语言学第十章_第1页
语言学第十章_第2页
语言学第十章_第3页
语言学第十章_第4页
语言学第十章_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩139页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

语言学第十章第一页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日FOCUSES:PsycholinguisticsLanguageacquisition:stagesandtheoriesLanguagecomprehensionLanguageproductionCognitivelinguisticsImageschemaMetaphorMetonymy2第二页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日1.WhatisCognition?什么是认知?Mentalprocessesofanindividual,informationprocessing信息加工过程Mentalprocessorfacultyofknowing,includingawareness察觉,perception感知,reasoning推理,andjudgment判断.3第三页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Threeapproachestothestudyoflgeandcognition:Theformalapproach形式法:addressesthestructuralpatterns,includingthestudyofmorphological,syntactic,andlexicalstructure.4第四页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Thepsychologicalapproach:looksatlgefromtheperspectiveofgeneralcognitivesystemsrangingfromperception感知,memory记忆,attention注意力toreasoning推理.PSYCHOLOGICALLINGUISTICS心理语言学Theconceptualapproach:addresseshowlanguagestructures(processes&patterns)conceptualcontent.

COGNITIVELINGUISTICS认知语言学5第五页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日2.PsycholinguisticsThestudyofPsychologicalaspectsoflgePsychologicalstates心理状态andmentalactivity思维活动withtheuseoflge6第六页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日StructurallinguisticsCognitivepsychologyAnthropologyNeurosciencesRelatedfields7第七页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Languageacquisition(L1/L2)LanguagecomprehensionLanguageproductionLanguagedisordersLanguageandThoughtNeurocognitionSixsubjectsofresearch8第八页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日2.1LanguageAcquisitionLgeacquisition:thelearninganddevelopmentofaperson’slge.FLA:thelearningofanativeorfirstlge.SLA:thelearningofasecondorforeignlge.9第九页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Stages:

Pre-linguisticstages(3-11months)cooing:3months,[k][g][i][u]babbling:6months,fricatives,nasals9months,intonationpatterns10-11months,expressemotions

10第十页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Holophrastic(One-word)stage:objects,actions,motions,routines.11第十一页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Two-wordstage:around18monthsChildutteranceMaturespeakerPurposeWantcookieIwantacookieRequestMoremilkIwantsomemoremilkRequestJoeseeI(Joe)seeyouInformingMycupThisismycupWarningMommychairThischairbelongstoMWarningBigboyIamabigboyBraggingRedcarThatcarisredNamingThatcarThatisacarNaming12第十二页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日ChildutteranceMaturespeakerPurposeNosleepIdon’twanttogotosleepRefusalNottiredIamnottiredRefusalWheredoll?Whereisthedoll?QuestionTrucktableThetruckisonthetableInformingDaddyrunDaddyisrunningInformingJoepushI(Joe)pushed(thecat)InformingPushcatIpushedthecarInformingGivecandyGivemethecandyRequest13第十三页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Three-word-utterancestageGivedoggiepaper.Puttruckwindow.Tractorgofloor.14第十四页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日FluentgrammaticalconversationstageEmbedoneconstituentinsideanother:Givedoggiepaper.Givebigdoggiepaper.Usemorefunctionwords:missingfunctionwordsandinflectioninthebeginningbutgooduse(90%)bytheageof3,withafullrangeofsentencetypes.Allpartsoflgeareacquiredbeforethechildturns4.15第十五页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日LanguageacquisitiontheoriesReinforcementtheory强化论:stimulus-responsetheory(Bloomfield,Skinner)16第十六页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Innatenesstheory内在论:

childrenarebornwithlgeacquisitionsystem,lgedevelopmentmodelconsistsof2parts:lgeinformationandassessmentprocess.17第十七页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Cognitivetheory认知论:

childrenacquirethelgethroughassimilationandadaptationandlearnfromtheenvironmentthroughinteractionwiththeenvironment.

