthecompanywillcontinueto

makefurtherimprovementsinecoefficiency.

Companygrowthfosteredbycostsavingsfrom

suchinnovationsmayallowthatcompanyto

manufactureagreaternumberofproductsthat

willbeusedanddiscarded,thusworsening

environmentalstress.

Acompanythatfailstorealizesignificantcost

savingsfromsuchinnovationsmayhavelittle

incentivetocontinuetominimizethe

environmentalimpactofitsproduction

processes.

Acompanythatcomestodependonsuch

innovationstoincreaseitsprofitsandgrowth

maybevulnerableintheglobalmarketto

competitionfromold-styleeco-inefficient

industries.

Acompanythatmeetsitsecoefficiencygoalsis

unlikelytoinvestitsincreasedprofitsinthe

developmentofnewandinnovativeecoefficiencymeasures.

Line3Archaeologyasaprofessionfacestwomajor

problems.First,itisthepoorestofthepoor.

Onlypaltrysumsareavailableforexcavatingand

evenlessisavailableforpublishingtheresults

(5)andpreservingthesitesonceexcavated.Yet

archaeologistsdealwithpricelessobjectseveryday.

Second,thereistheproblemofillegalexcavation,

resultinginmuseum-qualitypiecesbeingsoldtothe

highestbidder.

(10)Iwouldliketomakeanoutrageous

suggestionthatwouldatonestrokeprovide

fundsforarchaeologyandreducetheamount

ofillegaldigging.Iwouldproposethatscientific

archaeologicalexpeditionsandgovernmental

(15)authoritiessellexcavatedartifactsontheopen

market.Suchsaleswouldprovidesubstantial

fundsfortheexcavationandpreservationof

archaeologicalsitesandthepublicationofresults.

Atthesametime,theywouldbreaktheillegal

(20)excavator'sgriponthemarket,therebydecreasing

theinducementtoengageinillegalactivities.

Youmightobjectthatprofessionalsexcavateto

acquireknowledge,notmoney.Moreover,ancient

artifactsarepartofourglobalculturalheritage,

(25)whichshouldbeavailableforalltoappreciate,not

soldtothehighestbidder.Iagree.Sellnothingthat

hasuniqueartisticmeritorscientificvalue.But,

youmightreply,everythingthatcomesoutofthe

groundhasscientificvalue.Herewepartcompany.

(30)Theoretically,youmaybecorrectinclaiming

thateveryartifacthaspotentialscientificvalue.

Practically,youarewrong.

Irefertothethousandsofpotteryvesselsand

ancientlampsthatareessentiallyduplicatesof

(35)oneanother.InonesmallexcavationinCyprus,

archaeologistsrecentlyuncovered2,000virtually

indistinguishablesmalljugsinasinglecourtyard.

Evenpreciousroyalsealimpressionsknownas

I'melekhhandleshavebeenfoundinabundance

(40)—morethan4,000examplessofar.

Thebasementsofmuseumsaresimplynot

largeenoughtostoretheartifactsthatarelikely

tobediscoveredinthefuture.Thereisnotenough

moneyeventocatalogthefinds;asaresult,they

(45)cannotbefoundagainandbecomeasinaccessible

asiftheyhadneverbeendiscovered.Indeed,with

thehelpofacomputer,soldartifactscouldbemore

accessiblethanarethepiecesstoredinbulging

museumbasements.Priortosale,eachcouldbe

(50)photographedandthelistofthepurchaserscould

bemaintainedonthecomputer.Apurchasercould

evenberequiredtoagreetoreturnthepieceifit

shouldbecomeneededforscientificpurposes.

Itwouldbeunrealistictosuggestthatillegal

(55)diggingwouldstopifartifactsweresoldonthe

openmarket.Butthedemandfortheclandestine

productwouldbesubstantiallyreduced.Whowould

wantanunmarkedpotwhenanotherwasavailable

whoseprovenancewasknown,andthatwasdated

(60)stratigraphicallybytheprofessionalarchaeologist

whoexcavatedit?

