高炉炼铁-英文文献翻译

北理工大学轻工学院QingGongCollegeNorthChinaUniversityofScienceandTechnology北理工大学轻工学院QingGongCollegeNorthChinaUniversityofScienceandTechnology）三座t的氧气转炉炼钢车间工艺学生姓名崔军坡学 号专班级12拓展五班学 部知行书院指导教师贾雅楠2016 年05 月19 日Iron-smeltingTechnologicalandWorkingofBlastFurnaceInrecentyears,Chinasmeltedironisatthehighspeeddevelopmentphase,in2007thenationalpigironoutputachievedhundredmilliont,grew%comparedtothepreviousyear,itsincreasedrangewaslowerthanthesteeloutputthesametimeincreasedrange,accountedfortheworldultimateoutput49,74%.In2007nationalkeysteelandironbusinessimmovablepropertyiron369,000,000t,grew%comparedtothelastyear,otherbusinessimmovablepropertyiron120,000,000t,grew%.Theplaceenterpriseironoutputspeed-upishigherthanthelargeandmiddlescaleironandsteel2008thefirsthalfyearnationproduceshard246,420,000t,grows%comparedtothepreviousyear,reducedthedevelopmentisestimatedthat,in2008ourcountrysteeloutputachieved520,000,000t,thepigironoutputwillachieve490,000,000year,ourcountrywillsmeltironproductivitytosurpass600,000,000t,butShangYouyue60,000,000t/,yearproductivitybelongedtorowoftheelimination(willmainlybebelow300mthevolumeTheabovesituationindicatedthat,theplaceironworksdevelopmenttendencywasstillinishigherthanthenationlargeandmiddlescaleironandsteelGangandTaiyuanSteelWorkscompletethe4063mblastfurnace,enableourcountrytohave74000mlevelblastpresentisconstructingthe4000mlevelblastfurnace(thissteel,theAnshanIronandSteelCompany)have4,ShaGangandBeijingTangCompanyareconstructingthe5500mlevelblastfurnaceandthe5800mlevelblastbatcharebiggerthanthe2500mlevelblastfurnacetoconstruct,impelledourcountryblastfurnacelargescaleadvancementgreatly.AtpresentChinahasmorethan1300blastfurnaces,isbiggerthanthelO00mvolumeblastfurnacetohave150approximately,the300~lO00mblastfurnaceapproximatelymorethan500places,issmallerthanthe300mblastfurnacetohavemorethan600placesnationhasmorethan980iron-smeltingenterprisesindicatedthat,theChineseiron-smeltingindustryconcentrationdegreeislow,blastfurnaceaveragestoveRongPianxiao,isbeinginthedifferentlevel,thedifferentstructure,manykindsofproductiontechnicallevelcommunaldevelopmentstage,alsoisatthehighspeeddevelopmenttheChinesepigironoutputthecrestisabove600,000,000t.Alongwithourcountrypigironoutputhighspeedgrowth,theblastfurnaceiron-smeltingproductiontechnicallevelalsoobtainsthefast1forrecentyearsOurcountryKeyIronandsteelenterpriseblastfurnaceiron-smeltingtechnologyeconomicentersin2008thecrudefueltoriseinprices,themassfluctuation,blastfurnaceiron-smeltingproductiontargethasglidesdown.TheChineseblastfurnaceiron-smeltingproductiontechnologyisintheworldadvancedlevel,theblastfurnaceoperationtechnologyentersthematuredevelopmenttheBaoshanSteelCorporation,WuhanSteelCorporation,BeijingSteelCorporation,theAnshanIronandSteelCompany,hasrealizedthehighlyeffectiveproductionasrepresentative'sonebatchoflarge-scaleblastfurnaces(coefficientabove,fuelratioislowerthan500kg/t,lifereachesfor15yearsbysuperiorly).Myguozhongsmallfurnaceproductiontechnologyalreadywasmanyyearsmovesinthehigh-techlevel,onebatchof300~750mblastfurnacecapacityfactorabove,highestreached,enteredtheovencokeratiotobelowerthan400kg/t,spurtedthecoaltocompareabove150kg/,betweentheenterprisethetechnologicaldevelopmentisnotbalanced,afterShangYouonefailedanexaminationthetargetexistence.Inrecentyears,ourcountryhot-blasttemperatureeliminatedmanyyearstopacebackandforth,theprogresswasbig,thiswaseverybodydiligently 