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TOEFL真题1

Oneareaofpaleoanthropologicalstudyinvolvestheeatinganddietaryhabitsofhominids,erectbipedalprimates—includingearlyhumans.Itisclearthatatsomestageofhistory,humansbegantocarrytheirfoodtocentralplaces,calledhomebases,whereitwassharedandconsumedwiththeyoungandotheradults.Theuseofhomebasesisafundamentalcomponentofhumansocialbehavior;thecommonmealservedatacommonhearthisapowerfulsymbol,amarkofsocialunity.Homebasebehaviordoesnotoccuramongnonhumanprimatesandisrareamongmammals.Itisunclearwhenhumansbegantousehomebases,whatkindofcommunicationsandsocialrelationswereinvolved,andwhattheecologicalandfood-choicecontextsoftheshiftwere.

Workonearlytools,surveysofpaleoanthropologicalsites,developmentandtestingofbroadecologicaltheories,andadvancesincomparativeprimatologyarecontributingtoknowledgeaboutthiscentralchapterinhumanprehistory.

Oneinnovativeapproachtotheseissuesinvolvesstudyingdamageandwearonstonetools.Researchersmaketoolsthatreplicateexcavatedspecimensascloselyaspossibleandthentrytousethemastheoriginalsmighthavebeenused,inwoodcutting,hunting,orcultivation.

Dependingonhowthetoolisused,characteristicchippagepatternsandmicroscopicallydistinguishablepolishesdevelopneartheedges.Thefirstapplicationofthismethodofanalysistostonetoolsthatare1.5millionto2millionyearsoldindicatesthat,fromthestart,animportantfunctionofearlystonetoolswastoextracthighlynutritiousfood—meatandmarrow—fromlargeanimalcarcasses.Fossilboneswithcutmarkscausedbystonetoolshavebeendiscoveredlyinginthesame2-million-year-oldlayersthatyieldedtheoldestsuchtoolsandtheoldesthominidspecimens(includinghumans)withlargerthanape-sizedbrains.Thisdiscoveryincreasesscientistscertaintyaboutwhenhumanancestorsbegantoeatmoremeatthanpresent-daynonhumanprimates.Butseveralquestionsremainunanswered:howfrequentlymeateatingoccurred;whatthesocialimplicationsofmeateatingwere;andwhethertheincreaseduseofmeatcoincideswiththebeginningsoftheuseofhomebases.

托福阅读题目：

1.Thepassagemainlydiscusseswhichofthefollowingaspectsofhominidbehavior?

