2022年研究生入学考试英语一真题及解析

2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]

or[D]ontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Theideathatplantshavesomedegreeofconsciousnessfirsttookrootintheearly2000s;the

tenn“plantneurobiology^^was]aroundthenotionthatsomeaspectsofplantbehavior

couldbe2tointelligenceinanimals.3plantslackbrains,thefiringofelectrical

signalsintheirstemsandleavesnonethelesstriggeredresponsesthat4consciousness,

researcherspreviouslyreported.

Butsuchanideaisuntrue,accordingtotheauthorsofthenewarticle.Plantbiologyisplexand

fascinating,butit5sogreatlyfromthatofanimalsthatso-called6ofplants9intelligenceis

inconclusive,theauthorswrote.

Beginningin2006,somescientistshave7thatplantspossessneuron-likecellsthat

interactwithhormonesandneurotransmitters,8"aplantnervoussystem,9tothat

inanimals,“saidleadstudyauthorLincolnTaiz,“They10claimedthatplantshave'brain­

likemandcenters'attheirroottips.^^

This11makessenseifyousimplifytheworkingsofaplexbrain,12ittoan

arrayofelectricalpulses;cellsinplantsalsomunicatethroughelectricalsignals.13,the

signalinginaplantisonly14similartothefiringinaplexanimalbrain,whichismorethan

“amassofcellsthatmunicatebyelectricity,Taizsaid.

“Forconsciousnesstoevolve,abrainwithathreshold15ofplexityandcapacityis

required,nhe16.“Sinceplantsdon'thavenervoussystems,the17thattheyhaveconsciousness

areeffectivelyzero.”

Andwhafssogreataboutconsciousness,anyway?Plantscan'trunawayfrom18,so

investingenergyinabodysystemwhich19athreatandcanfeelpainwouldbeavery

20evolutionarystrategy,accordingtothearticle.

1.[A]coined[B]discovered[C]collected[D]issued

2.[A]attributed[B]directed[C]pared[D]confined

3.[A]unless[B]when[C]once[D]though

4.[A]copedwith[B]consistedof[C]hintedat[D]extended

5.[A]suffers[B]benefits[C]develops[D]differs

6.[A]acceptance[B]evidence[C]cultivation[D]creation

7.[A]doubted[B]denied[C]argued[D]requested

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8.[A]adapting[B]fbnning[C]repairing[D]testing

9.[A]analogous[B]essential[C]suitable[D]sensitive

10.[A]just[B]ever[C]still[D]even

11.[A]restriction[B]experiment[C]perspective[D]demand

12.[A]attaching[B]reducing[C]returning[D]exposing

13.[A]However[B]Moreover[C]Therefore[D]Otherwise

14.[A]temporarily[B]literally[C]superficially[D]imaginarily

15.[A]list[B]level[C]label[D]local

16.[A]recalled[B]agreed[C]questioned[D]added

17.[A]chances[B]risks[C]excused[D]assumptions

18.[A]danger[B]failure[C]warning[D]control

19.[A]represents[B]includes[C]reveals[D]recognizes

20.[A]humble[B]poor[C]practical[D]easy

SectionIIReadingprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

Peopleoftenplainthatplasticsaretoodurable.Waterbottles,shoppingbags,andothertrash

littertheplanet,fromMountEveresttotheMarianaTrench,becauseplasticsareeverywhereand

don'tbreakdowneasily.Butsomeplasticmaterialschangeovertime.Theycrackandfrizzle.

They"weep”outadditives.Theymeltintosludge.Allofwhichcreateshugeheadachesfor

institutions,suchasmuseums,tryingtopreserveculturallyimportantobjects.Thevarietyofplastic

objectsatriskisdizzying:earlyradios,avant-gardesculptures,celluloidanimationstillsfrom

Disneyfilms,DavidBowiecostumes,thefirstartificialheart.

Certainartifactsareespeciallyvulnerablebecausesomepioneersinplasticartdidn'talways

knowhowtomixingredientsproperly,saysTheavanOosten,apolymerchemistwho,untilretiring

afewyearsago,workedfordecadesattheCulturalHeritageAgencyoftheNetherlands."It'slike

bakingacake:Ifyoudon'thaveexactamounts,itgoeswrong,“shesays."Theobjectyoumakeis

alreadyatimebomb.^^

Andsometimes,it'snottheartist'sfault.Inthe1960s,theItalianartistPiaoGilardibeganto

createhundredsofbright,colorfulfbampieces.Thosepiecesincludedsmallbedsofrosesandother

itemsaswellasafewdozen“naturecarpets^^——largerectanglesdecoratedwithfbampumpkins,

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cabbages,andwatermelons.Hewarnedviewerstowalkaroundonthecarpets—whichmeantthey

hadtobedurable.

