托福阅读结合实例从结构入手逐段分析

千里之行，始于第2页/共2页精品文档推荐托福阅读结合实例从结构入手逐段分析托福阅读说明类文章阅读技巧教导,结合实例从结构入手逐段分析，今日我给大家带来了托福阅读说明类文章阅读技巧教导，盼望能够关心到大家，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。

托福阅读说明类文章阅读技巧教导结合实例从结构入手逐段分析

托福阅读说明文怎么看懂?

一般而言，托福阅读中的说明文会说明某个现象，文章的第一段是：介绍背景及引出下文;之后的主体段，结构也很清楚：主旨句Topicsentence+解释句Explain+举例子Examples+总结句Summary。其实跟我们高考语文有异曲同工之妙。下面来看实例解析：

TheRomanArmysImpactonBritain(选自官方真题Official-19)

InthewakeoftheRomanEmpiresconquestofBritaininthefirstcenturyA.D.,alargenumberoftroopsstayedinthenewprovince,andthesetroopshadaconsiderableimpactonBritainwiththeircamps,fortifications,andparticipationinthelocaleconomy.Assessingtheimpactofthearmyonthecivilianpopulationstartsfromtherealizationthatthesoldierswerealwaysunevenlydistributedacrossthecountry.Areasrapidlyincorporatedintotheempirewerenotlongaffectedbythemilitary.Wherethearmyremainedstationed,itspresencewasmuchmoreinfluential.Theimpositionofamilitarybaseinvolvedtherequisitionofnativelandsforboththefortandtheterritoryneededtofeedandexercisethesoldiersanimals.Theimpositionofmilitaryrulealsorobbedlocalleadersofopportunitiestoparticipateinlocalgovernment,sosocialdevelopmentwasstuntedandtheseedsofdisaffectionsown.Thisthenmeantthatthemilitaryhadtoremaintosuppressrebellionandorganizegovernment.

thesetroopshadaconsiderableimpactonBritain，也就是第一句说的是罗马军队对英国有影响。这句话相当于对题目的阐述，交代了文章的整个大背景。之后2～4句其实交代前提，开头详细的说开，要估算军队对平民的影响首先要了解一个事实：士兵不是平均分布的。那既然不是平均分布，确定是有多有少的。所以，第三句接着说了有些地方士兵少：很快融入帝国的区域;第四句说有些地方士兵多影响大：军队驻扎的地方。第5～7句说回重点，也就是what，究竟有哪些影响：军营先要征地;然后会抢走当地领导参加政府的机会;之后社会进展受阻，人民不满而抵抗，最终军事镇压。

首段的第一句话，虽然句子很长，但其实只需要抓住结构层次进行分析就能找到阅读重点。

所以总共7句话的段落，分层三个层次，主旨句+前提说明+重点阐述。事实上，段落第一句就完成了background+introduction双重目的：英国被罗马帝国制服+士兵的营地/防备工事以及参加当地经济所造成的影响。

EconomicexchangewasclearlyveryimportantastheRomanarmybroughtwithitverysubstantialspendingpower.……Suchactivitieshadamajoreffectonthelocalarea,inparticularwiththeconstructionofinfrastructuresuchasroads,whichimprovedaccesstoremoteareas.

其次段一开头就交代了经济交换的影响：强大的购买力，以及关心修建基础设施。

Eachsoldierreceivedhispay,butinregionswithoutadevelopedeconomytherewasinitiallylittleonwhichitcouldbespent.……Thesesettlementsactedlikesmalltowns,becomingcentersfortheartisanandtradingpopulations.

第三段还是在讲经济：刚来的时候士兵有钱没地方花;最终军队驻扎地变成了小镇。

Thearmyalsoprovidedameanofpersonaladvancementforauxiliarysoldiersrecruitedfromthenativepeoples,asamanobtainedhereditaryRomancitizenshiponretirementafterserviceinanauxiliaryregiment.……BythelaterRomanperiod,frontiergarrisons(groupsofsoldiers)wereonlyrarelytransferred,serviceinunitsbecameeffectivelyhereditary,andfortswerenolongerpopulatedormaintainedatfullstrength.