Theprimarypurposeofthepassageistopropose

analternativetomuseumdisplayofartifacts

awaytocurbillegaldiggingwhilebenefitingthe

archaeologicalprofession

awaytodistinguishartifactswithscientificvalue

fromthosethathavenosuchvalue

thegovernmentalregulationofarchaeological

sites

anewsystemforcatalogingduplicateartifacts

Theauthorimpliesthatallofthefollowingstatements

aboutduplicateartifactsaretrueEXCEPT

amarketforsuchartifactsalreadyexists

suchartifactsseldomhavescientificvalue

thereislikelytobeacontinuingsupplyofsuch

artifacts

museumsarewellsuppliedwithexamplesof

suchartifacts

suchartifactsfrequentlyexceedinqualitythose

alreadycatalogedinmuseumcollections

Whichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassageas

adisadvantageofstoringartifactsinmuseum

basements?

Museumofficialsrarelyallowscholarsaccessto

suchartifacts.

Spacethatcouldbebetterusedfordisplayis

takenupforstorage.

Artifactsdiscoveredinoneexcavationoften

becomeseparatedfromeachother.

Suchartifactsareoftendamagedbyvariations

intemperatureandhumidity.

Suchartifactsoftenremainuncatalogedand

thuscannotbelocatedoncetheyareputin

storage.

4loandEuropa,theinnertwoofJupiter'sfourlargestmoons,areaboutthesizeofEarth'smoonandarecomposedmostlyorentirelyofrockandmetal.GanymedeandCallistoarelargerandroughlyhalfice.Thus,thesefourmoonsaresomewhatanalogoustotheplanetsofthesolarsystem,inwhichtherock-andmetal-richinnerplanetsaredistinctfromthemuchlargergas-andice-richouterplanets.Jupiter'smoonsare,however,more"systematic":manyoftheirpropertiesvarycontinuouslywithdistancefromJupiter.Forexample,loisice-free,Europahasasurfaceshellofice,andwhileGanymedeandCallistoarebothice-rich,outermost

Callistohasmore.Thiscompositionalgradienthasgeologicalparallels,loisextremelygeologicallyactive,Europaseemstobeactiveonamoremodestscale,andGanymedehasundergoneboutsofactivityinitsgeologicalpast.OnlyCallistorevealsnogeologicalactivity.Insimilarfashion,Callisto'ssurfaceisveryheavilycrateredfromtheimpactofcometsandasteroids;Ganymede,likeEarth'smoon,isheavilycrateredinparts;Europaisverylightlycratered;andnocratershavebeendetectedonlo,eventhoughJupiter'sgravityattractscometsandasteroidspassingnearit,substantiallyincreasingthebombardmentrateoftheinnermoonscomparedtothatoftheouterones.Butbecauseoflo'shighdegreeofgeologicalactivity,itssurfaceundergoesmore-or-lesscontinuousvolcanicresurfacing.

Questions11-13refertothepassageabove.

Accordingtothepassage,thedifferenceintheamountofcrateringonCallisto'sandlo'srespectivesurfacescanprobablybeexplainedbythedifferencebetweenthesetwomoonswithrespecttowhichofthefollowingfactors?

(A)Size

(B)Icecontent

(CTherateofbombardmentbycometsandasteroids

(D)TheinfluenceofJupiter'sothermoons

(E)Thelevelofgeologicalactivity

12.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthepurposeofthesecondparagraphofthepassage?

(A)ToprovidefurtherevidenceofthesystematicvariationinthecharacteristicsofJupiter'sfourlargestmoons

(B)TopresentacomprehensivetheorytoexplainthesystematicvariationinthecharacteristicsofJupiter'sfourlargestmoons

(C)ToexplainthesignificanceofthesystematicvariationinthecharacteristicsofJupiter'sfourlargestmoons

(D)TointroducefactsthatcontradictconventionalassumptionsaboutJupiter'sfourlargestmoons

(E)TocontrastthecharacteristicsofJupiter'sfourlargestmoonswiththecharacteristicsoftheplanetsofthesolarsystem

