新视野大学英语第二版第四册课文翻译

/第四册unit1sectionAAnartistwhoseeksfameislikeadog<1>chasing</1>hisowntailwho,whenhecapturesit,doesnotknowwhatelsetodobuttocontinuechasingit.<P1>The<2>cruelty</2>ofsuccessisthatitoftenleadsthosewhoseeksuchsuccesstoparticipateintheirowndestruction."Don'tquityourdayjob!"isadvicefrequentlygivenbyunderstandably<3>pessimistic</3>familymembersandfriendstoabuddingartistwhoistryinghardtosucceed.<P2>The<4>conquest</4>offameisdifficultatbest,andmanyendupemotionallyifnotfinancially<5>bankrupt</5>.<P3>Still,impure<6>motives</6>suchasthedesirefor<7>worshipping</7>fansandpraisefrompeersmay<8>spur</8>theartiston.The<9>lure</9>of<10>drowning</10>infame's<11>imperial</11>gloryisnoteasilyresisted.Thosewhogainfamemostoftengainitasaresultofexploitingtheirtalentforsinging,dancing,painting,orwriting,etc.<P4>Theydevelopastylethat<12>agents</12>marketaggressivelyto<13>hasten</13>popularity,andtheirrideontheexpress<14>elevator</14>tothetopisa<15>blur</15>.Mostwouldbehard-pressedtotellyouhowtheyevengotthere.Artistscannotremain<16>idle</16>,though.Whentheperformer,painterorwriterbecomes<18>bored</18>,theirworkbeginstoshowalackof<19>continuity</19>initsappealanditbecomesdifficultto<20>sustain</20>theattentionofthepublic.Aftertheirenthusiasmhasdissolved,thepublicsimplymovesontothenextflavorofthemonth.Artistswhodoattempttoremaincurrentbymakingeven<21>minute</21>changestotheirstyleofwriting,dancingorsinging,runasignificantriskoflosingtheaudience'sfavor.Thepublicsimply<22>discounts</22>stylesotherthanthoseforwhichtheartisthasbecomefamous.Famousauthors'styles—aTennesseeWilliamsplayora<23>plot</23>byErnestHemingwayorapoembyRobertFrostorT.S.Eliot—areeasilyrecognizable.ThesameistrueofpainterslikeMonet,Renoir,orDaliand<24>moviemakers</24>likeHitchcock,Fellini,Spielberg,ChenKaigeorZhangYimou.<P5>Their<25>distinct</25>stylesmarkedasignificantchangeinformfromothersandgainedthemfameandfortune.However,theypaidforitbygivingupthefreedomtoexpressthemselveswithotherstylesorforms.Fame's<26>spotlight</26>canbehotterthanatropical<27>jungle</27>—a<28>fraud</28>isquicklyexposed,andthepressureofsomuchattentionistoomuchformosttoendure.Ittakesyououtofyourself:Youmustbewhatthepublicthinksyouare,notwhatyoureallyareorcouldbe.Theperformer,likethepolitician,mustoftenpleasehisorheraudiencesbysayingthingsheorshedoesnotmeanorfullybelieve.<P6>Onedropoffamewilllikely<29>contaminate</29>theentirewellofaman'ssoul,andsoanartistwhoremainstruetohimselforherselfisparticularlyamazing.