高考英语概要写作之说明文

一、写作指导(1)说明文的概要写作一般有三种参考模板：描述某事物的性质功能。即"对象+性质功能+利弊”：(inthepassage(1)tous,especiallyits・・・・,fromwhichweknow...（2）针对某个问题提出解决方式或办法。即“问题+解决方式”:Thepassagetellsus・・・・Sotheauthortellsushowto・・,including..⑶介绍某现象及其原因、结果。即"现象+原因+结果”汀heauthortalksabout..・・Itiscausedby・・・Asaresult(consequently),・・在概要写作前，咱们要通读短文，肯定其内容是属于那种类型，然后选择确当的模板。注意：不要关注一些次要的细节却遗漏重要的要点，尽可能少利用原文语句，多用自己的归纳性的语言；3到5个句子即可。二、写作训练1.Inschoolsandathome,mostofUShavebeenscolded责备）orevengotpunishedfordaydreaming・Themajorityofpeoplesaythatbydaydreamingwewasteourtimeandenergyonsomethingunproductive・Butmanymedicalstudieshaveshownsomethingdifferent・They'vestressedthefactthatdaydreamingworkswondersonourimagination,creativityandsituation-handlingtechniques・Infact,manyproblemscanbeeasilysolvedifwedaydream・Thetopmostbenefitofdaydreamingisthatyourmoodgetstherightimprovement・Byseparatingyourselffromtheworldaroundyou,youtendtoenjoythelonelinessinyourmindandgetpeacefromdaydreamingasyouthinkaboutsomethingthatcalmsyoursenses・Whenyoustartimaginingthings,youwillforgetallthestressandtension（紧张）.Instead,youwillgethappinessfromitandthishappinesswillturnintoasourceofenergythathelpsyouworkinagoodmood.Manypsycologistshavesaidthatpeoplewhodaydreamtendtohaveasharpermemory.It'strue.Whenyou'redaydreaming,you'lltendtogetcarriedawaytoimaginevarioussituations,eitherrealorunreal.Youtendtoactdifferentlyindifferentsituations,tryingtosatisfyyourmindbydoingwhatyouwantinyourdreams.Whenyourmindgetssatisfied,you'reinabetterpositiontoconcentratemoreonyourwork.Sincedaydreamingactivates（激活）thenervesofyourbrain,youtendtohavehigherattentivenessandyourabilitytorememberthingswilldevelop.Whenyoudaydream,youautomaticallyimagineyourselfasyourheartsaysandtherefore,yougettoknowyourselfbetter.Youalsostartrealizingthemistakesyou'vemadeinlifeandtryingyourbesttoavoidrepeatingthem.Suchimaginationtechniqueshelpyoutoconnectyourselfwithyoursoul.2.Thepoaching,orillegal（非法）killing,ofrhinos（犀牛）inSouthAfricaisgrowingworseeachyear．Thegovernmentrecentlyreportedthatarecordnumberofrhinoswerepoachedin2021，ayearwhichhadmorerhinokillingsinSouthAfricathaneverbefore．TheWorldWildlifeFund，orWWF，saysabout20，000rhinosliveinSouthAfrica．Thatismorethan80percentoftherhinosintheworld．EdnaMolewa，SouthAfrica'senvironmentalissuesminister，says，“During2021，wearesadtosaythis：1，215rhinoswerekilled．Thisisariseinthenumberofpoachedrhinosfrom1004in2021andindeedveryworrying:'Theanimalsarehuntedfortheirhorns（犀牛角）・ManypeopleinAsiabelievethehornhascuringpower,whichdrivespoachers,atallcosts,madformorehorns・Butthereisnoscientificevidenceforthisbelief・Thehornismadeofkeratin・Thatisthesamethingashumanhair，fingernailsandtoenails・Ms・Mo1ewasaid386suspectedpoacherswerearrestedlastyear，anincreasefromtheyearbefore・Butrhinoprotectionworkerssaypoachersoftengounpunishedafterarrest・SouthAfrica'slegalsystemisineffective・Ms・MolewasaidmoreneedstobedoneandSouthAfricaistakingstrongmeasurestoprotectrhinos・Theeffortsincludemovingsomeoftheanimalstosecretplacesinneighboringcountries・“Nowapproximately100rhinoshavebeenmovedtoneighboringstatesintheSADCregionduring2021and200morerhinoswillbemovedthisyear”Molewasaid・JoShaw，therhinoprogrammanagerattheWWF，said，“we'retalkingaboutalossofahundredrhinosamonth・Ormorethanthreeaday・Wereallyneedtoseeeffectiveactionnotjustatanationallevelbutinternationally・”Shesaysofficialsshouldfindthecriminalgroupsresponsibleforthepoachingandpunishthem・shouldthinktwicebeforerewardingtheirchildren'sgoodbehaviourwithsweets,accordingtoaleadingnutritionist.ProfessorSusanJebb,ofOxfordUniversity,saysfamilyattitudesshouldchangeaspartofawiderstrategyontacklingobesity（肥胖）-andthereshouldbeanalternativetothe'easyoption'ofhandingoutsweetstoyoungsters.SpeakingtotheSundayExpress,ProfJebbsaid:'Unlessyouinstill（灌输）goodeatinghabitsfromayoungage,itislikelychildrenwillgrowuptobecomeoverweightitisverydifficulttopersuadeparentswhoseetheirchildren,whoareahealthyweight,oftherisksahead.'Unlikewithsmoking,wherethebenefitsofgivingupareobviouswithevidenceshowingthateverysinglecigaretteshortensyourlife,thesamecannotbesaidforeverysinglebiscuityoueat.'Shealsowelcomedlastweek'scommentsbyDavidCameronthatBritain'sobesity'crisis'shouldbetreatedasseriouslyassmokingandthatataxonsugarydrinkscouldbebackontheagenda（议程）.ThePrimeMinisterhintedatanextraordinaryU-turnamidgrowingpublicsupportfora20percentsaid:'Idon'treallywanttoputnewtaxesonanythingbutwedohavetorecognisethatwefacesomethingofanobesitycrisis'.MrCameronsaidthecostsofdiabetes,heartdiseaseandcancertreatmentfortheoverweightcoststheNHShugeadded:'Wedoneedtohaveafully-worked-upprogrammetodealwiththisproblemandaddresstheseissuesinBritainandwewillbemakingannouncementslaterintheyear'.Expertshavealsowarnedthatobesity-fuelledbylargeamountsofsugar-isescalatingatsucharatethatitwillcausealmost700,000additionalcasesofcancerwithinthenext20years,expertshavesaythatbeingoverweightisalready'thenewnorm'andpredictthatfourintenadultswillbeobeseby2035.Estimatesalsoshowthatbythistimeobesity-relatedillnesses,includingdiabetesandheartdisease,willcosttheNHSmorethan£billionayear.expression,“everybody'sdoingit,”isverymuchatthecenteroftheconceptofpeerpressure（同伴K力）.Itisastronginfluenceofagroup,especiallyofchildren,onmembersofthatgrouptobehaveaseverybodyelsedoes.Itcanbepositiveornegative.Mostpeopleexperienceitinsomewayduringtheiraresocialcreaturesbynature,andsoitishardlysurprisingthatpartoftheirself-respectcomesfromtheapprovalofothers.Thisinstinct本性）iswhytheapprovalofpeers,orthefearofdisapproval,issuchapowerfulforceinmanypeople'slives.Itisthesameinstinctthatdrivespeopletodressonewayathomeandanotherwayatwork,ortoanswer“fine”whenastrangerasks“howareyou?”evenifitisnotnecessarilytrue.Thereisapracticalaspecttothis:ithelpssocietytofunctionefficiently,andencouragesagenerallevelofself-disciplinethatsimplifiesday-to-dayinteraction.Forcertainindividuals,seekingsocialacceptanceissoimportantthatitbecomeslikeanaddiction;inordertosatisfythedesire,theymaygosofarastoabandontheirsenseofrightandwrong.Teensandyoungadultsmayfeelforcedtousedrugs,orjoingangsthatencouragecriminalbehavior.Matureadultsmaysometimesfeelpressuredtocoverupillegalactivityatthecompanywheretheywork,orendupindebtbecausetheyareunabletoholdbackthedesiretobuyahouseorcarthattheycan'taffordinaneffortto“keepupwiththeJoneses.”However,peerpressureisnotalwaysnegative.Astudentwhosefriendsaregoodatacademicsmaybeurgedtostudyharderandgetgoodgrades.Playersonasportsteammayfeeldriventoplayharderinordertohelptheteamwin.Thistypeofinfluencecanalsogetafriendoffdrugs,ortohelpanadulttakeupagoodhabitordropabadone.Studygroupsandclassprojectsareexamplesofpositivepeergroupsthatencouragepeopletobetterthemselves.Schoolstrytoteachkidsaboutthedangersofnegativepeerpressure.Theyteachkidstostandupandbethemselves,andencouragethemtopolitelydeclinetodothingsthattheybelievearewrong.Similarly,itcanbehelpfultoencouragechildrentogreetthebeneficialinfluenceofpositivepeergroups.Keys:Manypeopleregarddaydreamingasawasteoftimeandenergy.However,thatisnotthemedicalStudieshavefoundthatdaydreaminghasalotofbenefits.Firstofall,daydreamingcanimproveyourmood.What'smore,ithelpsdevelopyourmemory.Lastbutnotleast,daydreaminghelpsyoutoknowyourselfbetter.ThepoachingofrhinosisgettingworseinSouthAfricaeachyear,accordingtothegovernmentandWWF.Manyrhinosarekilledfortheirhornsehichisbelievedtohavecuringpower.Althouhmorepoachersarearrested,theyhardlygetthemembersofWWFarecallingonmoremeassureswhichshouldtakenbythegovernme