18第十八页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日2.2LanguagecomprehensionAprocessforustogetfamiliarwiththerealword.Mentallexicon:fromapsychologicalpointofview,westoreagreatdealof

infaboutthepropertiesofwords,retrievablewhenunderstandinglge.Wecaninstinctivelyconnecttheknownitemsstoredinourmindtotheunknownonesandaccesstomoreinfinprocessingandcomprehendinglge.19第十九页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日e.g.,wemayusemorphologicalrulestodecomposeacomplexwordlikerewritablethefirstfewtimesweencounteritandafterseveralexposureswemaystoreandaccessitasaunitorword.Itmeansthatfrequencyofexposuredeterminesourabilitytorecallstoredinstances.

20第二十页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Connectionism联结主义:readersusethesamesystemoflinksbetweenspellingunitsandsoundunitstogeneratethepronunciationsofwrittenwordsliketoveandtoaccessthepronunciationsoffamiliarwordslikestove,orwordsthatareexceptionstothesepatterns,likelove.Similarityandfrequencyplayimportantrolesinprocessingandcomprehendinglge,withthenovelitemsbeingprocessedbasedontheirsimilaritytotheknownones.21第二十一页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日AninitialstepinunderstandinganymessageHowdowegoaboutrecognizingwords?Assoonaspeoplehearspeech,theystartnarrowingdownthepossiblewordsthattheymaybehearing.Awordisidentifiedassoonasthereisonlyonepossibilityleft.speakWordrecognition22第二十二页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Cohorttheory(集群理论)

:Marslen-Wilson&Welsh(1978)Thefirstfewphonemesofaspokenwordactivateasetofwordcandidatesthatareconsistentwiththeinput.23第二十三页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Ithypothesizesthatauditorywordrecognitionbeginswiththeformationofagroupofwordsattheperceptionoftheinitialsoundandproceedssoundbysoundwiththecohortofwordsdecreasingasmoresoundsareperceived.24第二十四页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日交股模型:是Marslen-Wilson提出来的,它包括两个阶段。在词辨认的第一个阶段里,一个词的声学/语音信息激活了记忆中和它相近的词,所以如果这个词是“drive”,所有以[d]开始的词,如“dive,drink,date,dunk”等,都会被激活。这些激活的词构成一个“股”;这些交股的词是在一个目标词的声学信息的基础上提取的,并没有受到其他层面的分析所影响。一个交股结构产生后,词辨认的第二个阶段就开始了。在第二阶段里,所有可能的信息都会影响目标词的选择,这些交互作用的信息资源都起到排除那些和交股不相似的的词的作用。例如进一步的声学/语音信息可能排除一些交股的词,如“date”和“dunk”,而高层次的信息源也可能产生,把别的语义和句法上不合适的词,如“dive”和“drink”,加以排除。最后才辨认到目标词。(桂诗春)25第二十五页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日26第二十六页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Factorsinvolvedinwordrecognition:Frequencyeffect(频率效应,词频效应)

:

Oneofthemostimportantfactorsthataffectswordrecognitionishowfrequentlythewordisusedinagivendiscourseorcontext.FrequencyeffectdescribestheadditionaleasewithwhichawordisaccessedduetoitsmorefrequentusageintheL.27第二十七页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日RECENCYEFFECTS(近期效应,近现率):Peoplerecognizeawordfasterwhentheyhavejusthearditorreaditthanwhentheyhavenotrecentlyencounteredit.Recencyeffectsdescribetheadditionaleasewithwhichawordisaccessedduetoitsrepeatedoccurrenceinthediscourseorcontext.例如在奥运会期间一些体育项目成为报章杂志和人们交谈的热点,成了高频词,辨认的阈限因而就降低。但是奥运会后,它们又慢慢降温,辨认的阈限又升高。所以近现效应实际上是动态的频率效应。28第二十八页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日AnotherfactorthatisinvolvedinwordrecognitionisCONTEXT.Peoplerecognizeawordmorereadilywhentheprecedingwordsprovideanappropriatecontextforit.e.g.Thisistheaorta主动脉.Theheartsurgeoncarefullycutintothewalloftherightaorta.29第二十九页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日