<P7>Youwouldbehard-pressedto<30>underline</30>manynamesofthosewhohavenotcompromisedandstillsucceededinthefamegame.Anexample,thefamousIrishwriterOscarWilde,knownforhis<31>uncompromising</31>behavior,bothsocialandsexual,towhichthepublic<32>objected</32>,paidheavilyforremainingtruetohimself.ThemotherofayoungmanOscarwasintimatewith<33>accused</33>himata<34>banquet</34>infrontofhisfriendsandfansofsexuallyinfluencingherson.Extremelyangeredbyherremarks,he<35>sued</35>theyoungman'smother,assertingthatshehaddamagedhis"good"name.Heshouldhavehiredabetter<36>attorney</36>,though.Thejudgedidnot<37>second</37>Wilde'scalltohavethewomanpayfordamaginghisname,andinstead<38>fined</38>Wilde.Heendedupinjailafterrefusingtopay,andevenworse,waspermanently<39>expelled</39>fromthewidercircleofpublicfavor.Whenthingswereattheirworst,hefoundthatnoonewaswillingtoriskhisorhernameinhisdefense.Hispriceforremainingtruetohimselfwastobeleftalonewhenheneededhisfansthemost.Curiouslyenough,itisthosewhofailthatreapthegreatestreward:freedom!Theyenjoythefreedomtoexpressthemselvesinuniqueandoriginalwayswithoutfearoflosingthesupportoffans.Failedartistsmayfindcomfortinknowingthatmanygreatartistsneverfoundfameuntilwellaftertheyhadpassedawayorinknowingthattheydidnotsellout.Theymay<40>justify</40>theirfailurebyconvincingthemselvestheirgeniusistoosophisticatedforcontemporaryaudiences.<41>Single-minded</41>artistswhocontinuetheirquestforfameevenafterfailuremightalsoliketoknowthatfailurehasmotivatedsomefamouspeopletoworkevenhardertosucceed.ThomasWolfe,theAmerican<42>novelist</42>,hadhisfirstnovel<em>LookHomeward,Angel</em>rejected39timesbeforeitwasfinallypublished.Beethovenovercamehisfather,whodidnotbelievethathehadanypotentialasamusician,tobecomethegreatest<43>musician</43>intheworld.AndPestalozzi,thefamousSwisseducatorinthe19thcentury,failedateveryjobheeverhaduntilhecameupontheideaofteachingchildrenanddevelopingthefundamentaltheoriestoproduceanewformofeducation.ThomasEdisonwasthrownoutofschoolinthefourthgrade,becauseheseemedtohisteachertobequitedull.Unfortunatelyformostpeople,however,failureistheendoftheirstruggle,notthebeginning.Isaytothosewho<45>desperately</45>seekfameandfortune:goodluck.But<46>alas</46>,youmayfindthatitwasnotwhatyouwanted.Thedogwhocatcheshistaildiscoversthatitisonlyatail.Thepersonwhoachievessuccessoftendiscoversthatitdoesmoreharmthangood.Soinsteadoftryingsohardtoachievesuccess,trytobehappywithwhoyouareandwhatyoudo.Trytodoworkthatyoucanbeproudof.Maybeyouwon'tbefamousinyourownlifetime,butyoumaycreatebetterart.艺术家追求成名，如同狗自逐其尾，一旦追到手，除了继续追逐不知还能做些什么。成功之残酷正在于它常常让那些追逐成功者自寻毁灭。对一名正努力追求成功并刚刚崭露头角的艺术家，其亲朋常常会建议“正经的饭碗不能丢！”