Unfortunately,thepolyurethanefoamheusedisinherentlyunstableIt'sespeciallyvulnerable

tolightdamage,andbythemid-1990s,Gilardi'spumpkins,roses,andotherfiguresweresplitting

andcrumbling.Museumslockedsomeofthemawayinthedark.

SovanOostenandhercolleaguesworkedtopreserveGilaidi'ssculptures.Theyinfusedsome

withstabilizingandconsolidatingchemicals.VanOostencallsthosechemicals"sunscreens”

becausetheirgoalwastopreventfurtherlightdamageandrebuildwornpolymerfibers.Sheisproud

thatseveralsculptureshaveevengoneondisplayagain,albeitsometimesbeneathprotectivecases.

DespitesuccessstorieslikevanOosten9s,preservationofplasticswilllikelygetharder.Old

objectscontinuetodeteriorate.Worse,biodegradableplasticsdesignedtodisintegrate,are

increasinglymon.

Andmoreisatstakeherethanindividualobjects.JoanaLiaFerreira,anassistantprofessorof

conservationandrestorationattheNOVASchoolofScienceandTechnology,notesthat

archaeologistsfirstdefinedthegreatmaterialagesofhumanhistory-StoneAge,IronAge,andso

on-afterexaminingartifactsinmuseums.Wenowliveinanageofplastic,shesays,"andwhat

wedecidetocollecttoday,whatwedecidetopreserve...willhaveastrongimpactonhowinthe

futurewe'llbeseen.,,

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,museumsarefacedwithdifficultiesin.

[A]maintainingtheirplasticitems

[B]obtainingdurableplasticartifacts

[C]handlingoutdatedplasticexhibits

[D]classifyingtheirplasticcollections

22.VanOostenbelievesthatcertainplasticobjectsare.

[A]immunetodecay

[B]improperlyshaped

[C]inherentlyflawed

[D]plexinstructure

23.MuseumsstoppedexhibitingsomeofGilardi'sartworksto.

[A]keepthemfromhurtingvisitors.

[B]duplicatethemforfuturedisplay.

[C]havetheiringredientsanalyzed.

[D]preventthemfromfurtherdamage.

24.Theauthorthinksthatpreservationofplasticsis.

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[A]costly

[B]unworthy

[C]unpopular

[D]challenging

25.InFerreira'sopinion,preservationofplasticartifacts.

[A]willinspirefuturescientificresearch

[B]hasprofoundhistoricalsignificance

[C]willhelpusseparatethematerialages

[D]hasanimpactontoday'sculturallife

Text2

Asthelatestcropofstudentspentheirundergraduateapplicationformandweighuptheir

options,itmaybeworthconsideringjusthowthepoint,purposeandvalueofadegreehaschanged

andwhatGenerationZneedtoconsiderastheystartthethirdstageoftheireducationaljoumey.

Millennialsweretoldthatifyoudidwellinschool,gotadecentdegree,youwouldbesetup

forlife.Butthatpromisehasbeenfoundwanting.Asdegreesbecameuniversal,theybecame

devalued.Educationwasnolongerasecurerouteofsocialmobility.Today,28percentofgraduates

intheUKareinnon-graduateroles;apercentagewhichisdoubletheaverageamongOECD

countries.

Thisisnottosaythatthereisnopointingettingadegree,but,ratherstressthatadegreeisnot

fbreveryone,thattheswitchfromclassroomtolecturehallisnotaninevitableoneandthatother

optionsareavailable.

Thankfully,therearesignsthatthisisalreadyhappening,withGenerationZseekingtolearn

fromtheirmillennialpredecessors,evenifparentsandteacherstendtobestillsetinthedegree

mindset.Employershavelongseentheadvantagesofhiringschoolleaverswhooftenprove

themselvestobemoremittedandloyalemployeesthangraduates.Manytooareseeingthe

advantagesofscrappingadegreerequirementfbrcertainroles.

