2014年考研英语二真题纯考场排版菌

答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。（以下信息考生必须认真填写Section UseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thinnerisn’talwaysbetter.Anumberofstudieshave normal-weightpeopleareinfactathigherriskofsomediseasescomparedtothosewhoareoverweight.Andtherearehealthconditionsforwhichbeingoverweightisactually2.Forexample,heavierwomenarelesslikelytodevelopcalciumdeficiencythanthinwomen.3,amongtheelderly,beingsomewhatoverweightisoftenan4ofgoodhealth.Ofevengreater5isthefactthatobesityturnsouttobeverydifficulttodefine.Itisoftendefined6bodymassindex,orBMI.BMI7bodymassdividedbythesquareofheight.AnadultwithaBMIof18to25isoftenconsideredtobenormalweight.Between25and30isoverweight.Andover30isconsideredobese.Obesity,8,canbedividedintomoderayobese,severelyobese,andveryseverelyobese.Whilesuchnumericalstandardsseem 9,theyarenot.Obesityisprobablylessamatterofweightthanbodyfat.SomepeoplewithahighBMIareinfactextremelyfit,10otherswithalowBMImaybeinpoor11.Forexample,manycollegiateandprofessionalfootballyers12asobese,thoughtheirpercentagebodyfatislow.Conversely,someonewithasmallframemayhavehighbodyfatbuta13BMI.Todaywehavea(n)14tolabelobesityasadisgrace.Theoverweightaresometimes15inthemediawiththeirfacescovered.Stereotypeswithobesityincludelaziness,lackofwillpower,andlowerprospectsforsuccess.Teachers,employers,andhealthprofessionalshavebeenshowntoharborbiasesagainsttheobese.17 veryyoungchildrentendtolookdownontheoverweight,andteasingaboutbodybuildhaslongbeenaprobleminschools.Negativeattitudestowardobesity, inhealthconcerns,havestimulatedanumberofanti-obesity19.Myownhospitalsystemhasbannedsugarydrinksfromitsfacilities.Manyemployershaveinstitutedweightlossandfitnessinitiatives.MiceObamahaslaunchedahigh-visibilityn20childhoodobesity,evenclaimingthatitrepresentsourgreatestnationalsecuritythreat.1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D]5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A]interms[B]incase[C]infavor[D]inrespects7.[A][B][C][D]8.[A]in[B]in[C]in[D]in9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][C][D]11.[A][B][C][D]12.[A][B][C][D]13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A][B][C][D]15.[A][B][C][D]16.[A][B][C][D]17.[A][B][C][D]18.[A][B][C][D]19.[A][B][C][D]20.[A][B][C][D]Section ReadingPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingB,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40Whatwouldyoudowith$590m?ThisisnowaquestionforGloriaMacKenzie,an84-year-oldwidowwhorecentlyemergedfromhersmall,tin-roofedhouseinFloridatocollectthebiggestundividedlotteryjackpotinhistory.Ifshehopeshernew-foundfortunewillyieldlastingfeelingsoffulfilment,shecoulddoworsethanreadHappyMoneybyElizabethDunnandMichaelNorton.Thesetwoacademicsuseanarrayofbehavioralresearchtoshowthatthemostrewardingwaystospendmoneycanbecounterintuitive.Fantasiesofgreatwealthofteninvolvevisionsoffancycarsandextravaganthomes.Yetsatisfactionwiththesematerialpurchaseswearsofffairlyquickly.Whatwasonceexcitingandnew esold-hat;regretcreepsin.Itisfarbettertospendmoneyonexperiences,sayMsDunnandMrNorton,likeinterestingtrips,uniquemealsorevengoingtothecinema.Thesepurchasesoften emorevaluablewithtime–asstoriesormemories–particularlyiftheyinvolvefeelingmoreconnectedtoThisslimvolumeispackedwithtipstohelpwageslavesaswellaslotterywinnersgetthemost“happinessbangforyourbuck.”Itseemsmostpeoplewouldbebetteroffiftheycouldshortentheircommutestowork,spendmoretimewithfriendsandfamilyandlessofitwatchingevision(somethingtheaverageAmericanspendsawhoptwomonthsayearng,andishardlyjollierforit).Buyinggiftsorgivingtocharityisoftenmorepleasurablethanpurchasingthingsforoneself,andluxuriesaremostenjoyablewhentheyareconsumedsparingly.ThisisapparentlythereasonMcDonald’srestrictstheavailabilityofitspopularMcRib–amarketingtrickthathasturnedtheporksandwichintoanobjectofobsession