Lecture05 日常会话与文化差异看思维模式课件

Lecture5CulturalDifferencesinEverydayConversationandtheModesofThinking

日常会话中的文化差异与思维模式GreetingsandFarewellsHaveyoueatenyet?orHaveyouhadyourlunch?Whereareyongoing?orWherehaveyoubeen?I'mpleasedtomeetyou.It'snicemeetingyouorIt'snicetohavemetyouGreetingsandFarewells请留步。慢走，走好，慢点儿骑。Stayherewouldsoundstrange;Goslowly,WalkslowlyorRideslowlyB.WaysofAddress

Tom,Michael,Linda,Jane,etc.-ratherthancallingthepersonMr.Summers,Mrs.HowardorMissJones.B.WaysofAddress

Themainexceptionsone'sparents(Dad,,Mom,MumorMother),one'sgrandparents(Grandpa,Grandma)anolderrelative(AuntMaryorUncleJim).Noticethatthegivenname,andnotthefamilyname,isused.B.WaysofAddress

EnglishBrotherJosephorSisterMarywouldcommonlybeunderstoodasreferringtopersonsbelongingtoaCatholicgrouporsomereligiousorprofessionalsociety.Chineseterm，Englishterm，Englishexplanationifneeded祖父（母）Grandfather，GrandmotherPaternalgrandfather外祖父（母）Maternalgrandfather父Father母Mother兄，弟BrotherElderbrother,younger(kid)brother姐，妹SisterEldersister,younger(kid)sister伯父unclePaternaluncleFather’selderbrother叔父Father’syoungerbrother姑父Husbandoffather’ssister舅父MaternaluncleMother’sbrotherInChinesetherearemanymoretermstodesignatespecificrelationships.ItshouldbementionedthatinEnglishBrotherJosephorSisterMarywouldcommonlybeunderstoodasreferringtopersonsbelongingtoaCatholicgrouporsomereligiousorprofessionalsociety.Inreferringtoanimalsandbirds,theChinesepracticeisgenerally,butnotalways,tousesimply公or母toshowwhetheracreatureismaleorfemale.InEnglish,morespecifictermsareoftenused,includingtermsfortheyoung.

Namebullorcowandcockorhenarefrequentlyusedtodistinguishsex;e.g.,bullseal,(公海豹)cowseal,bullelephant,cowelephant;cockpheasant（公野鸡）henpheasant,cocksparrow,hensparrow.Also,usingthetermsmaleorfemale,orsometimesshewiththegenericname,isacceptable,asinmaleleopard(公豹),femalepanda,shewolf.

InEnglishonlyafewoccupationsortitleswouldbeused:Doctor____President____Judge_____Mayor______Governor______Professor_______在job,title前，用Mr.Mr.PresidentMr.GovernorMr.SenatorMr.Mayor吴老师TeacherWu?Mr.WuHowtoaddressateacherhaslongbeenaproblem.TeacherorTeacherZhang?ComradeorComradeLi?MrYang,MrsZhang,MissWu?Inthesenseofateacher,Chinesehasmanymoresynonyms:教师，老师，教员，导师，师长，先生Otherdifficultterms同志,师傅.toattracttheperson’sattention.Excuseme,Pardonme,Isaythere.

ExpressionslikeHey,orHey,youorYou,therearenotconsideredpolite.C.ComplimentsandpraiseAmericanstendtoacceptthecomplimentwhileChinesegenerallymurmursomereplyaboutnotbeingworthyofthepraise.其它社交礼节Thankyou,andPlease----BothoftheseareusedmorewidelythantheChinese谢谢，请…….Ontheotherhand,theChineseattitude----theappreciationisunderstoodandneednotbeexpressed–中国人相信对方知道自己的感激之情，不必多言—whichissometimestakenforrudenessorlackofconsiderationbyWesterners.不说这些客气话有些失礼，对别人不够尊重。RepliestoThankyouaresimilar.ThemostcommonareNotatall,Don’tmentionit,You’rewelcome,没什么，不用谢。这是我应该做的---It’smyduty

I’mgladtobeofhelp.

It’sapleasure.我很乐意（为您效劳）TheChineseterm请TheChineseterm请usuallyregardedasequivalenttoPlease.