Forthosefbrwhomadegreeisthedesiredroute,considerthatthismaywellbethefirstof

many.Inthisageofgeneralists,itpaystohavespecificknowledgeorskills.Postgraduatesnow

earn40percentmorethangraduates.Whenmoreandmoreofushaveadegree,itmakessenseto

havetwo.

ItisunlikelythatGenerationZwillbedonewitheducationat18or21;theywillneedtobe

constantlyup-skillingthroughouttheircareertostayemployable.Ithasbeenestimatedthatthis

generation,duetothepressuresoftechnology,thewishfbrpersonalfulfilmentanddesirefor

diversity,willworkfbr17differentemployersoverthecourseoftheirworkinglifeandhavefive

differentcareers.Education,andnotjustknowledgegainedoncampus,willbeacorepartof

GenerationZ'scareertrajectory.

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Oldergenerationsoftentalkabouttheirdegreeinthepresentandpersonaltense:"Iama

geographer"or"Iamaclassist.,,Theirsonsordaughterswouldneversaysuchathing;it'sasif

theyalreadyknowthattheirdegreewon'tdefinetheminthesameway.

26.TheauthorsuggeststhatGenerationZshould.

[A]becarefulinchoosingacollege

[B]bediligentateacheducationalstage

[C]reassessthenecessityofcollegeeducation

[D]postponetheirundergraduateapplication

27.ThepercentageofUKgraduatesinnon-graduaterolesreflect.

[A]MillenniaPsopinionsaboutwork

[B]theshrinkingvalueofadegree

[C]publicdiscontentwitheducation

[D]thedesiredrouteofsocialmobility

28.Theauthorconsidersitagoodsignthat.

[A]GenerationZareseekingtoearnadecentdegree

[B]Schoolleaversarewillingtobeskilledworkers

[C]Employersaretakingarealisticattitudetodegrees

[D]Parentsarechangingtheirmindsabouteducation

29.ItisadvisedinParagraph5thatthosewithonedegreeshould.

[A]makeanearlydecisionontheircareer

[B]attendonthejobtrainingprograms

[C]teamupwithhigh-paidpostgraduates

[D]furthertheirstudiesinaspecificfield

30.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutGenerationZfromthelasttwoparagraphs?

[A]Lifelonglearningwilldefinethem.

[B]Theywillmakequalifiededucators.

[C]Degreeswillnolongerappealthem.

[D]Theywillhavealimitedchoiceofjobs.

Text3

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Exhilarating,challenging,enlightening,stimulating,inspiring,fun.Theseweresomeofthe

wordsthatNaturereadersusedtodescribetheirexperiencesofart-sciencecollaborationsinaseries

ofarticlesonpartnershipsbetweenartistsandresearchers.Nearly40%oftheroughly350people

whorespondedtoanacpanyingpollsaidtheyhadcollaboratedwithartists;andalmostallsaid

theywouldconsiderdoingsoinfuture.

Suchanencouragingresultisnotsurprising.Scientistsareincreasinglyseekingoutvisual

artistsanddesignerstohelpthemtomunicatetheirworktonewaudiences."Artistshelpscientists

reachabroaderaudienceandmakeemotionalconnectionsthatenhancelearning,onerespondent

said.

Oneexampleofhowartistsandscientistshavetogetherrockedthesensescamelastmonth

whentheSydneySymphonyOrchestrainAustraliaperformedareworkedversionofAntonio

Vivaldi'sTheFourSeasons.Theyreimaginedthe300-year-oldscorebyinjectingthelatestclimate

predictiondataforeachseason——providedbyMonashUniversity'sClimateChangemunication

ResearchHubinMelbourne.TheperformancewasacreativecalltoactionaheadofNovember's

UnitedNationsClimateChangeConferenceinGlasgow,UK.

Butagenuinepartnershipmustbeatwo-waystreet.Fewerartiststhanscientistsrespondedto

theNaturepoll;however,severalrespondentsnotedthatartistsdonotsimplyassistscientistswith

theirmunicationrequirements.Norshouldtheirworkbeconsideredonlyasanobjectofstudy.The

alliancesaremostvaluablewhenscientistsandartistshaveasharedstakeinaproject,areableto

jointlydesignitandcancritiqueeachother'swork.Suchanapproachcanbothpromptnew

researchaswellasresultinpowerfulart.