(A)Changesineatinganddietarypractices

(B)Thecreationofstonehuntingtools

(C)Socialinteractionsathomebases

(D)Methodsofextractingnutritiousfoodfromcarcasses

2.Accordingtothepassage,bringingamealtoalocationtobesharedbymanyindividualsis

(A)anactivitytypicalofnonhumanprimates

(B)acommonpracticeamonganimalsthateatmeat

(C)anindicationofsocialunity

(D)abehaviorthatencouragesbetterdietaryhabits

3.Thewordconsumedinline4isclosestinmeaningto

(A)prepared

(B)stored

(C)distributed

(D)eaten

4.Accordingtoparagraph2,researchersmakecopiesofoldstonetoolsinorderto

(A)protecttheoldtoolsfrombeingwornout

(B)displayexamplesoftheoldtoolsinmuseums

(C)testtheoriesabouthowoldtoolswereused

(D)learnhowtoimprovethedesignofmoderntools

5.Inparagraph2,theauthormentionsallofthefollowingasexamplesofwaysinwhichearly

stonetoolswereusedEXCEPTto

(A)buildhomebases

(B)obtainfood

(C)makeweapons

(D)shapewood

6.Thewordinnovativeinline13isclosestinmeaningto

(A)good

(B)new

(C)simple

(D)costly

7.Thewordtheminline15refersto

(A)issues

(B)researchers

(C)tools

(D)specimens

8.Theauthormentionscharacteristicchippagepatternsinline16asanexampleof

(A)decorationscutintowoodenobjects

(B)differencesamongtoolsmadeofvarioussubstances

(C)impressionsleftonprehistoricanimalbones

(D)indicationsofwearonstonetools

9.Thewordextractinline19isclosestinmeaningto

(A)identify

(B)remove

(C)destroy

(D)compare

10.Thewordwhetherinline26isclosestinmeaningto

(A)if

(B)how

(C)why

(D)when

托福阅读答案：

ACDCABCDBA

TOEFL真题2

托福阅读文本：

PrehistoricmammothshavebeenpreservedinthefamoustarpitsofRanchoLaBrea(BreaistheSpanishwordfortar)inwhatisnowtheheartofLosAngeles,California.Thesetarpitshavebeenknownforcenturiesandwereformerlyminedfortheirnaturalasphalt,ablackorbrownpetroleum-likesubstance.Thousandsoftonswereextractedbefore1875,whenitwasfirstnoticedthatthetarcontainedfossilremains.Majorexcavationswereundertakenthatestablishedthesignificanceofthisremarkablesite.Thetarpitswerefoundtocontaintheremainsofscoresofspeciesofanimalsfromthelast30,000yearsoftheIceAge.

Sincethen,over100tonsoffossils,1.5millionfromvertebrates,2.5millionfrominvertebrates,havebeenrecovered,oftenindenselyconcentratedandtangledmasses.Thecreaturesfoundrangefrominsectsandbirdstogiantgroundsloths,butatotalof17proboscides(animalswithaproboscisorlongnose)—includingmastodonsandColumbianmammoths—havebeenrecovered,mostofthemfromPit9,thedeepestbone-bearingdeposit,whichwasexcavatedin1914.Mostofthefossilsdatetobetween40,000and10,000yearsago.

TheasphaltatLaBreaseepstothesurface,especiallyinthesummer,andformsshallowpuddlesthatwouldoftenhavebeenconcealedbyleavesanddust.Unwaryanimalswouldbecometrappedonthesethinsheetsofliquidasphalt,whichareextremelystickyinwarmweather.Stuck,theunfortunatebeastswoulddieofexhaustionandhungerorfallpreytopredatorsthatoftenalsobecamestuck.

Astheanimalsdecayed,morescavengerswouldbeattractedandcaughtintheirturn.

Carnivoresgreatlyoutnumberherbivoresinthecollection:foreverylargeherbivore,thereisonesaber-toothcat,acoyote,andfourwolves.Thefactthatsomebonesareheavilyweatheredshowsthatsomebodiesremainedabovethesurfaceforweeksormonths.Bacteriaintheasphaltwouldhaveconsumedsomeofthetissuesotherthanbones,andtheasphaltitselfwoulddissolvewhatwasleft,atthesametimeimpregnatingandbeautifullypreservingthesaturatedbones,renderingthemdarkbrownandshiny.

托福阅读题目：

1.WhataspectoftheLaBreatarpitsdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Theamountofasphaltthatwasminedthere

(B)Thechemicalandbiologicalinteractionsbetweenasphaltandanimals

(C)Thefossilremainsthathavebeenfoundthere

(D)Scientificmethodsofdeterminingtheageoftarpits

2.InusingthephrasetheheartofLosAngelesinline2,theauthoristalkingaboutthecitys

(A)beautifuldesign

(B)centralarea

(C)basicneeds

(D)suppliesofnaturalasphalt

3.Thewordnoticedinline5closestinmeaningto

(A)predicted

(B)announced

(C)corrected

(D)observed

4.Thewordtangledinline10isclosestinmeaningto

(A)buriedbeneath

(B)twistedtogether

(C)quicklyformed

(D)easilydated

5.Thewordtheminline13refersto

(A)insects

(B)birds

(C)cloths

(D)proboscideans

6.HowmanyproboscideanshavebeenfoundattheLaBreatarpits?