Whenofferingofurginganotherpersontobefirstingoingthroughadoororgettinginacar,theexpressionisgenerallyAfteryou(notYougofirst,assomepeoplenotwell-acquaintedwithEnglishareapttosay).请Atthemealtable,Helpyourselfiscustomarywhenurgingsomeonetostarteating,ortotakemoreofthefood.Excuseme----劳驾whenaskingafavororrequestingapersondosomething;借光，请让一让whenaskingapersontostepasideormakeroom;请问whenaskingforinformationormakingaquery.TheChinese辛苦了agoodwarmexpressionshowingconcern.Oritmaybeusedinrecognitionofthefactthatapersonhasputinconsiderableeffortorgonethroughsomehardshiptoachievesomething.辛苦了You’vehadahardtimeorYou’vegonethroughalotofhardshipsishardlyenough;insomecircumstancesismightevengivethewrongimpression.辛苦了Ifusedasagreetingtoapersonwhohasjustcompletedalongtrip,辛苦了couldbeexpressedasYoumustbetiredfromsuchalongtripDidyouhaveagoodtrip?

辛苦了Whencommendingpeoplewhohavefinishedadifficulttaskorarestillworkingonit,onemightsayWelldone;Thatwas(You’vegot)ahardjob.（干得不错，你辛苦了）NoneoftheseEnglishexpressions,however,carriesasmuchmeaningorwarmfeelingastheChinese.ThoughtpattersAstheSapir-Whorfhypothesissuggests,languageandthoughtsarecloselyrelated.Thereasonwhypeoplehavedifferentdiscoursepattersisprobablyduetothedifferencesintheirmodesofthinking.ThoughtpattersThemodeofthinkingisconnectedwiththeworldview,whichinfluencesalaspectsofourperceptionandconsequentlyaffectsourbeliefandvaluesystems,aswellashowwethinkandact.ModesofthinkingWesternerstendtobedualistic(二元的)intheiroutlookwhileChineseareinclinedtobelieveinholism(整体论).ModesofthinkingWesternerstendtodissectthingsintopartsandanalyzetheirrelationshipsinordertounderstandthemproperly.Theiremphasisisuponthepartsratherthanuponthewholeofthings.Chinesearelikelytosynthesizeelementsintoaunit,withtheemphasison“whole”,thesystematicandsyntheticperceptionsofobjects.Modesofthinking:AnalyticthinkingSyntheticthinkingAnalyticthinkingAsanalyticalthinkingprevailsintheWest,peopleinthatculturearegoodatclassificationandcategorizationandtheypursuedichotomies(一分为二)suchasgoodandbad,Godandthedevil,theindividualandthewhole.Inaword,“A”or“not-A”.Thismayleadtothefactthattheyprefermakinguseofconceptsforlogicaljudgmentandreasoning.SyntheticthinkingTheChinesesyntheticmodeofthinkinghasitsowntraits.Itusuallyleadstotheemphasisongainingintuitiveinsight(直觉领悟)andthinkingintermsofimages.Precisionandaccuracyisnotemphasized.MedicineWesternmedicine–doctorsexaminepartsofthebodybydetailedanalysisTraditionalChinesemedicine–takethepatientasawhole,requiringtheconsiderationoftheconnectionsofallpartsofthebody.(patientsufferingfromsevereheadachemaygetsomefoottreatment)PaintingsDifferences(1)TheChinesepaintingisasynthesisofdifferentartform;calligraphy,painting,poetryandstamp.IntheWest,paintingispaintingandpoetryispoetry.Differences(2)InChinesepaintingtheeyeoftheviewerisassumedtomoveacrossthesurfaceofthepaintingIntheWesternpaintingthereisonlyonefocalpoint,onespotfromwhichtheviewerlooksatthepainting.Differences(3)Westernpaintingsseemtobemoretruetolife,precisionbeingobvious.(写实)TheChinesepainterseekscloseresemblanceinspiritinsteadofaccuratelikenessinappearance，conveyinginsidemeanings（写意）Westernthinking–analytical,statistical,rational,andcircumspect,(周到的)layingmoreemphasisonobjectivity,specificityandprecision.(客观性，特异性和准确性)ChinesethinkingSynthetic,intuitive,andconcrete,valuingsubjectivity