语境可以促进词的辨认,解决词的歧义。

Thecarturnedright.OnemechanismthathasbeenproposedtoaccountforthiskindofcontexteffectisaSEMANTICASSOCIATIONNETWORK(语义关联网络).Itrepresentstherelationshipbetweenvarioussemanticallyrelatedwords.Wordrecognitionisthoughttobefasterwhenothermembersoftheassociationnetworkareprovidedinthediscourse.辨认有语义联系的词比无意义联系的词要快。butter-bread,nurse-doctor等30第三十页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日LexicalambiguityHowareambiguouswordsunderstood?Twotheories:1)All

themeaningsassociatedwiththewordareaccessed2)Only

onemeaningisaccessedinitially.31第三十一页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Areyouengaged?Myfrienddrovemetothebank.Pleasegivemeacamel.32第三十二页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Theclerk(entering):Areyouengaged?Augustus:Whatbusinessisthatofyours?However,ifyouwilltakethetroubletoreadthesocietypapersforthisweek,youwillseethatIamengagedtotheHonourableLucyPopham,youngestdaughterof...Theclerk:Thatisn’twhatImean.Canyouseeafemale?Augustus:Ofcourse,Icanseeafemaleaseasilyasamale.DoyousupposeIamblind?(GeorgeBernardShaw:AugustusDoesHisBit)33第三十三页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Anexperiment:Whenpeopleareaskedtofinishasentence,theytakelongerwhenthefragmenttobefinishedcontainsanambiguouswordthanwhentheambiguouswordisreplacedbyanunambiguousterm.e.g.Aftertakingtherightturnattheintersection…AftertakingtheleftturnattheintersectionThisdelaysuggeststhatallmeaningsofambiguouswordsareaccessedandthattimehastobetakentodecideamongthem.34第三十四页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Otherexperimentssuggestthatundersomecircumstances,onlyonemeaningisinitiallyaccessed.Thefrequencyandcontexteffectshavebeenshowntobeimportanthere.First,ifoneofthemeaningsismuchmorefrequentthantheother,peopletendtoassumethatthewordhasthemorefrequentmeaning.ChairThesemanticcontexteffectalsoplaysasignificantpartindecidingwhichmeaningisthemostappropriate.Bug(spy,spidersandroaches)35第三十五页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日ComprehensionofsentencesOnceawordhasbeenidentified,itisusedtoconstructasyntacticstructure.Insomecasesthisisquitestraightforward.Thejealouswomanwentaway.However,therearecomplicationsduetotheambiguityofindividualwordsandtothedifferentpossiblewaysthatwordscanbefitintophrases.Sometimesthereisnowaytodeterminewhichstructureandmeaningasentencehas.36第三十六页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日SyntacticambiguityDifferentpossiblewaysinwhichwordscanbefitintophrases.Thecopsawthespywiththebinoculars.

ThePPwiththebinocularsisambiguous.Itcaneitherbeacomplementoftheverb

seeorbepartofthenounphrase.Someambiguitiesareduetotheambiguouscategoryofsomeofthewordsinthesentence.