他们的担心不无道理。追求出人头地，最乐观地说也困难重重，许多人到最后即使不是穷困潦倒，也是几近精神崩溃。尽管如此，希望赢得追星族追捧和同行赞扬之类的不太纯洁的动机却在激励着他们向前。享受成功的无上光荣，这种诱惑不是能轻易抵挡的。成名者之所以成名，大多是因为发挥了自己在歌唱、舞蹈、绘画或写作等方面的特长，并能形成自己的风格。为了能迅速走红，代理人会极力吹捧他们这种风格。他们青云直上的过程让人看不清楚。他们究竟是怎么成功的，大多数人也都说不上来。尽管如此，艺术家仍然不能闲下来。若表演者、画家或作家感到无聊，他们的作品就难以继续保持以前的吸引力，也就难以保持公众的注意力。公众的热情消磨以后，就会去追捧下一个走红的人。有些艺术家为了不落伍，会对他们的写作、跳舞或唱歌的风格稍加变动，但这将冒极大的失宠的危险。公众对于他们藉以成名的艺术风格以外的任何形式都将不屑一顾。知名作家的文风一眼就能看出来，如田纳西·威廉斯的戏剧、欧内斯特·海明威的情节安排、罗伯特·弗罗斯特或T.S.艾略特的诗歌等。同样，像莫奈、雷诺阿、达利这样的画家，希区柯克、费里尼、斯皮尔伯格、陈凯歌或张艺谋这样的电影整理人也是如此。他们鲜明独特的艺术风格标志着与别人不同的艺术形式上的重大变革，这让他们名利双收，但也让他们付出了代价，那就是失去了用其他风格或形式表现自我的自由。名气这盏聚光灯可比热带丛林还要炙热。骗局很快会被揭穿，过多的关注带来的压力会让大多数人难以承受。它让你失去自我。你必须是公众认可的那个你，而不是真实的你或是可能的你。艺人，就像政客一样，必须常常说些违心或连自己都不完全相信的话来取悦听众。一滴名气之水有可能玷污人的心灵这一整口井，因此一个艺术家若能保持真我，会格外让人惊叹。你可能答不上来哪些人没有妥协，却仍然在这场名利的游戏中获胜。一个例子就是爱尔兰著名作家奥斯卡·王尔德，他在社交行为和性行为方面以我行我素而闻名于世。虽然他的行为遭到公众的反对，却依然故我，他也因此付出了惨痛的代价。在一次宴会上，他一位密友的母亲当着他的朋友和崇拜者的面，指责他在性方面影响了她的儿子。他听了她的话以后大为光火，起诉了这个年轻人的母亲，声称她毁了自己的“好”名声。但是，他真该请一个更好的律师。结果是，法官不仅不支持他提出的让这个女人赔偿他名声损失费的请求，反而对他本人进行了罚款。他由于拒交罚款最终还被送进了监狱。更糟糕的是，他再也无法获得更多公众的宠爱。在最糟糕的时候，他发现没有一个人愿意拿自己的名声冒险来替他说话。为保持真我，他付出的代价是，在最需要崇拜者时，谁也不理他。奇怪的是，收获最大的恰恰是失败者。他们收获了自由！他们可以自由地表达，独辟蹊径，不落窠臼，不用担心失去崇拜者的支持。失败的艺术家寻求安慰时，可以想想许多伟大的艺术家都是过世多年以后才成名，或是他们没有出卖自己。他们也可以为自己的失败辩解：自己的才华实在过于高深，不是当代听众或观众所理解得了的。那些失败了却仍不肯放弃的顽固派也许会乐于知道，某些名人曾经如何越挫越勇，直至成功。美国小说家托马斯·伍尔芙的第一本小说《向家乡看吧，安琪儿》被拒39次后，才最终得以出版。贝多芬战胜了父亲认为他毫无音乐家潜质的偏见，成为世界上最伟大的音乐家。19世纪瑞士著名教育家裴斯泰洛齐原先干的工作没有一件成功，直到他想到去教小孩子，并研究出一种新型教育模式的基础理论。托马斯·爱迪生在四年级时被赶出了学校，因为老师觉得他似乎太迟钝。但不幸的是，对大多数人而言，失败是奋斗的结束，而不是开始。对那些孤注一掷的追名逐利之徒，我要说：祝你们好运。但是，遗憾的是，你会发现这不是你想得到的。狗自逐其尾所得到的只是一条尾巴而已。获得成功的人常常发现成功对他来说弊大于利。所以要为真实的你、为自己的所为感到高兴，而不是拼命去获得成功。做那些你为之感到骄傲的事情。可能在有生之年你默默无闻，但你可能创作了更好的艺术。第四册unit1sectionBOnesummerdaymyfathersentmetobuysomewireandfencingtoputaroundour<1>barn</1>topenupthe<2>bull</2>.<P1>At16,Ilikednothingbetterthangettingbehindthewheelofourtruckanddrivingintotownontheold<3>mill</3>road.Waterfromthemill'swheel<4>sprayed</4>inthe<5>sunshine</5>makingarainbowoverthe<6>canal</6>andIoftenstoppedthereonmywayto<7>bathe</7>andcooloffforaspell—naturalair<8>conditioning</8>.Thesunwassohot,Ididnotneeda<9>towel</9>asIwasdrybythetimeIclimbedthe<10>clay</10>banksandcrossedtheroad<11>ditch</11>tothetruck.Justbeforetown,theroadshotalongtheseawhereIwouldcollect<12>seashells</12>orgather<13>seaweed</13>beneaththegiant<14>crane</14>unloadingtheships.