.ReadersofHappyMoneyareclearlyaprivilegedlot,anxiousaboutfulfilment,nothunger.Moneymaynotquitebuyhappiness,butpeopleinwealthiercountriesaregenerallyhappierthanthoseinpoorones.Yetthelinkbetweenfeelinggoodandspendingmoneyonotherscanbeseenamongrichandpoorpeoplearoundtheworld,andscarcityenhancesthepleasureofmostthingsformostpeople.Noteveryonewillagreewiththeauthors’ideas,whichrangefrommandatingmoreholidaytimetoreducingtaxincentivesforAmericanhomebuyers.Butmostpeoplewillcomeawayfromthisbookbelievingitwasmoneywellspent.AccordingtoDunnandNorton,whichofthefollowingisthemostrewardingAbigAspecialAstylishArichTheauthor’sattitudetowardAmericans’watchingTV McRibismentionedinParagraph3toshow consumersaresometimespopularityusuallycomesaftermarketingtricksareoftenraritygenerallyincreasesAccordingtothelastparagraph,Happy hasleftmuchroomforreaders’mayprovetobeaworthwhilehaspredicteda egapinthemaygiveitsreadersasenseofThistextmainlydiscusseshow balancefeelinggoodandspendingspendlargesumsofmoneywoninobtainlastingsatisfactionfrommoneyemorereasonableinspendingonAnarticleinScientificAmericanhaspointedoutthatempiricalresearchsaysthat,actually,youthinkyou’remorebeautifulthanyouare.Wehaveadeep-seatedneedtofeelgoodaboutourselvesandwenaturallyemployanumberofself-enhancingstrategiestoachievethis.Socialpsychologistshaveamassedoceansofresearchintowhattheycallthe“aboveaverageeffect”,or“illusorysuperiority”,andshownthat,forexample,70%ofusrateourselvesasaboveaverageinleadership,93%indrivingand85%atgettingonwellwithothers–allobviouslystatisticalWerose-tintourmemoriesandputourselvesintoself-affirmingsituations.Weedefensivewhencriticised,andapplynegativestereotypestootherstoboostownesteem.Westalkaroundthinkingwe’rehotPsychologistandbehaviouralscientistNicholasEpleyoversawakeystudyintoself-enhancementandattractiveness.Ratherthanhavepeoplesimplyratetheirbeautycomparedwithothers,heaskedthemtoidentifyanoriginalphotographofthemselvesfromalineupincludingversionsthathadbeenalteredtoappearmoreandlessattractive.Visualrecognition,readsthestudy,is“anautomaticpsychologicalprocess,occurringrapidlyandintuitivelywithlittleornoapparentconsciousdeliberation”.Ifthesubjectsquicklychoseafalselyflatteringimage–whichmostdid–theygenuinelybelieveditwasreallyhowtheylooked.Epleyfoundnosignificantgenderdifferenceinresponses.Norwasthereanyevidencethatthosewhoself-enhancedthemost(thatis,theparticipantswhothoughtthemostpositivelydoctoredpictureswerereal)werengsotomakeupforprofoundinsecurities.Infact,thosewhothoughtthattheimageshigheruptheattractivenessscalewererealdirectlycorrespondedwiththosewhoshowedothermarkersforhavinghigherself-esteem.“Idon’tthinkthefindingsthatwehaveareanyevidenceof aldelusion,”saysEpley.“It’sareflectionsimplyofpeoplegenerallythinkingwellofthemselves.”Ifyouaredepressed,youwon’tbeself-enhancing.KnowingtheresultsofEpley’sstudy,itmakessensethatmanypeoplehatephotographsofthemselvesviscerally–ononelevel,theydon’tevenrecognisetheinthepictureasthemselves.,therefore,isaself-enhancer’sparadise,wherepeoplecanshareonlythemostflatteringphotos,thecreamoftheirwit,style,beauty,inlectandlifestyles.It’snotthatpeople’sprofilesaredishonest,saysCatalinaTomaofWisconsin-MadisonUniversity,“buttheyportrayanidealisedversionofthemselves.”Accordingtothefirstparagraph,socialpsychologistshavefound ourself-ratingsareunrealisticallyillusorysuperiorityisabaselessourneedforleadershipisself-enhancingstrategiesareVisualrecognitionisbelievedtobe rapidconsciousintuitiveautomaticself-Epleyfoundthatpeoplewithhigherself-esteemtended underestimatetheirbelieveintheircoveruptheiroversimplifytheirTheword“viscerally”(Line2,Para.5)isclosestinmeaning Itcanbeinferredthatisaself-enhancer’sparadisebecausepeople presenttheirdishonestdefinetheirtraditionalsharetheir