thedeserttrains37第三十七页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Johnpaintedthecarinthegarage.38第三十八页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Maylikesthevaseonthecupboardwhichsheboughtyesterday.Thestudentswilldiscusstheirplantoholdadancingpartyintheclassroom.IknowSimonbetterthanyou.Tellmeifyouhavetime.39第三十九页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Mybrotherwasn’treadingallthetime.ThechairmanappointedMr.Brownanassistant.Thescholarwrotelongthesisandbooks.Flyingplanescanbedangerous.40第四十页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日GardenpathsentenceThehorseracedpastthebarnfell.Themanwhohuntsducksout奇妙地抽出时间onweekends.ThecottonclothingisusuallymadeofgrowsinMississippi.Fatpeopleeataccumulates.41第四十一页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Asentenceinwhichthecomprehenderassumesaparticularmeaningofawordorphrasebutdiscoverslaterthattheassumptionwasincorrect,forcingthecomprehendertobebacktrackandreinterpretthesentence.42第四十二页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日agrammaticallycorrectsentencethatstartsinsuchawaythatareader'smostlikelyinterpretationisanincorrectone,luringhiminitiallyintoanimproperparsethatthenturnsouttobeadeadend.GPSsareusedinpsycholinguisticstoillustratethat,whilereading,humanbeingsprocesslgeonewordatatime.The"gardenpath"isareferencetothesaying"tobeleddownthegardenpath",meaning"tobemisled."43第四十三页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Themanpushedthroughthedoorfell.大多数听者在语言处理过程的瞬间会倾向于将Themanpushedthroughthedoor理解为NP+V+PP的一个句子结构。只有当听到动词fell时,才折回头对语言输入重新进行处理。这种现象被很形象地称之为“花园路径现象”,就像在花园中走错了道,折回头再寻路径。一般认为,这类歧义现象会对语言的处理过程造成较大的困难。44第四十四页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Animportantquestioninsentenceprocessingishowpeopledecidewhichstructureanambiguoussentencehas.Peopleeitherconsiderallpossibilitiesanddecidewhichisthebest,orelsetheyusesomestrategytodecidewhichstructuretoconsiderfirst.Severalsuggestionshavebeenmadeabouthowpeopledecidewhichanalysistotryfirst.Oneguessisthatthereisastrongtendencytobuildaslittlestructureaspossible.

45第四十五页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日MINIMALATTACHMENTTHEORY(最少接触理论):Peoplearemostlikelytochoosethesimplest.Theideaisthatpeopleinitiallyconstructthesimplestsyntacticstructurewheninterpretingthestructureofsentences.46第四十六页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日ComprehensionoftextSentencescomeintextsanddiscourses,andtheentiretextordiscourseisrelevanttothemessagesconveyed.Textisthenetofpropositions命题

thatmakeupthesemanticinterpretationsofindividualsentences.47第四十七页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Readersabstractthemainthreadsofadiscourseandinfermissingconnections,constrainedbylimitationsofshort-termmemoryandguidedbyhowargumentsoverlapacrosspropositionsandbylinguisticcuessignaledbythetext.读者受短期记忆的限制,在文本命题中重叠论元和语言线索的引导下抽象出语篇的主要思路并推断出潜在的联系。48第四十八页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Discourseinterpretation

Resonancemodel共振模式:informationinlong-termmemoryisautomaticallyactivatedbythepresenceofmaterialthatapparentlybearsaroughsemanticrelationtoit.SchemataanddrawinginferencesSchema图式:apre-existingknowledgestructureinmemorytypicallyinvolvingthenormalexpectedpatternsofthings.49第四十九页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日[RESTAURANT]Schema:Entering,ordering,eatingandexiting.EnteringScene:Thecustomerentersarestaurant,looksforatable,decideswheretosit,walkstothetable…50第五十页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Johnwentintoarestaurant.Heaskedthewaitressforcoqauvin酒闷仔鸡.Heateit,paidthebillandleft.(perfectlyunderstandable)Johnwentintoarestaurant.Hesawawaitress.Hegotupandwenthome.(doesnotseemtomakesense)51第五十一页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Apartmentforrent.$500.Istoppedtogetsomegroceriesbutthereweren'tanybasketsleftsobythetimeIarrivedatthecheck-outcounterImusthavelookedlikeajugglerhavingabadday.52第五十二页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日2.3LanguageproductionTheabilitytoproducewordsisacoreingredientoftheabilitytoproducelargerutterances.Singlewordaccesshasbeenandstillisacentralresearchtopic.Accesstowords词的生成Conceptualization:whattoexpressWordselection:acompetitiveprocessMorpho-phonologicalencoding:targetwords53第五十三页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日GenerationofsentencesConceptualpreparation:decidingwhattosay–aglobalplanisneededWordretrievalandapplicationofsyntacticknowledgeProcessesofsentencegenerationFunctionalplanning:assigninggrammaticalfunctionsPositionalencoding:gettingintopositionsforeachunit54第五十四页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日WrittenlanguageproductionSimilartospokenlanguage.Orthographicforminsteadofphonologicalform.However,phonologyplaysanimportantroleinthisprocess.Writershavemoretimeavailableforconceptualpreparationandplanning.55第五十五页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日3.CognitiveLinguisticsCognitivelinguistics:AnewlyestablishedapproachtothestudyoflgeItisthescientificstudyoftherelationbetweenthewaywecommunicateandthewaywethink.Itisanapproachtolgethatisbasedonourexperienceoftheworldandthewayweperceiveandconceptualizeit.