13.Theauthor'sreferencetoJupiter'sgravityinline25servesprimarilyto

(A)indicatewhytheabsenceofcratersonlo'ssurfaceissurprising

(B)explainthepresenceofcratersonthesurfaceofJupiter'sfourlargestmoons

(C)provideanexplanationforthelackofgeologicalactivityonCallisto

(D)contrastJupiter'scharacteristicswiththecharacteristicsofitsfourlargestmoons

(E)illustratethesimilaritybetweenJupiter'sfourlargestmoonsandtheplanetsofthesolarsystem

5WhenJamaican-bornsocialactivistMarcusGarveycametotheUnitedStatesin1916,hearrivedatpreciselytherighthistoricalmoment.WhatmadethemomentrightwasthereturnofAfricanAmericansoldiersfromtheFirstWorldWarin1918,whichcreatedanidealconstituencyforsomeonewithGarvey'smessageofunity,pride,andimprovedconditionsforAfricanAmericancommunities.HopingtoparticipateinthetraditionalAmericanethosofindividualsuccess,manyAfricanAmericanpeopleenteredthearmedforceswithenthusiasm,onlytofindthemselvessegregatedfromwhitetroopsandsubjectedtonumerousindignities.TheyreturnedtoaUnitedStatesthatwasassegregatedasithadbeenbeforethewar.Consideringsimilarexperiences,anthropologistAnthonyF.C.Wallacehasarguedthatwhenaperceptiblegaparisesbetweenaculture'sexpectationsandtherealityofthatculture,theresultingtensioncaninspirearevitalizationmovement:anorganized,consciousefforttoconstructaculturethatfulfillslongstandingexpectations.

SomescholarshavearguedthatGarveycreatedtheconsciousnessfromwhichhebuilt,inthe1920s,thelargestrevitalizationmovementinAfricanAmericanhistory.Butsuchanargumentonlytendstoobscuretheconsciousnessofidentity,strength,andsenseofhistorythatalreadyexistedintheAfricanAmericancommunity.Garveydidnotcreatethisconsciousness;rather,hegavethisconsciousnessitspoliticalexpression.

Questions14-17refertothepassageabove.

14.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcontributedtoMarcusGarvey'ssuccess?

(A)HeintroducedculturalandhistoricalconsciousnesstotheAfricanAmericancommunity.

(B)HebelievedenthusiasticallyinthetraditionalAmericansuccessethos.

(C)Hisaudiencehadalreadyformedaconsciousnessthatmadeitreceptivetohismessage.

(D)HismessageappealedtocriticsofAfricanAmericansupportforUnitedStatesmilitaryinvolvementintheFirstWorldWar.

(E)HesupportedthemovementtoprotestsegregationthathademergedpriortohisarrivalintheUnitedStates.

15.ThepassagesuggeststhatmanyAfricanAmericanpeoplerespondedtotheirexperiencesinthearmedforcesinwhichofthefollowingways?

(A)Theymaintainedascivilianstheirenthusiasticallegiancetothearmedforces.

(B)TheyquestionedUnitedStatesinvolvementintheFirstWorldWar.

(C)TheyjoinedpoliticalorganizationstoprotestthesegregationofAfricanAmericantroopsandtheindignitiestheysufferedinthemilitary.

(D)TheybecameawareofthegapbetweentheirexpectationsandtherealitiesofAmericanculture.

(E)TheyrepudiatedGarvey'smessageofprideandunity.

16.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthe"scholars"mentionedinline24believewhichofthefollowingtobetrue?

(A)RevitalizationresultedfromthepoliticalactivismofreturningAfricanAmericansoldiersfollowingtheFirstWorldWar.

(B)MarcusGarveyhadtochangeanumberofprevailingattitudesinorderforhismassmovementtofindafootholdintheUnitedStates.

(C)TheprevailingsensibilityoftheAfricanAmericancommunityprovidedthefoundationofMarcusGarvey'spoliticalappeal.

(D)MarcusGarveyhopedtorevitalizeconsciousnessofculturalandhistoricalidentityintheAfricanAmericancommunity.

(E)ThegoalofthemassmovementthatMarcusGarveyhelpedbringintobeingwastobuildontheprideandunityamongAfricanAmericans.

17.Accordingtothepassage,manyAfricanAmericanpeoplejoinedthearmedforcesduringtheFirstWorldWarforwhichofthefollowingreasons?