lectualwithholdtheirunflatteringTheconceptofmanversusmachineisatleastasoldastheindustrialrevolution,butthisphenomenontendstobemostacuyfeltduringeconomicdownturnsandfragilerecoveries.Andyet,itwouldbeamistaketothinkwearerightnowsimplyexperiencingthepainfulsideofaboomandbustcycle.Certainjobshavegoneawayforgood,outmodedbymachines.Sincetechnologyhassuchaninsatiableappetiteforeatinguphumanjobs,thisphenomenonwillcontinuetorestructureoureconomyinwayswecannotimmediayforesee.Whenthereisrapidimprovementinthepriceandperformanceoftechnology,jobsthatwereoncethoughttobeimmunefromautomationsuddenly ethreatened.Thisargumenthasattractedalotofattention,viathesuccessofthebookRaceAgainsttheMachine,byErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfee,whobothhailfromMIT’sCenterforDigitalBusiness.Thisisapowerfulargument,andascaryone.Andyet,JohnHagel,authorofThePowerofPullandotherbooks,saysBrynjolfssonandMcAfeemissthereasonwhythesejobsaresovulnerabletotechnologyinthefirstce.HagelsayswehavedesignedjobsintheU.S.thattendtobe“tightlyscripted”and“highlystandardized”onesthatleavenoroomfor“individualinitiativeorcreativity”.Inshort,thesearethetypesofjobsthatmachinescanperformmuchbetteratthanhumanbeings.ThatishowwehaveputagianttargetsignonthebacksofAmericanworkers,Hagelsays.It’stimetoreinventtheformulaforhowworkisconducted,sincewearestillrelyingonavery20thcenturynotionofwork,Hagelsays.Inourrapidlychangingeconomy,wemorethaneverneedpeopleintheworkcewhocantakeinitiativeandexercisetheirimagination“torespondtounexpectedevents”.Thatisnotsomethingmachinesaregoodat.Theyaredesignedtoperformverypredictableactivities.AsHagelnotes,BrynjolfssonandMcAfeeindeedtouchedonthispointintheirbook.Weneedtoreframeraceagainstthemachineasracewiththemachine.Inotherwords,weneedtolookatthewaysinwhichmachinescanaugmenthumanlaborratherthanreceit.Sothentheproblemisnotreallyabouttechnology,butrather,“howdoweinnovateourinstitutionsandourworkAccordingtothefirstparagraph,economicdownturns easethecompetitionofmanvs.highlightmachines’threattohumanprovokeapainfultechnologicaloutmodeourcurrenteconomicTheauthorsofRaceAgainsttheMachineargue technologyisdiminishingman’sjobautomationisacceleratingtechnologicalcertainjobswillremainintactaftermanwillfinallywintheraceagainstHagelarguesthatjobsintheU.S.are performedbyinnovativescriptedwithanindividualstandardizedwithoutacleardesignedagainsthumanAccordingtothelastparagraph,BrynjolfssonandMcAfee thepredictabilityofmachinebehaviorintheformulaforhowworkisconductedthewaysmachinesrecehumanlaborinmodernthenecessityofhumaninvolvementintheworkWhichofthefollowingcouldbethemostappropriatetitlefortheHowtoInnovateOurWorkMachinesWillReceHumanCanWeWintheRaceAgainstEconomicDownturnsStimulateWhentheernmenttalksaboutinfrastructurecontributingtotheeconomythefocusisusuallyonroads,railways,broadbandandenergy.HousingisseldomWhyisthat?Tosomeextentthehousingsectormustshouldertheblame.Wehavenotbeengoodatcommunicatingtherealvaluethathousingcancontributetoeconomicgrowth.Thenthereisthescaleofthetypicalhousingproject.Itishardtoshoveforattentionamongmultibillion-poundinfrastructureprojects,soitinevitablethattheattentionisfocusedelsewhere.Butperhapsthemostsignificantreasonisthattheissuehasalwaysbeensopoliticallycharged.Nevertheless,theaffordablehousingsituationisdesperate.Waitinglistsincreaseallthetimeandwearesimplynotbuildingenoughnewhomes.Thecomprehensivespendingreviewoffersanopportunityfortheernmenttohelprectifythis.Itneedstoputhistoricalprejudicestoonesideandtakesomestepstoaddressoururgenthousingneed.Therearesomeindicationsthatitispreparingtodojustthat.Thecommunitiesminister,DonFoster,hashintedthatGeorgeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,mayintroducemoreflexibilitytothecurrentcapontheamountthatlocalcanborrowagainsttheirhousingstockdebt.Evidenceshowsthat60,000extranewhomescouldbebuiltoverthenextfiveyearsifthecapwerelifted,increasingGDPby0.6%.Ministersshouldalsolookatcreatinggreatercertaintyintherentalenvironment,whichwouldhaveasignificantimpactontheabilityofregisteredproviderstofundnewdevelopmentsfromrevenues.Butitisnotjustdowntotheernment.Whilethesemeasureswouldbe