空间分析概念框架管理演示文稿

空间分析概念框架管理演示文稿当前1页，总共21页。（优选）空间分析概念框架管理当前2页，总共21页。当前3页，总共21页。Placeeg.A:1118W25THST,LosAngeles,90007B:LosAngelesConventionCenterThebasisofrigorousandprecisedefinitionofplaceisacoordinatesystem:latitude/longitudeeg.A:(34.033572,-118.284656)B:(34.043219,-118.269850)当前4页，总共21页。Attributes:

Adataitemassociatedwithanindividualobject(record)inaspatialdatabase

Explicitattributes:elevation;nameImplicitattributes:polylinelength,polygoncentroid.当前5页，总共21页。Example当前6页，总共21页。Example当前7页，总共21页。ObjectsPointsaspairsofcoordinates,inlatitude/longitudeorsomeotherstandardsystemLinesasorderedsequencesofpointsconnectedbystraightlinesAreasorvolumesasorderedringsofpoints,alsoconnectedbystraightlinestoformpolygons.当前8页，总共21页。HowtodefinethedistancebetweenLAandLV???当前9页，总共21页。Fieldsdenotesaquantitythatcanbetheoreticallyassignedtoanypointofspace.TwowaysofthinkingaboutattributesontheEarth’ssurface:

Continuousfields(sometimesdiscontinuousfield)

Discreteobjects

当前10页，总共21页。Discreteobjects当前11页，总共21页。ContinuousfieldsElevationsurfaceContinuousfieldsSurface

Contours

Contours

当前12页，总共21页。Topology:Apropertyissaidtobetopologicalifitsurvivesstretchinganddistortingofspace.

Dimensionality:thedistinctionbetweenpoint,line,area,andvolume,whicharesaidtohavetopologicaldimensionsof0,1,2,and3respectivelyAdjacency:includingthetouchingoflandparcels,counties,andnation-statesConnectivity:includingjunctionsbetweenstreets,roads,railroads,andriversContainment:whenapointliesinsideratherthanoutsideanarea当前13页，总共21页。ExampleRemainincontacthowevermuchstretchingisapplied!Twocontourscannotcross!(待续）当前14页，总共21页。

GeographicInformationSystem4.1BasicPrimitives4.2SpatialRelationships4.3SpatialStatistics当前15页，总共21页。4.2SpatialRelationshipsNeighborhood:refertothesetofzonesorcellsthatareimmediatelyadjacenttoaselectedzoneorcell‘Moore’neighborhoodor‘Queen’smove’neighborhood‘vonNeumann’or‘Rook’smove’neighborhood(待续）当前16页，总共21页。1.2SpatialRelationshipsExtensiontoNeighborhoodNaturalNeighborhoodPrecinctNeighborhoodPollutionNeighborhood当前17页，总共21页。4.2SpatialRelationshipsDistance,direction(待续）Proximity(spatialweightsmatrices)

:Asparse

matrixexpressingtherelativeconnectionofpairsofplaces,oftendenotedbyW,including:1iftheplacesshareacommonboundary,else0thelengthofanycommonboundarybetweentheplaces,else0adecreasingfunctionofthedistancebetweentheplaces,orbetweentheirrepresentativepoints,ortheirkthnearestneighbors当前18页，总共21页。Example当前19页，总共21页。4.2SpatialRelationshipsSpatialheterogeneity:thevariabilityofobject’sattributesinspace,estimatedbyvarianceLowvarianceHighvariance(待续）当前20页，总共21页。4.2SpatialRelationshipsSpatialdependence:object’sattributesatnearbypointsarenotsampledindependentlyandrandomly,butinsteadshowremarkablelevelsofinterdependen