<P2>Thistripwasdifferent,though.MyfatherhadtoldmeI'dhavetoaskforcreditatthestore.Itwas1976,andtheuglyshadowof<15>racism</15>wasstillafactoflife.I'dseenmyfriendsaskforcreditandthenstand,headdown,<P3>whileastoreowner<16>enquired</16>intowhethertheywere"goodforit".Manystoreclerkswatchedblackyouthswiththeassumptionthattheywerethieveseverytimetheyevenwentintoagrocery.Myfamilywashonest.Wepaidourdebts.Butjustbeforeharvest,allthemoneyflowedout.Therewerenonew<17>deposits</17>atthebank.Cashwasshort.AtDavisBrothers'GeneralStore,BuckDavisstoodbehindtheregister,talkingtoamiddle-agedfarmer.Buckwasatall,weatheredmaninaredhuntingshirtandInoddedasIpassedhimonmywaytothehardwaresectiontogeta<18>container</18>ofnails,a<19>coil</19>ofbindingwireandfencing.Ipulledmypurchasesuptothecounterandplacedthenailsinthe<20>tray</20>ofthescale,sayingcarefully,"Ineedtoputthisoncredit."My<21>brow</21>was<22>moist</22>withnervoussweatandIwipeditawaywiththebackofmyarm.Thefarmergavemean<24>amused</24>,cynicallook,butBuck'sfacedidn'tchange."Sure,"hesaideasily,reachingforhis<25>booklet</25>wherehekeptrecordsforcredit.<P4>Igavea<26>sigh</26>of<27>relief</27>."Yourdaddyisalwaysgoodforit."Heturnedtothefarmer."ThishereisoneofJamesWilliams'sons.Theybrokethemoldwhentheymadethatman."Thefarmernoddedinaneighborlyway.Iwasfilledwithpride."JamesWilliams'son."Thosethreewordshadopenedadoortoanadult'srespectandtrust.<P5>AsI<28>heaved</28>theheavy<29>freight</29>intothebedofthetruck,Ididsowithease,feelinglikeastrongermanthantheonethatleftthefarmthatmorning.<P6>Ihaddiscoveredthatagoodnamecould<30>furnish</30>acapitalofgoodwillofgreatvalue.EveryoneknewwhattoexpectfromaWilliams:adecentpersonwhokepthiswordandrespectedhimselftoomuchtodowrong.Mygreatgrandfathermayhavebeensoldasaslaveat<31>auction</31>,butthiswasnotanexcusetodowrongtoothers.Insteadmyfatherbelievedtheonlywaytohonorhimwasthroughhardworkandrespectforallmen.Wechildren—eightbrothersandtwosisters—couldenjoyourgoodname,unearned,unlessanduntilwedidsomethingtoloseit.Wehadaninterestinhowoneanother<32>behaved</32>andourownactionsaswell,<33>lest</33>wedestroythenamemyfatherhadcreated.Ourgoodnamewasandstillisthe<34>glue</34>thatholdsourfamilytighttogether.Thedesiretohonormyfather'sgoodnamespurredmetobecomethefirstinourfamilytogotouniversity.Iworkedmywaythroughcollegeasa<35>porter</35>atafour-starhotel.Eventually,thatgoodnameprovidedthe<36>initiative</36>tostartmyownsuccessfulpublicrelationsfirminWashington,D.C.