Morethanhalfacenturyago,theMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)openedits

CenterfbrAdvancedVisualStudies(CAVS)inCambridgetoexploretheroleoftechnologyin

culture.Itsfoundersdeliberatelyfocusedtheirprojectsaroundlight-hencethe'visualstudies*in

thename.Lightwasasomethingthatbothartistsandscientistshadaninterestin,andtherefore

couldformthebasisofcollaborationAsscienceandtechnologyprogressed,anddividedintomore

sub-disciplines,thecentrewassimultaneouslylookingtoatimewhenleadingresearcherscould

alsobeartists,writersandpoets,andviceversa.

Nature'spollfindingssuggestthatthistrendisasstrongasever,but,tomakeacollaboration

work,bothsidesneedtobepreparedtobesurprisedandchallenged,toinvesttimeingettingto

knowoneanotherandtotrusttheirdifferentexpertise.Thereachofart-sciencetie-upsneedstogo

beyondthenecessarypurposeofresearchmunication,andparticipantsmustnotfallintothetrap

ofstereotypingeachother.Artistsandscientistsalikeareimmersedindiscoveryandinvention,and

challengeandcritiquearecoretoboth,too.

31.AccordingtoParagraph1,art-sciencecollaborationshave.

[A]caughttheattentionofcritics

[B]receivedfavorableresponses

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[C]promotedacademicpublishing

[D]sparkedheatedpublicdisputes

32.ThereworkedversionoftheFourSeasonsismentionedtoshowthat.

[A]artcanofferaudienceseasyaccesstoscience

[B]sciencecanhelpwiththeexpressionofemotions

[C]publicparticipationinsciencehasapromisingfuture

[D]artiseffectiveinfacilitatingscientificinnovations

33.Someartistsseemtoworrythatintheart-sciencepartnership.

[A]theirrolemaybeunderestimated

[B]theirreputationmaybeimpaired

[C]theircreativitymaybeinhibited

[D]theirworkmaybemisguided

34.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutCAVS?

[A]Itwasheadedalternatelybyartistsandscientists.

[B]Itexemplifiedvaluableart-sciencealliances.

[C]Itsprojectsaimedatadvancingvisualstudies.

[D]Itsfounderssoughttoraisethestatusofartists.

35.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorholdsthatart-sciencecollaborations.

[A]arelikelytogobeyondpublicexpectations

[B]willintensifyinterdisciplinarypetition

[C]shoulddomorethanmunicatingscience

[D]arebeingmorepopularthanbefore

Text4

ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsoftheEmploymentRelationsAct2000(ERA)preventan

employerfromfiringanemployeewithoutgoodcause.Instead,dismissalsmustbejustified.

Employersmustbothshowcauseandactinaprocedurallyfairway.

Personalgrievanceproceduresweredesignedtoguardthejobsofordinaryworkersfrom

“unjustifieddismissals^^.Thepremisewasthatthemonlawofcontractlackedsufficient

safeguardsforworkersagainstcapriciousorarbitraryconductbymanagement.Longgonearethe

dayswhenabosscouldsimplygiveanemployeecontractualnotice.

Buttheseprovisionscreatedifficultiesforbusinesseswhenappliedtohighlypaidmanagers

andexecutives.Ascountlessboardsandbusinessownerswillattest,constrainingfirmsfromfiring

poorlyperforming,high-earningmanagersisahandbrakeonboostingproductivityandoverall

performance.ThedifferencebetweenC-gradeandA-grademanagersmayverywellbethe

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differencebetweenbusinesssuccessorfailure.Betweenpreservingthejobsofordinaryworkersor

losingthem.Yetmediocrityisnolongerenoughtojustifyadismissal.

Consequently-andparadoxically-lawsintroducedtoprotectthejobsofordinaryworkers

maybeplacingthosejobsatrisk.

Ifnotplacingjobsatrisk,totheextentemploymentprotectionlawsconstrainbusinessowners

fromdismissingunderperformingmanagers,thoselawsactasaconstraintonfirmproductivityand

thereforeonworkers'wages.Indeed,in“AnInternationalPerspectiveonNewZealand's

ProductivityParadox”(2014),theProductivitymissionsingledoutthelowqualityofmanagerial

capabilitiesasacauseofthecountry'spoorproductivitygrowthrecord.