intheshortterm,wemustfaceuptothefactthattheexisting£4.5bnprogrammeofgrantstofundnewaffordablehousing,settoexpirein2015,isunlikelytobeextendedbeyondthen.TheLabourpartyhasrecentlyannouncedthatitwillretainalargepartofthecoalition’sspendingnsifitreturnstopower.Thehousingsectorneedstoacceptthatweareveryunlikelytoeverreturntotheeraoflarge-scalepublicgrants.Weneedtoadjusttothischangingclimate.Whiletheernment’scommitmenttolong-termfundingmayhavechanged,theverypressingneedformoreaffordablehousingisrealandisnotgoingaway.Theauthorbelievesthatthehousing hasattractedmuchinvolvescertainpoliticalshoulderstoomuchhaslostitsrealvalueinItcanbelearnedthataffordablehousing increaseditshomeofferedspending ernmentdisappointed AccordingtoParagraph5,GeorgeOsborne allow ernmentdebtforstop frombuildingpreparetoreducehousingstockreleasealiftedGDPgrowthItcanbeinferredthatastablerentalenvironment lowerthecostsofregisteredlessentheimpact ernmentcontributetofundingnewrelievetheministersofTheauthorbelievesthatafter2015, ernment implementmorepoliciestosupportreviewtheneedforlarge-scalepublicrenewtheaffordablehousinggrantsstopgenerousfundingtothehousingPartBReadthefollowingtextandmatcheachofthenumbereditemsintheleftcolumntoitscorrespondinginformationintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEERT.(10points)EmerginginthelateSixtiesandreachingapeakintheSeventies,LandArtwasoneofarangeofnewforms,includingBodyArt,PerformanceArt,ActionArtandInstallationArt,whichpushedartbeyondthetraditionalconfinesofthestudioandgallery.Ratherthanportrayinglandscape,landsusedthephysicalsubstanceofthelanditselfastheirmedium.TheBritishlandart,typifiedbyRichardLong’spiece,wasnotonlymoredomesticallyscaled,butalotquirkierthanitsAmericancounterpart.Indeed,whileyoumightassumethatanexhibitionofLandArtwouldconsistonlyofrecordsofworksratherthantheworksthemselves,Long’sphotographofhisworkisthework.Sincehis“action”isinthepast,thephotographisitssoleembodiment.Thatmightseemratheranobscurepoint,butitsetsthetoneforanexhibitionthatcontainsalotofblack-and-whitephotographsandrelativelyfewnaturalobjects.LongisBritain’sbest-knownLand andhisStoneCircle,aperfectringofpurplishrocksfromPortisheadbeachlaidoutonthegalleryfloor,representstheelegant,rarefiedsideoftheform.TheBoyleFamily,ontheotherhand,standforitsdirty,urbanaspect.ComprisingsMarkBoyleandJoanHillsandtheirchildren,theyrecreatedrandomsectionsoftheBritishlandscapeongallerywalls.TheirOlafStreetStudy,asquareofbrick-strewnwasteground,isoneofthefewworksheretoembracethecommoncenessthatcharacterisesmostofourexperienceofthelandscapemostofthetime.Parksfeature,particularlyintheearlierworks,suchasJohnHilliard’sveryfunnyAcrossthePark,inwhichalong-hairedstrollerisvariouslysdatbyaprettygirlandunwittinglyassaultedinasequenceofimagesthatturnouttobedifferentpartsofthesamephotograph.GenerallyhoweverBritishlandspreferredtogetawayfromtowns,gravitatingtowardslandscapesthataretraditionallyconsideredbeautifulsuchastheLakeDistrictortheWiltshireDowns.Whileitprobablywasn’tapparentatthetime,muchofthisworkispermeatedbyaspiritofromanticescapismthatthelikesofWordsworthwouldhavereadilyunderstood.DerekJarman’syellow-tintedfilmTowardsAvebury,acollectionoflong,mostlystillshotsoftheWiltshirelandscape,evokesatraditionofEnglishlandscapepaintingstretchingfromSamuelPalmertoPaulInthecaseofHamishFulton,youcan’thelpfeelingthatthehassimplyfoundawayofmakinghisloveofwalkingpay.Atypicalwork,suchasSevenDays,consistsofasinglebeautifulblack-and-whitephotographtakenonanepicwalk,withtheageandnumberofdaystakenlistedbeneath.BritishLandArtasshowninthiswellselected,butrelativelymodestlyscaledexhibitionwasn’taboutimposingont