(A)TheywishedtoescapeworseningeconomicconditionsinAfricanAmericancommunities.

(B)Theyexpectedtofulfillidealsofpersonalattainment.

(C)TheysoughttoexpresstheirloyaltytotheUnitedStates.

(D)Theyhopedthatjoiningthemilitarywouldhelpadvancethecauseofdesegregation.

(E)TheysawmilitaryserviceasanopportunitytofulfillMarcusGarvey'spoliticalvision.

Line6Interrestrialenvironments,gravityplaces

specialdemandsonthecardiovascularsystemsof

animals.Gravitationalpressurecancausebloodto

poolinthelowerregionsofthebody,makingit

(5)difficulttocirculatebloodtocriticalorganssuchas

thebrain.Terrestrialsnakes,inparticular,exhibit

adaptationsthataidincirculatingbloodagainstthe

forceofgravity.

Theproblemconfrontingterrestrialsnakesisbest

(10)illustratedbywhathappenstoseasnakeswhen

removedfromtheirsupportivemedium.Becausethe

verticalpressuregradientswithinthebloodvessels

arecounteractedbysimilarpressuregradientsinthe

surroundingwater,thedistributionofblood

(15)throughoutthebodyofseasnakesremainsabout

thesameregardlessoftheirorientationinspace,

providedtheyremainintheocean.Whenremoved

fromthewaterandtiltedatvariousangleswiththe

headup,however,bloodpressureattheirmidpoint

(20)dropssignificantly,andatbrainlevelfallstozero.

Thatmanyterrestrialsnakesinsimilarspatial

orientationsdonotexperiencethiskindofcirculatory

failuresuggeststhatcertainadaptationsenablethem

toregulatebloodpressuremoreeffectivelyinthose

(25)orientations.

Onesuchadaptationisthecloserproximityofthe

terrestrialsnake'shearttoitshead,whichhelpsto

ensurecirculationtothebrain,regardlessofthe

snake'sorientationinspace.Theheartofseasnakes

(30)canbelocatednearthemiddleofthebody,a

positionthatminimizestheworkentailedin

circulatingbloodtobothextremities.Inarboreal

snakes,however,whichdwellintreesandoften

assumeaverticalposture,theaveragedistance

(35)fromthehearttotheheadcanbeaslittleas15

percentofoverallbodylength.Suchalocation

requiresthatbloodcirculatedtothetailofthe

snaketravelagreaterdistancebacktotheheart,

aproblemsolvedbyanotheradaptation.When

(40)climbing,arborealsnakesoftenpause

momentarilytowiggletheirbodies,causingwaves

ofmusclecontractionthatadvancefromthelower

torsotothehead.Bycompressingtheveinsand

forcingbloodforward,thesecontractions

(45)apparentlyimprovetheflowofvenousblood

returningtotheheart.

18.Thepassageprovidesinformationinsupportofwhich

ofthefollowingassertions?

Thedisadvantagesofanadaptationtoa

particularfeatureofanenvironmentoften

outweightheadvantagesofsuchanadaptation.

Anorganism'sreactiontobeingplacedinan

environmenttowhichitisnotwelladaptedcan

sometimesillustratetheproblemsthathave

beensolvedbytheadaptationsoforganisms

indigenoustothatenvironment.

Theeffectivenessofanorganism'sadaptationto

aparticularfeatureofitsenvironmentcanonly

beevaluatedbyexaminingtheeffectiveness

withwhichorganismsofotherspecieshave

adaptedtoasimilarfeatureofadifferent

environment.

Organismsofthesamespeciesthatinhabit

strikinglydifferentenvironmentswilloftenadapt

inremarkablysimilarwaystothefewfeaturesof

thoseenvironmentsthatarecommon.

Differentspeciesoforganismslivinginthesame

environmentwillseldomadapttofeaturesof

thatenvironmentinthesameway.