NorarehighlypaidmanagersthemselvesimmunefromtheharmcausedbytheERA's

unjustifieddismissalprocedures.Becauseemploymentprotectionlawsmakeitcostliertofirean

employee,employersaremorecautiousabouthiringnewstaff.Thismakesitharderfbrthemarginal

managertogainemployment.Andfirmspaystafflessbecausefirmscarrytheburdenofthe

employmentarrangementgoingwrong.

Societyalsosuffersfromexcessiveemploymentprotections.Stringentjobdismissal

regulationsadverselyaffectproductivitygrowthandhamperbothprosperityandoverallwellbeing.

AcrosstheTasman,Australiadealswiththeunjustifieddismissalparadoxbyexcluding

employeesearningaboveaspecified“high-inethreshold^^fromtheprotectionofitsunfair

dismissallaws.InNewZealand,a2016privatemembers'Billtriedtopermitfirmsandhigh-ine

employeestocontractoutoftheunjustifieddismissalregime.However,themechanismsproposed

wereunwieldyandtheBillwasvoteddownfollowingthechangeingovernmentlaterthatyear.

36.ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsoftheERAareintendedto.

[A]punishdubiouscorporatepractices

[B]improvetraditionalhiringprocedures

[C]exemptemployersfromcertainduties

[D]protecttherightsofordinaryworkers

37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph3thatprovisionsmay.

[A]hinderbusinessdevelopment

[B]underminemanagers,authority

[C]affectthepublicimageofthefirms

[D]worsenlabor-managementrelations

38.WhichofthefollowingmeasureswouldtheProductivitymissionsupport?

[A]Imposingreasonablewagerestraints.

[B]Enforcingemploymentprotectionlaws.

[C]Limitingthepowersofbusinessowners.

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[D]Dismissingpoorlyperformingmanagers.

39.WhatmightbeaneffectoftheERA'Sunjustifieddismissalprocedures?

[A]Highlypaidmanagerslosetheirjobs.

[B]Employeessufferfromsalarycuts.

[C]Societyseesariseinoverallwellbeing.

[D]Employersneedtohirenewstaff.

40.Itcanbeinferredthatthe"high-inethreshold”inAustralia.

[A]hassecuredmanagers*earnings

[B]hasproducedundesiredresults

[C]isbeneficialtobusinessowners

[D]isdifficulttoputintopractice

PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextandchoosethecorrectsummarizingstatementforeachperson'sopinion.

Therearetwoextrachoices.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

(41)TeriByrd

Iamazooandwildlifeparkemployeeforyears.Boththewildlifeparkandzooclaimedtobe

operatingforthebenefitoftheanimalsandforconservationpurposes.Thisclaimwasfalse.Neither

oneofthemactuallyparticipatedinanycontributionswhosebottomlineismuchmoreimportant

thantheconditionoftheanimals.

Animalsdespisebeingcaptivesinzoos.Nomatterhowyou“enhance"enclosures,theydonot

allowforfreedom,anaturaldietoradequatetimefbrtransparencywiththeseinstitutions,andit's

pasttimetoeliminatezoosfromourculture.

(42)KarenR.Sime

Asazoologyprofessor,IagreewithEmmaMarristhatzoodisplayscanbesadandcruel.But

sheunderestimatestheeducationalvalueofzoos.

Thezoologyprogramatmyuniversityattractsstudentsforwhomzoovisitswerethecrucial

formativeexperiencethatledthemtomajorinbiologicalsciences.Thesearemostlystudentswho

hadnoopportunityaschildrentotraveltowildernessareas,wildliferefugesornationalparks.

AlthoughgoodTVshowscanhelpstirchildren'sinterestinconservation,theycannotreplacethe

excitementofazoovisitasanintense,immersiveandinteractiveexperience.Surelytheremustbe

somemiddlegroundthatbalanceszoostreatmentofanimalswiththeireducationalpotential.

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(43)GregNewberry

EmmaMarris'sarticleisaninsultandadisservicetothethousandsofpassionatewhowork

tirelesslytoimprovethelivesofanimalsandprotectourplanet.Sheusesoutdatedresearchand

decades-oldexamplestounderminethenoblemissionoforganizationsmittedtoconnecting

childrentoaworldbeyondtheirown.

Zoosareattheforefrontofconservationandconstantlyevolvingtoimprovehowtheycarefor

animalsandprotecteachspeciesinitsnaturalhabitat.Aretheretragedies?Ofcourse.Buttheyare

theexception,notthenormthatMs.Marrisimplies.Adistressedanimalinazoowillgetasgood

orbettertreatmentthanmostofusatourlocalhospital.