(A)9

(B)17

(C)1.5million

(D)2.5million

7.Thewordconcealedinline17isclosestinmeaningto

(A)highlighted

(B)covered

(C)transformed

(D)contaminated

8.Whydoestheauthormentionanimalssuchascoyotesandwolvesinparagraph4?

(A)Togiveexamplesofanimalsthatareclassifiedascarnivores

(B)TospecifytheanimalsfoundleastcommonlyatLaBrea

(C)Toarguethattheseanimalswereespeciallylikelytoavoidextinction.

(D)Todefinethetermscavengers

托福阅读答案：

CBDBDBBA

TOEFL真题3

托福阅读文本：

AmongthespeciesofseabirdsthatusethewindsweptcliffsoftheAtlanticcoastofCanadainthesummertomate,layeggs,andreartheiryoungarecommonmurres,Atlanticpuffins,black-leggedkittiwakes,andnortherngannets.Ofallthebirdsonthesecliffs,theblack-leggedkittiwakegullisthebestsuitedfornestingonnarrowledges.Althoughitsnestinghabitsaresimilartothoseofgullsthatnestonflatground,thereareanumberofimportantdifferencesrelatedtothecliff-nestinghabit.

Theadvantageofnestingoncliffsistheimmunityitgivesfromfoxes,whichcannotscalethesheerrocks,andfromravensandotherspeciesofgulls,whichhavedifficultyinlandingonnarrowledgestostealeggs.Thisimmunityhasbeenfollowedbyarelaxationofthedefenses,andkittiwakesdonotreacttopredatorsnearlyasfiercelyasdoground-nestinggulls.AcolonyofBonapartesgullsrespondstotheappearanceofapredatoryherringgullbyflyingupasagroupwithaclamorofalarmcalls,followedbyconcertedmobbing,butkittiwakessimplyignoreherringgulls,sincetheyposelittlethreattonestsoncliffs.Neitherdokittiwakesattempttoconcealtheirnest.Mostgullskeepthenestareaclearofdroppings,andremoveemptyeggshellsafterthechickshavehatched,sothatthelocationofthenestisnotgivenaway.Kittiwakesdefecateovertheedgeofthenest,whichkeepsitclean,butthispractice,aswellastheirtendencytoleavethenestlitteredwitheggshells,makesitslocationveryconspicuous.

Ontheotherhand,nestingonanarrowledgehasitsownpeculiarproblems,andkittiwakebehaviorhasbecomeadaptedtoovercomethem.Thefemalekittiwakesitswhenmating,whereasothergullsstand,sothepairwillnotoverbalanceandfallofftheledge.Thenestisadeepcup,madeofmudorseaweed,toholdtheeggssafely,comparedwiththeshallowscrapeofothergulls,andthechicksareremarkablyimmobileuntilfullygrown.Theydonotrunfromtheirnestswhenapproached,andiftheyshouldcomeneartothecliffedge,theyinstinctivelyturnback.

托福阅读题目：

1.Whataspectofthekittiwakegulldoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Itsdefensivebehavior

(B)Itinteractionswithothergullspecies

(C)Itsnestinghabits

(D)Itsphysicaldifferencefromothergullspecies

2.Thewordrearinline2isclosestinmeaningto

(A)visit

(B)watch

(C)reverse

(D)raise

3.Thewordscaleinline8isclosestinmeaningto

(A)climb

(B)avoid

(C)approach

(D)measure

4.Thewordimmunityinline9isclosestinmeaningto

(A)distance

(B)transition

(C)protection

(D)reminder

5.Whyisitdifficultforravenstostealthekittiwakeseggs?

(A)Thekittiwakescanseetheravensapproachingthenest.

(B)Theravenscannotlandonthenarrowledgeswherekittiwakesnest.

(C)Thekittiwakeseggsaretoobigfortheravenstocarry.

(D)Thefemalekittiwakesrarelyleavethenest.