Accordingtothepassage,onereasonthatthe

distributionofbloodintheseasnakechangeslittle

whilethecreatureremainsintheoceanisthat

theheartoftheseasnaketendstobelocated

nearthecenterofitsbody

pressuregradientsinthewatersurroundingthe

seasnakecountertheeffectsofvertical

pressuregradientswithinitsbloodvessels

theseasnakeassumesaverticalpostureless

frequentlythandotheterrestrialandthe

arborealsnake

theseasnakeoftenreliesonwavesofmuscle

contractionstohelpmovebloodfromthetorso

tothehead

theforceofpressuregradientsinthewater

surroundingtheseasnakeexceedsthatof

verticalpressuregradientswithinitscirculatory

system

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingistrueofspeciesofterrestrialsnakesthat

oftenneedtoassumeaverticalposture?

Theyaremorelikelytobesusceptibleto

circulatoryfailureinverticalposturesthanare

seasnakes.

Theirheartsarelesslikelytobelocatedatthe

midpointoftheirbodiesthanisthecasewith

seasnakes.

Theycannotcounteractthepoolingofbloodin

lowerregionsoftheirbodiesaseffectivelyas

seasnakescan.

Thebloodpressureattheirmidpointdecreases

significantlywhentheyaretiltedwiththeir

headsup.

Theyareunabletorelyonmusclecontractions

tomovevenousbloodfromthelowertorsoto

thehead.

Theauthordescribesthebehaviorofthecirculatory

systemofseasnakeswhentheyareremovedfrom

theocean(seelines17-20)primarilyinorderto

illustratewhatwouldoccurinthecirculatory

systemofterrestrialsnakeswithoutadaptations

thatenablethemtoregulatetheirblood

pressureinverticalorientations

explainwhyarborealsnakesinvertical

orientationsmustrelyonmusclecontractionsto

restorebloodpressuretothebrain

illustratetheeffectsofcirculatoryfailureonthe

behaviorofarborealsnakes

illustratethesuperiorityofthecirculatory

systemoftheterrestrialsnaketothatofthesea

snake

explainhowchangesinspatialorientationcan

adverselyaffectthecirculatorysystemof

snakeswithheartslocatedinrelativelyclose

proximitytotheirheads

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthe

followingisatruestatementaboutseasnakes?

Theyfrequentlyrelyonwavesofmuscle

contractionsfromthelowertorsototheheadto

supplementtheworkoftheheart.

Theycannoteffectivelyregulatetheirblood

pressurewhenplacedinseawaterandtiltedat

ananglewiththeheadpointeddownward.

(CTheyaremorelikelytohaveaheartlocatedin.

closeproximitytotheirheadsthanarearboreal

snakes.

Theybecomeacutelyvulnerabletotheeffects

ofgravitationalpressureontheircirculatory

systemwhentheyareplacedinaterrestrial

environment.

Theircardiovascularsystemisnotas

complicatedasthatofarborealsnakes.

Theauthorsuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingisa

disadvantagethatresultsfromthelocationofa

snake'sheartincloseproximitytoitshead?

Adecreaseintheefficiencywithwhichthesnake

regulatestheflowofbloodtothebrain

Adecreaseinthenumberoforientationsin

spacethatasnakecanassumewithoutlossof

bloodflowtothebrain

Adecreaseinbloodpressureatthesnake's

midpointwhenitistiltedatvariousangleswith

itsheadup

Anincreaseinthetendencyofbloodtopoolat

thesnake'sheadwhenthesnakeistiltedat

variousangleswithitsheaddown

Anincreaseintheamountofeffortrequiredto

distributebloodtoandfromthesnake'stail

Theprimarypurposeofthethirdparagraphisto

introduceatopicthatisnotdiscussedearlierin

thepassage

describeamoreefficientmethodofachieving

aneffectdiscussedinthepreviousparagraph

drawaconclusionbasedoninformation

elaboratedinthepreviousparagraph

discusstwospecificexamplesofphenomena

mentionedattheendofthepreviousparagraph

introduceevidencethatunderminesaview

reportedearlierinthepassage

25.Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith

doingwhichofthefollowing?