(44)DeanGallea

Asafellowenvironmentalist,animal-protectionadvocateandlongtimevegetarian,Icould

properlybeinthesamecampasEmmaMarrisontheissueofzoos.ButIbelievethatwell-runzoos,

andtheheroicanimalsthatsuffertheircaptivity,doserveahigherpurpose.Wereitnotfor

opportunitiestoobservethesebeautiful,wildcreaturesclosetohome,manymorepeoplewouldbe

drivenbytheirfascinationtotraveltowildareastoseekout,disturbandevenhuntthemdown.

Zoosare,inthatsense,akintonaturalhistoryandarchaeologymuseums,servingtosatisfyour

needfbrcontactwiththeselivingcreatureswhileleavingthevastmajorityundisturbedintheir

naturalenvironments.

(45)JohnFraser

EmmaMarrisselectivelydescribesandmisrepresentsthefindingsofourresearch.Ourstudies

focusedontheimpactofzooexperiencesonhowpeoplethinkaboutthemselvesandnature,andthe

datapointsextractedfromourstudiesdonot,inanyway,discountwhatislearnedinazoovisit.

Zoosaretoolsfbrthinking.Ourresearchprovidesstrongsupportforthevalueofzoosin

connectingpeoplewithanimalsandwithnature.Zoosprovideacriticalvoiceforconservationand

environmentalprotection.Theyaffordanopportunityfbrpeoplefromallbackgroundstoencounter

arangeofanimals,fromdronebeestospringbokorsalmon,tobetterunderstandthenaturalworld

welivein.

A.Zooswhichsparenoefforttotakecareofanimalsshouldnotbesubjectedtounfaircriticism.

B.Topressurezoostospendlessontheiranimalswouldleadtoinhumaneoutesfbrthe

preciouscreaturesintheircare.

C.Whileanimalsincaptivitydeservesympathy.Zoosplayasignificantroleinstartingyoung

peopledownthepathofrelatedsciences.

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D.Zoossavepeopletripstowildernessareasandthuscontributetowildlifeconservation.

E.Forwildanimalsthatcannotbereturnedtotheirnaturalhabitats,zoosofferthebest

alternative.

F.Zoosshouldhavebeencloseddownastheyprioritizemoneymakingoveranimals'well­

being.

G.Marrisdistortsourfindingswhichactuallyprovethatzoosserveasanindispensablelink

betweenmanandnature.

PartC

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Your

translationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Between1807and1814theIberianPeninsula(prisingSpainandPortugal)wasthesceneofa

titanicandmercilessstruggle.Ittookplaceonmanydifferentplanes:betweenNapoleon'sFrench

armyandtheangryinhabitants;betweentheBritish,everkeentoexacerbatetheemperor's

difficulties,andthemarshalssentfromParistotrytokeepthemincheck;betweennewforcesof

scienceandmeritocracyandoldonesofconservatismandbirth.(46)Itwasalso、andthisis

unknowneventomanyDCODICwellreadabouttheperiod,abattlebetweenthosewhomadecodes

andthosewhobrokethem.

IfirstdiscoveredtheNapoleoniccryptographicbattleafewyearsagowhen1wasreadingSir

CharlesOman9sepicHistoryofthePeninsularWar.InvolumeVhehadattachedanappendix,

“TheScovellCiphers.,,(47)Itlistedmanydocumentsincodethathadbeencapturedfromtha

FrencharmyofSpain,andwhosesecretshadbeenrevealedbytheworkofoneGeorgeScovell、an

officerinBritishheadquarters.OmanratedScovelPssignificancehighly,butatthesametime,the

generalnatureofhisHistorymeantthat(48)hecouldnotanalyzecarefUllywhatthisobscureofficer

mayormaynothavecontributedtothatgreatstrugglebetweennationsorindeedtellusanything

muchaboutthemanhimself.1waskeentoreadmore,butwassurprisedtofindthatOman's

appendix,publishedin1914,wastheonlyconsideredthingthathadbeenwrittenaboutthissecret

war.

IbecameconvincedthatthisstorywaseverybitasexcitingandsignificantasthatofEnigma

andthebreakingofGermancodesintheSecondWorldWar.Thequestionwas,coulditbetold?

StudyingScoveH'spapersatthePublicRecordOffic