56第五十六页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日3.1Construal识解(方法)Construal:theabilitytoconceiveandportraythesamesituationindifferentways.57第五十七页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Construaloperation识解操作:conceptualizingprocessesusedinlgeprocessbyhumanbeings.Theunderlyingpsychologicalprocessesandresourcesemployedintheinterpretationoflinguisticexpressions.58第五十八页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日1)Attention/salience(注意∕突显)Weactivatethemostrelevantconceptsmorethanconceptsthatareirrelevanttowhatwearethinkingabout.Wedrovealongtheroad.Sheranacrosstheroad.Theworkersdugthroughtheroad.在知觉中,我们把注意力集中在感知到的情景部分。马路被概念化为一条线(一维),一个平面(二维),一个立体(三维)59第五十九页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日a.Hecleanedthewindow.(玻璃)b.Heopenedthewindow.(窗扇)a.I’vebrokenthewindow.(我)b.Astonehasbrokenthewindow.(石头)60第六十页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日2)Judgment/Comparison

判断∕比较Wecannotattendtoallfacetsofasceneatthesametime.Wecannotpayattentiontoeverything.Instead,wefocusoneventsofparticularsalience.61第六十一页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Figure-ground(图形-背景)62第六十二页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Figure-groundThegroundseemstobeplacedbehindthefigureextendinginthebackground.Thefigureisthusmoreprominent,orevenmoreinteresting,thantheground.63第六十三页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Figure-groundalsoseemstoapplytoourperceptionofmovingobjects.Inordertodistinguishbetweenstationaryanddynamicfigure-groundrelations,somecognitivelinguists(egLangacker)usethetermtrajector

(射体)foramovingfigureandlandmark

(界标)forthegroundofamovingfigure.64第六十四页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日There’sacat[figure]onthemat[ground]Therearestillsomepeanuts[figure]inthebag[ground]Batman[figure]wasstandingontheroof[ground]Thecomputer[figure]underthetable[ground]ismineThespacecraft[figure]washoveringoverMetropolis[ground]65第六十五页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Tarzan[trajector]jumpedintotheriver[landmark]Spiderman[trajector]climbedupthewall[landmark]Thebird[trajector]wingeditswayoutthewindow[landmark]We[trajector]wentacrossthefield[landmark]I[trajector]’mgoingtoLondon[landmark]66第六十六页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日3)Perspective∕Situatedness视点∕情景Perspective

:thewayinwhichweviewasceneintermsofoursituatedness.dependingontwothings:wherewearesituatedinrelationtothescenewe'reviewinghowthesceneisarrangedinrelationtooursituatedness.67第六十七页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Thetreeisbehindtheman.Themanisinfrontofthetree.68第六十八页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Thetreeisinfrontoftheman.Themanisbehindthetree.69第六十九页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日3.2Categorization(范畴化)Theprocessofclassifyingourexperiencesintodifferentcategoriesbasedoncommonalitiesanddifferences.Amajoringredientinthecreationofhumanknowledge;Allowsustorelatepresentexperiencestopastones.70第七十页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日PrototypeTheory原型理论:amodeofgradedcategorizationincognitivescience,wheresomemembersofacategoryaremorecentralthanothers.eg,whenaskedtogiveanexampleoftheconceptbird,robinismorefrequentlycitedthan,say,penguin.71第七十一页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Threelevels:basiclevelsuperordinatelevelsubordinatelevel72第七十二页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Basiclevel Superordinatelevel