6.Theauthormentionsthateggshellslitteraroundthenestsofkittiwakesinorderto

(A)demonstratethatkittiwakesarenotconcernedaboutpredators

(B)provehowbusykittiwakesareincaringfortheiroffspring

(C)showasimilaritytoothertypesofgulls

(D)illustratekittiwakeslackofconcernfortheirchicks

7.Accordingtothepassage,itcanbeinferredthatwhichofthefollowingbirdsconcealtheirnest?

(A)Bonapartesgulls

(B)Atlanticpuffins

(C)Kittiwakegulls

(D)Northerngannets

8.Theworditinline17refersto

(A)location

(B)edge

(C)nest

(D)practice

9.Thewordconspicuousinline18isclosestinmeaningto

(A)disordered

(B)suspicious

(C)noticeable

(D)appealing

10.ThephraseOntheotherhandinline19isclosestinmeaningto

(A)therefore

(B)however

(C)forexample

(D)bynomeans

托福阅读答案：

CDACBAACCB

TOEFL真题4

托福阅读文本：

Thecanopy,theupperlevelofthetreesintherainforest,holdsaplethoraofclimbingmammalsofmoderatelylargesize,whichmayincludemonkeys,cats,civets,andporcupines.

Smallerspecies,includingsuchrodentsasmiceandsmallsquirrels,arenotasprevalentoverallinhightropicalcanopiesastheyareinmosthabitatsglobally.

Smallmammals,beingwarmblooded,sufferhardshipintheexposedandturbulentenvironmentoftheuppermosttrees.Becauseasmallbodyhasmoresurfaceareaperunitof

weightthanalargeoneofsimilarshape,itgainsorlosesheatmoreswiftly.Thus,inthetrees,whereshelterfromheatandcoldmaybescarceandconditionsmayfluctuate,asmallmammalmayhavetroublemaintainingitsbodytemperature.

Smallsizemakesiteasytoscrambleamongtwigsandbranchesinthecanopyforinsects,flowers,orfruit,butsmallmammalsaresurpassed,inthecompetitionforfood,bylargeonesthathavetheirowntacticsforbrowsingamongfood-richtwigs.Theweightofagibbon(asmallape)hangingbelowabrancharchestheterminalleavesdownsothatfruit-bearingfoliagedropstowardthegibbonsface.Walkingorleapingspeciesofasimilarorevenlargersizeaccesstheoutertwigseitherbysnappingoffandretrievingthewholebranchorbyclutchingstiffbrancheswiththefeetortailandpluckingfoodwiththeirhands.

Smallclimbinganimalsmayreachtwigsreadily,butitisharderforthemthanforlargeclimbinganimalstocrossthewidegapsfromontreecrowntothenextthattypifythehighcanopy.Amacaqueorgibboncanhurlitselffartherthanamousecan:itcanachievearunningstart,anditcanmoreeffectivelyuseabranchasaspringboard,evenbouncingonaclimbseveraltimesbeforejumping.Theforwardmovementofasmallanimalisseriouslyreducedbytheairfrictionagainsttherelativelylargesurfaceareaofitsbody.Finally,forthemanysmallmammalsthatsupplementtheirinsectdietwithfruitsorseeds,aninabilitytospanopengapsbetweentreecrownsmaybeproblematic,sincetreesthatyieldthesefoodscanbesparse.

托福阅读题目：

1.Thepassageanswerswhichofthefollowingquestions?

(A)Howistherainforestdifferentfromotherhabitats?

(B)Howdoesananimalsbodysizeinfluenceananimalsneedforfood?

(C)Whydoestherainforestprovideanunusualvarietyoffoodforanimals?

(D)Whydolargeanimalstendtodominatetheuppercanopyoftherainforest?

2.Whichofthefollowinganimalsislesscommonintheuppercanopythaninotherenvironments?

(A)Monkeys

(B)Cats

(C)Porcupines

(D)Mice

3.Thewordtheyinline4refersto

(A)trees

(B)climbingmammalsofmoderately