2007ourcountrykeyhotblasttemperatureratiopreviousyearenhances25℃.Speciallythenewconstructiononebatchofbigblastfurnaces(arebiggerthanthe2000maboveblastfurnace)thehot-blasttemperaturetobepossibleabove1200oC,itslifealsoabove25years,achievestheinternationaladvanced hot-blaststovepatternalsodiversifies,thebigblastfurnacemultipurpose externalcombustiontypeandtheinternallyfiredtype(BeijingSteelCorporationBeijingTangtheCompany5500mblastfurnaceburnstypewithCarewJinding),thesmallfurnaceusefulballtypehot-blaststove,allhasthesuccessfulexample,mayrealizethenoblecharactertocountryhot-blaststovedesign,themanufacture,theconstruction,aspectsandsoonproductionmayrealizethemanufacturedomestically.Onlyisintheusematerialquality,thestructuraldesign,theblastsystemsafeguardandblastoperationsystemaspectsandsoonsciencehassomeflaws,needstoperformtothenoblecharacterwarmtobepossiblenotonlydiligentlytoreduceburntEL(hot-blasttemperaturetoenhance100oCtobepossibletoreducecokeratio15~20kg/t),moreoveralsoistheenhancementspurtsthecoalratiothe2008thefirsthalfyearhot-blasttemperaturehighenterprisehas;Germandragon1188oC,TaiyuanSteelWorks1186oC,BeijingSteelCorporation1177oC,climbssteel1175oC,Sanming1169oC,AnshanIronandSteelCompany1166oC,dayiron1156oC,BaoshanSteelCorporationGroupCompany1155oC,Xingsteellowestenterpriseonlythen830oC.Theblastfurnacespurtsthecoalisthecenterlinkwhichtheiron-smeltingsystemstructureoptimizes,isthedomesticandforeigniron-smeltingtechnologicaldevelopmentmajortendency,alsoisourcountryironandsteelindustrytechnologicaldevelopmentoneofthreesignificanttechnology2006theBaoshanSteelCorporation4thblastfurnacespurtthecoalcomparedtoachievet,alreadywastheinternationaladvanced2007OurcountryKeyIronandsteelenterprisespurtsthecoalcomparedtois137kg/t,createsthehistoricalbestlevel,alleviatedourcountrycokingcoalshortageeffectively,forreducedtheiron-smeltingproductioncosttomakethecontribution,reducedtheenvironmental2007spurtsthecoalscaledheightofbursttohave11inthe150kg/tenterprise.In2007OurcountryKeyIronandsteelenterprisefuelratio(cokeratio+coalcomparedto+smalllumpcoke)is529kg/t,reduces2kg/tcomparedtothepreviousyear,createsthehistoricalbest,in2008thefirsthalfyearappearstherise,elevated4kg/tcomparedtothelastfuelquitelowenterprisemainlyhas:BeijingSteelCorporation506kg/t,TaiyuanSteelWorks475kg/t,BaoshanSteelCorporationgroup481kg/t,WuhanSteelCorporation494kg/t,AnshanIronandSteelCompany493kg/t,horsesteel487kg/t,smeltssteel506kg/t,thedayironis509kg/t,TianjinSteelFactory5lOkg/tandsothehighestenterprisereaches637kg/individualenterprisecountsdoesnothavethescrapcokeratio,appearsbetweentheenterprisethenon-comparability.Atpresentsmeltedironenterprise'sworkwithemphasisstillraisestheiron-smeltingconcentratedfeedtechnicalleveldiligently,hadtohandlekindlytheblastfurnace,couldhavethegoodistheiron-smeltingrecentyearsthenationonlyaccountedfor%totheiron-smeltinginvestmentwhichtheironandsteelenterprisealwaysinvested,conservedenergytotheironandsteelenterprisereducestheplatoon,fellthecost,extremelymustenlargetotheiron-smeltinginvestment,includingtoenvironmentalprotection2O07yearOurcountryKeyIronandsteelenterprisecokeratiois392kg/t,reduces3kg/tcomparedtothepreviousyear,createsourcountryhistorybestlevel.Thepurposeofablastfurnaceistochemicallyreduceandphysicallyconvertironoxidesintoliquidironcalled"hotmetal".Theblastfurnaceisahuge,steelstacklinedwithrefractorybrick,whereironore,cokeandlimestonearedumpedintothetop,andpreheatedairisblownintothebottom.Therawmaterialsrequire6to8hourstodescendtothebottomofthefurnacewheretheybecomethefinalproductofliquidslagandliquidiron.Theseliquidproductsaredrainedfromthefurnaceatregularintervals.Thehotairthatwasblownintothebottomofthefurnaceascendstothetopin6to8secondsaftergoingthroughnumerouschemicalreactions.Onceablastfurnaceisstarteditwillcontinuouslyrunforfourtotenyearswithonlyshortstopstoperformplannedmaintenance.TheProcessIronoxidescancometotheblastfurnaceplantintheformofrawore,pelletsorsinter.Theraworeisremovedfromtheearthandsizedintopiecesthatrangefromto inches.ThisoreiseitherHematite(Fe

O)orMagnetite(FeO2 3 3

)andtheironcontentrangesfrom50%to70%.Thisironrichorecanbechargeddirectlyintoablastfurnacewithoutanyfurtherprocessing.Ironorethatcontainsalowerironcontentmustbeprocessedorbeneficiatedtoincreaseitsironcontent.Pelletsproducedfromthislowerironcontentore.Thisoreiscrushedandgroundintoapowdersothewastematerialcalledganguecanberemoved.Theremainingiron-richpowderisrolledintoballsandfiredinafurnacetoproducestrong,marble-sizedpelletsthatcontain60%to65%iron.Sinterisproducedfromfinerawore,smallcoke,sand-sizedlimestoneandnumerousothersteelplantwastematerialsthatcontainsomeiron.Thesefinematerialsareproportionedtoobtainadesiredproductchemistrythenmixedtogether.Thisrawmaterialmixisthenplacedonasinteringstrand,whichissimilartoasteelconveyorbelt,whereitisignitedbygasfiredfurnaceandfusedbytheheatfromthecokefinesintolargerpiecesthatarefromtoinches.Theironore,pelletsandsinterthenbecometheiquidironproducedintheblastfurnacewithanyoftheirremainingimpuritiesgoingtotheliquidslag.Thecokeisproducedfromamixtureofcoals.Thecoaliscrushedandgroundintoapowderandthenchargedintoanoven.Astheovenisheatedthecoaliscookedsomostofthevolatilemattersuchasoilandtarareremoved.Thecookedcoal,calledcoke,isremovedfromtheovenafter18to24hoursofreactiontime.Thecokeiscooledandscreenedintopiecesrangingfromoneinchtofourinches.Thecokecontains90to93%carbon,someashandsulfurbutcomparedtorawcoalisverystrong.Thestrongpiecesofcokewithahighenergyvalueprovidepermeability,heatandgaseswhichareequiredtoreduceandmelttheironore,pelletsandsinter.Thefinalrawmaterialintheironmakingprocessinlimestone.Thelimestoneisremovedfromtheearthbyblastingwithexplosives.Itisthencrushedandscreenedtoathatrangesfrominchtoinchtobecomeblastfurnaceflux.Thisfluxcanbepurehighcalciumlimestone,dolomiticimestonecontainingmagnesiaorablendofthetwotypesoflimestone.Sincethelimestoneismeltedtobecometheslagwhichremovessulfurandotherimpurities,theblastfurnaceoperatormayblendthedifferentstonestoproducethedesiredslagchemistryandcreateptimumslagpropertiessuchasalowmeltingpointandahighfluidity.Alloftherawmaterialsarestoredinanorefieldandtransferredtothestockhousebeforecharging.Oncethesematerialsarechargedintothefurnacetop,throughnumerouschemicalandhysicalreactionswhiledescendingtothebottomofthefurnace.Theironore,pelletsandsinterarereducedwhichsimplymeanstheoxygenintheironoxidesisemovedbyaseriesofchemicalreactions.Thesereactionsoccurasfollows:3FeO+CO=CO+2FeO2 3 2 3 4FeO+CO=CO+3FeO3 4 2FeO+CO=CO+FeorFeO+C=CO+Fe2Atthesametimetheironoxidesaregoingthroughthesepurifyingreactions,theyarealsobeginningtosoftenthenmeltandfinallytrickleasliquidironthroughthecoketothebottomofthefurnace.Thecokedescendstothebottomofthefurnacetothelevelwherethepreheatedairorhotblastenterstheblastfurnace.Thecokeisignitedbythishotblastandimmediatelyreactstogenerateheatsfollows:C+O=CO+Heat2 2Sincethereactiontakesplaceinthepresenceofexcesscarbonatahightemperaturethecarbondioxideisreducedtocarbonmonoxideasfollows:CO+C=2CO2Theproductofthisreaction,carbonmonoxide,isnecessarytoreducetheironoreasseeninthepreviousironoxidereactions.Thelimestonedescendsintheblastfurnaceandremainsasolidwhilegoingthroughitsfirstreactionsfollows:CaCO3