Explainingadaptationsthatenabletheterrestrial

snaketocopewiththeeffectsofgravitational

pressureonitscirculatorysystem

Comparingthecirculatorysystemofthesea

snakewiththatoftheterrestrialsnake

(CExplainingwhythecirculatorysystemofthe

terrestrialsnakeisdifferentfromthatofthesea

snake

Pointingoutfeaturesoftheterrestrialsnake's

cardiovascularsystemthatmakeitsuperiorto

thatoftheseasnake

Explaininghowtheseasnakeisableto

neutralizetheeffectsofgravitationalpressure

onitscirculatorysystem

Line7In1988servicesmovedaheadof

manufacturingasthemainproductoftheUnited

Stateseconomy.Butwhatismeantby"services"?

Someeconomistsdefineaserviceassomething

(5)thatisproducedandconsumedsimultaneously,for

example,ahaircut.Thebroader,classicaldefinition

isthataserviceisanintangiblesomethingthat

cannotbetouchedorstored.Yetelectricutilities

canstoreenergy,andcomputerprogrammers

(10)saveinformationelectronically.Thus,theclassical

definitionishardtosustain.

TheUnitedStatesgovernment'sdefinitionis

morepractical:servicesaretheresidualcategory

thatincludeseverythingthatisnotagricultureor

(15)industry.Underthisdefinition,servicesincludes

activitiesasdiverseasengineeringanddrivinga

bus.However,besideslackingastrongconceptual

framework,thisdefinitionfailstorecognizethe

distinctionbetweenserviceindustriesandservice

(20)occupations.Itcategorizesworkersbasedontheir

company'sfinalproductratherthanontheactual

worktheemployeesperform.Thus,themany

serviceworkersemployedbymanufacturers—

bookkeepersorjanitors,forexample—would

(25)fallundertheindustrialratherthantheservices

category.Suchambiguitiesrevealthearbitrariness

ofthisdefinitionandsuggestthat,although

practicalforgovernmentpurposes,itdoesnot

accuratelyreflectthecompositionofthecurrent

(30)UnitedStateseconomy.

Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

discussingresearchdataunderlyingseveral

definitions

arguingfortheadoptionofaparticulardefinition

exploringdefinitionsofaconcept

comparingtheadvantagesofseveraldefinitions

clarifyingsomeambiguousdefinitions

IncomparingtheUnitedStatesgovernment'sdefinition

ofserviceswiththeclassicaldefinition,theauthor

suggeststhattheclassicaldefinitionis

morepragmatic

moredifficulttoapply

(Clessambiguous

morewidelyused

morearbitrary

Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingabout

serviceworkersintheUnitedStates?

Thenumberofserviceworkersmaybe

underestimatedbythedefinitionofservices

usedbythegovernment.

Therewerefewerserviceworkersthan

agriculturalworkersbefore1988.

Thenumberofserviceworkerswasalmost

equaltothenumberofworkersemployedin

manufacturinguntil1988.

Mostserviceworkersareemployedinservice

occupationsratherthaninserviceindustries.

Mostserviceworkersareemployedin

occupationswheretheyprovideservicesthatdo

notfallundertheclassicaldefinitionofservices.

34.Theauthorofthepassagementionswhichofthe

followingasonedisadvantageoftheUnitedStates

government'sdefinitionofservices?

Itislessusefulthantheotherdefinitions

mentionedinthepassage.

Itisnarrowerinscopethantheotherdefinitions

mentionedinthepassage.

(C) Itisbasedonthefinalproductproducedrather

.thanonthetypeofworkperformed.

Itdoesnotrecognizethediversityof

occupationswithintheserviceindustries.

Itmisclassifiesmanyworkerswhoareemployed

inserviceindustries.

35.Theauthorrefersto"serviceworkersemployedby

manufacturers"(line23)primarilyinordertopointout

atypeofworkernotcoveredbytheUnited

Statesgovernment'ssystemofclassifying

occupations

aflawintheUnitedStatesgovernment's

definitionofservices

afactorthathasinfluencedthegrowthofthe

serviceeconomyintheUnitedStates

atypeofworkerwhoisclassifiedonthebasisof

workperformedratherthanonthebasisofthe

company'sfinalproduct

thediversityoftheworkerswhoarereferredto

asserviceworkers

Line8Currentfeministtheory,invalidatingwome