Animal

Horse Dog Cat

Chihuahua German dachshund

shepherd

Subordinatelevel

Verticalorganization73第七十三页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日BLC:thosethataremostculturallysalientandarerequiredtofulfillourcognitiveneedsthebest.Thisisthelevelwhereweperceivethemostdifferencesbetween“objects”intheworld.Allcategoriesofdogsaredifferent,buttheystillshareenoughtobedistinguishedfromcats,birds,snakes,primates,etc.Soitisatthislevelthatwecanfindtheidealizedconfigurationoffeatureofacategory范畴特性的最理想化的结构.74第七十四页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日SPLC:themostgeneralones.Themembersofasuperordinatecategorydonothaveenoughfeaturesincommontoconjureupacommongestaltatthislevel.ButifsomeoneasksyoutothinkofaVEHICLEyoumightthinkofaCARoraBUSorifsomeoneasksyoutothinkofaPLANTyoumightthinkofaTREEoraFLOWER.Thisisparasiticalcategorization寄生范畴.75第七十五页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日SLC:Theyhaveclearlyidentifiablegestalts完形andlotsofindividualspecificfeatures.Atthislevelweperceivethedifferencesbetweenthemembersofthebasiclevelcategories.OftenthenamesforSUBORDINATELEVELcategoriesaremorphologicallycomplex.Theyaretypicallycompositeforms.raincoat,applejuice,andwheelchair76第七十六页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日77第七十七页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日3.3ImageSchema(意象图式)Johnson,Mark.1987.Thebodyinthemind:Thebodilybasisofmeaning,imagination,andreason.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.78第七十八页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日arecurringstructurewithinourcognitiveprocesseswhichestablishespatternsofunderstandingandreasoning.Imageschemasareformedfromourbodilyinteractions,fromlinguisticexperience,andfromhistoricalcontext.79第七十九页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日80第八十页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Center-peripheryschema

(中央—边缘图式)

Involves:aphysicalormetaphoricalcoreandedge,anddegreesofdistancefromthecore.Examples(English):ThestructureofanappleAnindividual’sperceptualsphereAnindividual’ssocialsphere,withfamilyandfriendsatthecoreandothershavingdegreesofperipherality81第八十一页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Containmentschema

(容器图式)Involvesaphysicalormetaphoricalboundary界限enclosedareaorvolume

闭合的区域或容器excludedareaorvolume

不闭合的范围或容器82第八十二页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Bodilyexperience:humanbodiesascontainers.Structuralelements:interior,boundary,exteriorTheshipiscomingintoview.She’sdeepinthought.Westoodinsilence.83第八十三页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Cycleschema

(循环图式)Involvesrepetitiouseventsandeventseries.Itsstructureincludesthefollowing:AstartingpointAprogressionthroughsuccessiveeventswithoutbacktracking不受阻碍的事件进程Areturntotheinitialstate回到起始点84第八十四页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Examples(English)DaysWeeksYearsSleepingandwakingBreathingCirculationEmotionalbuildupandrelease85第八十五页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Forceschema

(力量图式)Involvesphysicalormetaphoricalcausalinteraction生理或隐喻因果互动关系.Itincludesthefollowingelements:AsourceandtargetoftheforceAdirectionandintensityoftheforceApathofmotionofthesourceand/ortargetAsequenceofcausation86第八十六页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Examples(English):Physical:Wind,GravityStructuralelements:force,path,entity,etc.Interaction,directionality,causalityCompulsionBlockageCounterforceDiversionRemovalofrestraint87第八十七页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Linkschema(连接图式)Consistsoftwoormoreentities,connectedphysicallyormetaphorically,andthebondbetweenthem.