=CaO+CO2ThisreactionrequiresenergyandstartsataboutTheCaOformedfromthisreactionisusedtoremovesulfurfromtheironwhichisnecessarybeforethehotmetalbecomessteel.Thissulfuremovingreactionis:FeS+CaO+C=CaS+FeO+COTheCaSbecomespartoftheslag.TheslagisalsoformedfromanyremainingSilica(SiO2),Alumina(Al2O3),Magnesia(MgO)orCalcia(CaO)thatenteredwiththeironore,pellets,sinterorcoke.Theliquidslagthentricklesthroughthecokebedtothebottomofthefurnacewhereitfloatsontopoftheiquidironsinceitislessdense.Anotherproductoftheironmakingprocess,inadditiontomoltenironandslag,ishotdirtygases.Thesegasesthetopoftheblastfurnaceandproceedthroughgascleaningequipmentwhereparticulatematterisremovedfromthegasandthegasiscooled.Thisgashasaconsiderableenergyvaluesoitisburnedasafuelinthe"hotblaststoves"whichareusedtopreheattheairenteringtheblastfurnacetobecome"hotblast".Anyofthegasnotburnedinthestovesissenttotheboilerhouseandisusedtogeneratesteamwhichturnsaturboblowerthatgeneratesthecompressedairknownas"coldblast"thatcomestothestoves.Theblastfurnaceisacounter-currentrealtorwheresolidsdescendandgasesascend.Inthisreactortherearenumerouschemicalandreactionsthatproducethedesiredfinalproductwhichishotmetal.TheBlastFurnacePlantNowthatwehavecompletedadescriptionoftheironmakingprocess,letsreviewthequipmentcomprisingtheblastfurnaceplant.Thereisanorestoragethatcanalsobeanoredockwhereboatsandbargesareunloaded.Therawmaterialsstoredintheorearerawore,severalofpellets,sinter,limestoneorfluxblendandpossiblycoke.Thesematerialsaretransferredtothe"stockhouse/hiline"complexbyorebridgesequippedwithgrabbucketsorbybelts.Materialscanalsobebroughttothestockhouse/hilineinrailhoppersortransferredfromorebridgestoself-propelledrailcarscalled"oretransfercars".Eachofore,pellet,sinter,cokeandlimestoneisdumpedintoseparate"storagebins".ThevariousrawmaterialsareweighedaccordingtoacertainrecipedesignedtothedesiredhotmetalandslagThismaterialweighingisdoneunderthestoragebinsbyarailmountedscalecarorcomputercontrolledweighhoppersthatfeedabelt.Theweighedmaterialsarethendumpedintoa"skip"carwhichridesonrailsupthe"inclinedskipbridge"tothe"receivinghopper"atthetopofthefurnace.Thecablesliftingtheskipcarsarepoweredfromlargewincheslocatedinthe"hoist"house.Somemodernblastfurnaceaccomplishthesamejobithanautomatedstretchingfromthestockhousetothefurnacetop.Atthetopofthefurnacethematerialsarehelduntila"charge"usuallyconsistingofsomeofmetallic(ore,pelletsorsinter),cokeandflux(limestone)haveaccumulated.Theprecisefillingorderisdevelopedbytheblastfurnaceoperatorstocarefullycontrolgasflowandchemicalreactionsinsidethefurnace.Thematerialsarechargedintotheblastfurnacethroughtwostagesofconical"bells"whichsealinthegasesanddistributetherawmaterialsevenlyaroundthecircumferenceofthefurnace"throat".Somemodernfurnacesdonothavebellsbutinsteadhave2or3airlockhoppersthatdischargerawmaterialsontoarotatingchutewhichcanchangeanglesallowingmoreflexibilityinprecisematerialplacementinsidethefurnace.Alsoatthetopoftheblastfurnacearefour"uptakes"wherethehot,dirtygasthefurnacedome.Thegasflowsuptowheretwouptakesmergeintoan"offtake".Thetwoofftakesthenmergeintothe"downcomer".Atthetopoftheuptakesthereare"bleedervalves"whichmayreleasegasandprotectthetopofthefurnacefromsuddengaspressuresurges.Thegasdescendsinthedowncomertothe"dustcatcher",wherecoarseparticlessettleout,accumulateandaredumpedintoarailroadcarortruckfordisposal.Thegasthenflowsthrougha"VenturiScrubber"whichremovesthefinerparticlesandfinallyintoa"gascooler"wherewaterreducethetemperatureofthehotbutcleangas.Somemodernfurnacesareequippedwithacombinedscrubberndcoolingunit.Thecleanedandcooledgasisnowreadyforburning.Thecleangaspipelineisdirectedtothehotblast"stove".Thereareusually3or4shapedstovesinalineadjacenttotheblastfurnace.Thegasisburnedinthebottomofastoveandtheheatrisesandtransferstorefractorybrickinsidethestove.Theproductsofcombustionflowthroughpassagesinthesebricks,outofthestoveintoahigh"stack"whichissharedbyallofthestoves.Largevolumesofair,from80,000ft3/minto230,000ft3/min,aregeneratedfromaturboblowerandflowthroughthe"coldblastmain"uptothestoves.Thiscoldblastthenentersthestovethathasbeenpreviouslyheatedandtheheatstoredintherefractorybrickinsidethestoveistransferredtothe"coldblast"toform"hotblast".Thehotblasttemperaturecanbefromtoonthestovedesignandcondition.Thisheatedairthenexitsthestoveintothe"hotblastmain"whichrunsuptothefurnace.Thereisa"mixerline"connectingthecoldblastmaintothehotblastmainthatisequippedwithavalveusedtocontroltheblasttemperatureandkeepitconstant.Thehotblastmainentersintoadoughnutshapedpipethatencirclesthefurnace,calledthe"bustlepipe".Fromthebustlepipe,thehotblastisdirectedintothefurnacethroughnozzlescalled"tuyeres"(pronounced"tweers").Thesetuyeresareequallyspacedaroundthecircumferenceofthefurnace.Theremaybefourteentuyeresonasmallblastfurnaceandfortytuyeresonalargeblastfurnace.Thesetuyeresaremadeofcopperandarewatercooledsincethetemperaturedirectlyinfrontofthethemmaybe3600°Fto4200°F.Oil,tar,naturalgas,powderedcoalandoxygencanalsobeinjectedintothefurnaceattuyereleveltocombinewiththecoketoreleaseadditionalenergywhichisnecessarytoincreaseproductivity.Themoltenironandslagdrippastthetuyeresonthewayothefurnacehearthwhichstartsimmediatelybelowtuyerelevel.ConclusionTheblastfurnaceisthefirststepinproducingsteelfromironoxides.Thefirstblastfurnacesappearedinthe14thCenturyandproducedonetonperday.Blastfurnaceequipmentisincontinuousevolutionandmodern,giantfurnacesproduce13,000tonsperday.Eventhoughequipmentisimprovedandhigherproductionratescanbeachieved,theprocessesinsidetheblastfurnaceremainthesame.Blastfurnaceswillsurviveintothenextmilleniumbecausethelarger,efficientfurnacescanproducehotmetalatcostscompetitivewithotherironmakingtechnologies.近年来，中国炼铁处于高速发展阶段，2007年全国生铁产量达到 4．6944亿 t，比上年度增长 15．19％，其增幅低于钢产量的同期增幅，占世界总产量的4，7％。2007年全国重点钢铁企业产铁3．69亿t，比上年增长 3．4％，其他企业产铁 1．0亿t，增长9．0％。地方企业铁产量增速高于大中型钢铁企业。8年上半年全国产铁 2．2亿t，比上年度增长7．9％，降低了发展势头。预计，年我国钢产量将达到 5．2亿t，生铁产量将达到 4．9亿t。今年，我国炼铁生产能力将超过 6亿t，但尚有约 万t／，年的生产能力属于淘汰之列(主要是 以下容积小高炉)。上述情况表明，地方炼铁厂的发展势头仍处于高于全国大中型钢铁企业。马钢和太钢建成 高炉，使我国拥有 7座 级高炉。目前在建的 级高炉(本钢、鞍钢)有 4座，沙钢和京唐公司在建 级高炉和 级高炉。一批大于 级高炉在建设，大大地推动了我国高炉大型化进程。目前中国有 多座高炉，大于 容积高炉约有 150座，300～的高炉约 500多座，小于 的高炉约有 多座。全国约有多家炼铁企业。这说明，中国炼铁产业集中度低，高炉平均炉容小，处于不同，多生产平同发展阶段，处于高速发展阶段。预计中国生铁产量的6亿 t以上。我国生铁产量高速增长，高炉炼铁生产速进。表1近年来我国重点钢铁企业高炉炼铁2008，量动，高炉炼铁生产有下。中国高炉炼铁生产是处于世界发展阶段。以钢、钢、钢、鞍钢、表的一批大型高炉化生产(系在25tmd以上，比低于500kgt达15年以上)。我国中小高炉的生产是多年在高平上300～750m高炉30tmd以上，高的达43tmd比低于400kgt比在t以上。但是，企业之发展，尚有一批在。近年来，我国度了多年，进大，这是大家力的。年我国重点度比上年度。建设的一批大高炉(大于以上的高炉)度均在以上，其在年以上，达到。热风炉型式也多样化，大高炉多用