第四段开头讲另一个重大影响：当地人通过当兵获得可继承的罗马公民地位。

Thisprocessofsettlinginasacommunityoverseveralgenerations,combinedwithlocalrecruitment,presumablyaccountsfortheapparentstabilityoftheBritishnorthernfrontierinthelaterRomanperiod.ItalsoexplainswhysomeofthefortscontinuedinoccupationlongafterRomeceasedtohaveanyformalauthorityinBritain,atthebeginningofthefifthcenturyA.D.ThecircumstancesthathadallowednativestobecomeRomanizedalsoledtheself-sustainingmilitarycommunityofthefrontierareatobecomeeffectivelyBritish.

第五段，做了个小总结，讲这种融合过程及当地招募促进了北部边疆的稳定。

通过上文实例讲解，信任大家对于托福阅读说明文的基本结构和解题思路也有了肯定了解。之后大家在通过一些练习加深对说明文的熟悉和解题方法，以后面对这类高频阅读文章类型就能顺当解答确保得分了。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

PerhapsoneofthemostdramaticandimportantchangesthattookplaceintheMesozoiceraoccurredlateinthatera,amongthesmallorganismsthatpopulatetheuppermost,sunlitportionoftheoceans—theplankton.Thetermplanktonisabroadone,designatingallofthesmallplantsandanimalsthatfloataboutorweaklypropelthemselvesthroughthesea.InthelatestagesoftheMesozoicera,duringtheCretaceousperiod,therewasagreatexpansionofplanktonthatprecipitatedskeletonsorshellscomposedoftwotypesofmineral:silicaandcalciumcarbonate.

Thisdevelopmentradicallychangedthetypesofsedimentsthataccumulatedontheseafloor,because,whiletheorganicpartsoftheplanktondecayedaftertheorganismsdied,theirmineralizedskeletonsoftensurvivedandsanktothebottom.ForthefirsttimeintheEarthslonghistory,verylargequantitiesofsilicaskeletons,whichwouldeventuallyhardenintorock,begantopileupinpartsofthedeepsea.Thickdepositsofcalcareousoozemadeupofthetinyremainsofthecalciumcarbonate-secretingplanktonalsoaccumulatedasneverbefore.ThefamouswhitechalkcliffsofDover,inthesoutheastofEngland,arejustoneexampleofthehugequantitiesofsuchmaterialthatamassedduringtheCretaceousperiod;therearemanymore.JustwhythecalcareousplanktonweresoprolificduringthelatterpartoftheCretaceousperiodisnotfullyunderstood.Suchmassiveamountsofchalkysedimentshaveneversincebeendepositedoveracomparableperiodoftime.

ThehighbiologicalproductivityoftheCretaceousoceansalsoledtoidealconditionsforoilaccumulation.Oilisformedwhenorganicmaterialtrappedinsedimentsisslowlyburiedandsubjectedtoincreasedtemperaturesandpressures,transformingitintopetroleum.SedimentsrichinorganicmaterialaccumulatedalongthemarginsoftheTethysSeaway,thetropicaleast-westoceanthatformedwhenEarthssinglelandmass(knownasPangaea)splitapartduringtheMesozoicera.Manyoftodaysimportantoilfieldsarefoundinthosesediments—inRussia,theMiddleEast,theGulfofMexico,andinthestatesofTexasandLouisianaintheUnitedStates.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)HowsedimentswerebuiltupinoceansduringtheCretaceousperiod

(B)HowpetroleumwasformedintheMesozoicera

(C)TheimpactofchangesinoceanicanimalandplantlifeintheMesozoicera

(D)ThedifferencesbetweenplanktonfoundinthepresenteraandCretaceousplankton

2.ThepassageindicatesthattheCretaceousperiodoccurred

(A)intheearlypartoftheMesozoicera

(B)inthemiddlepartoftheMesozoicera

(C)inthelaterpartoftheMesozoicera

(D)aftertheMesozoicera

3.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingaspectsofplanktonEXCEPT

(A)thelengthoftheirlives

(B)theleveloftheoceanatwhichtheyarefound

(C)theirmovement

(D)theirsize

4.Thewordaccumulatedinline8isclosestinmeaningto

(A)depended

(B)matured

(C)dissolved

(D)collected

5.Accordingtothepassage,themostdramaticchangetotheoceanscausedbyplanktonduring

theCretaceousperiodconcerned

(A)thedepthofthewater

(B)themakeupofthesedimentontheoceanfloor

(C)thedecreaseinpetroleum-producingsediment

(D)adeclineinthequantityofcalcareousoozeontheseafloor