EntityA EntityB88第八十八页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Examples(English):Achildholdinghermother’shandSomeonepluggingalampintothewallAcausal“connection”Kinship“ties”89第八十九页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Part-wholeschema(部分—整体图式)

Involvesphysicalormetaphoricalwholesalongwiththeirpartsandaconfigurationoftheparts.Examples(English):Physical:ThebodyanditspartsMetaphorical:Thefamily; ThecastestructureofIndia

印度种姓等级90第九十页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Pathschema(路径图式)Involvesphysicalormetaphoricalmovementfromplacetoplace,andconsistsofastartingpoint,agoal,andaseriesofintermediatepoints.91第九十一页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Examples(English):Physical:Paths;TrajectoriesMetaphorical:Thepurpose-as-physical-goalmetaphor,asexpressedinthefollowingsentences:Tomhasgonealongwaytowardchanginghispersonality.Youhavereachedthemidpointofyourflighttraining.She'sjuststartingouttomakeherfortune.Janewassidetrackedinhersearchforself-understanding.92第九十二页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Scaleschema(刻度图式)Involvesanincreaseordecreaseofphysicalormetaphoricalamount,andconsistsofanyofthefollowing:Aclosed-oropen-ended progressionofamountApositionintheprogression ofamount数量级数的位置Oneormorenormsofamount93第九十三页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Examples:PhysicalamountsPropertiesinthenumbersystemEconomicentitiessuchassupplyanddemand94第九十四页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Verticalityschema(垂直图式)Involves“up”and“down”relations.Examples:StandinguprightClimbingstairsViewingaflagpoleWatchingwaterriseinatub95第九十五页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日3.4MetaphorGeorgeLakoffandMarkJohnson(1980).MetaphorsWeLiveBy.UniversityofChicagoPress.96第九十六页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Metaphoristheconceptofunderstandingonethingintermsofanother.Ametaphorisafigureofspeechthatconstructsananalogybetweentwothingsorideas;theanalogyisconveyedbytheuseofametaphoricalwordinplaceofsomeotherword.Forexample:"Hereyeswereglisteningjewels".97第九十七页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日ConceptualMetaphorTheory

(概念隐喻理论)Metaphorsareactuallycognitivetoolsthathelpusstructureourthoughtsandexperiencesintheworldaroundus.Metaphorisaconceptualmapping,notalinguisticone,fromonedomaintoanother,notfromawordtoanother.98第九十八页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Targetdomain-whatisactuallybeingtalkedabout.Sourcedomain-thedomainusedasabasisforunderstandingtargetXisY.

Targetdomain(X)Sourcedomain

(Y)RATIONALARGUMENTWAR99第九十九页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Therearethreecategoriesofconceptualmetaphors:Ontologicalmetaphors实体隐喻Structuralmetaphors结构性隐喻Orientationalmetaphors方位性隐喻100第一百页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日(1)OntologicalmetaphorsHumanexperienceswithphysicalobjectsprovidethebasisforwaysofviewingevents,activities,emotions,ideas,etc.,asentitiesandsubstances.

Categorizeevents,actionsandstatesassubstances.

人类以自身经验和生理实体为基础,把事件、行为、情感、思想等抽象概念转换为实体。

101第一百零一页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Example:INFLATIONISANENEMYa.Inflationisloweringourstandardofliving.b.Ifthereismuchmoreinflation,we’llneversurvive.c.Weneedtocombatinflation.d.Inflationisbackingusintoacorner.102第一百零二页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Example:THEMINDISAMACHINEa.Mymindjustisn’toperating.b.I’malittlerustytoday.c.We’restilltryingtogrindoutthesolutiontothisequation.103第一百零三页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日(2)StructuralmetaphorsProvideshighlystructured,clearlydelineatedsourcedomaintostructuretargetdomain.Themappinginvolvestwotypesofcorrespondencebetweentargetandsourcedomain,whicharebothgroundedinourexperiencesintheworld.Itimplieshowoneconceptismetaphoricallystructuredintermsofanother.104第一百零四页,共一百四十四页,2022年,8月28日Example:ARGUMENTISWARYourclaimsareindefensible.Heattackedeveryweakpointinmyargument.Hiscriticismswererightontarg

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

评论

0/150

提交评论