<P7>Americaneedsto<37>restore</37>asenseofshameinitsneighborhoods.Doingdrugs,spendingallyourmoneyatthe<38>liquor</38>store,stealing,orgettingayoungwomanpregnantwithno<39>intent</39>tomarryhershould<40>induce</40>adeepsenseofembarrassment.Butitdoesn't.NearlyoneoutofthreebirthsinAmericaistoasinglemother.Manyofthesechildrenwillgrowupwithoutthesecurityandguidancetheyneedtobecomehonorablemembersofsociety.Oncethesocialtiesandmutual<41>obligations</41>ofthefamily<42>melt</42>away,communitiesfallapart.Whilethepopulationhasincreasedonly40percentsince1960,violentcrimeinAmericahasincreasedastaggering550percent—andwe'vebecome<43>exceedingly</43>usedtoit.Teendrugusehasalsorisen.InoneNorthCarolinaCounty,policearrested73studentsfrom12secondaryschoolsfordealingdrugs,someofthemrightintheclassroom.<44>Meanwhile</44>,thesmallsignsof<45>civility</45>andrespectthatholdupcivilizationarevanishingfromschools,storesandstreets.Phraseslike"yes,ma'am","no,sir","thankyou"and"please"geta<46>yawn</46>fromkidstodaywhoareencouragedinsteadbycursingontelevisionandinmusic.Theysimply<47>shrug</47>offtherewardsofagoodname.Thegoodnamepassedonbymyfatherandmaintainedtothisdaybymybrothersandsistersandmeisworthasmuchnowasever.Eventoday,whenIstopintoBuckDavis'shopormyhometown<49>barbershop</49>forahaircut,IamstillgreetedasJamesWilliams'son.<P8>Myfamily'sgoodnamedid<50>pave</50>thewayforme.夏日的一天，父亲让我去买些铁丝网和栅栏，用来围畜棚，把牛圈起来。那时我16岁，最喜欢开上货车，沿着老磨坊路到城里去。研磨机轮子上的水花在阳光下喷洒，在河道上空形成一道彩虹。我常在半路上把车停下来，在河里洗个澡，凉快一会，享受一下天然空调。太阳火辣辣的，不用毛巾擦，等我爬上岸边的土坡，穿过路边的壕沟，到达货车时，身上已经都干了。快进城时，有一段沿着海滩的路，我会在那儿拣贝壳，拣海藻，头顶就是正从轮船上卸货的巨大的起重机。但是，这次却有所不同。父亲告诉我，我得向店里要求赊账。那是1976年，种族主义的丑陋阴影仍然是生活的现实。我曾目睹我的朋友要求赊账，然后就低着头站在那里，等着店主查询他“配不配赊账”。许多店员只要一看见年轻的黑人走进商店，就盯着他们，疑心他们是小偷。我们家人诚实正派，有债必还。但在庄稼收割之前，所有的钱都已经花光了。银行里也没有新的存款，现金不够。在戴维斯兄弟杂货店，巴克·戴维斯站在收银机后面，正和一个中年农夫说着话。巴克个子高高的，穿着一件红色的狩猎衬衫，显得饱经风霜。我冲他点了点头，经过他的身边，向五金柜台走去，拿了一盒钉子，一卷用于捆扎的铁丝网和栅栏。我把要买的东西拖到柜台前，把钉子放进秤盘，小心翼翼地说道：“我要赊账。”一边抬起胳膊去擦额头上紧张的汗珠。那个农夫像寻开心般怀疑地看着我，但是巴克的脸色却没有变。他随和地说道：“当然可以，你老爹总能有借有还，”一边伸手去拿记账的账本。我舒了一口气。他转过头，对那个农夫说：“这是詹姆士·威廉的儿子。像詹姆士·威廉这样讲信用的人是很少的。”那个农夫友善地点了点头。我的心里顿时充满了自豪。“詹姆士·威廉的儿子”，这句话打开了通往成年人的尊敬和信任的大门。当我把沉重的货物拉进货车车厢时，觉得轻而易举，感到比早上离开农庄时更有劲了。我发现，一个好名声所带来的友好是一笔无价之宝。人人都知道，威廉家的人是什么样的：是诚实守信的体面人，自尊自重，不干坏事。我的曾祖父也许曾被作为奴隶拍卖，但这不能成为伤害他人的理由。相反，我父亲相信，赢得尊敬的唯一方法就是努力工作、尊敬他人。我们这些孩子──八个男孩和两个女孩──可以坐享这个好名声，除非或直到我们做错什么事情而失去它。我们要对自己的行为负责，我们也要为相互的行为负责，否则就会毁掉父亲建立起来的好名声。我们的好名声曾经是，现在仍是把我们家紧紧了解在一起的纽带。我不愿意辜负父亲的好名声，这激励我成为了家里第一个上大学的人。我靠在一家四星级酒店当行李工挣钱读完了大学。最终，好名声促使我在华盛顿特区开办了我个人的公共关系公司。美国需要在社区里重新树立羞耻感。吸毒、在酒馆把钱挥霍一空、偷盗、让年轻女子怀孕却又不想和她结婚，这些事本应让人感到无地自容，但事实并非如此。在美国，近三分之一的婴儿是单身母亲所生的。这些孩子在成长过程中大多会缺乏安全感和指导，而这正是成为社会的好公民所需要的。一旦社会纽带和家人相互间的责任瓦解了，社区也就分崩离析。自从1960年以来，美国的人口虽然只增长了40%，但暴力犯罪却陡增了55%，而我们对此却已司空见惯。青少年吸毒人数也在上升。在北卡罗来纳的一个县，警察从12所中学逮捕了73名交易毒品的学生，而有些交易就发生在教室里。与此同时，支撑着文明、体现于细微之处的礼貌和敬意，却正从学校、商店和街头消失。由于受到电视和音乐中的脏话的影响，像“是的，女士”、“不，先生”、“谢谢”和“请”这样的话，只会让今天的孩子哈欠连天。他们对好名声的作用满不在乎。从父亲那传下来的，由我的兄弟姐妹和我保持的好名声，在现在仍和过去一样地珍贵。甚至直到今天，当我走进巴克·戴维斯的商店，或去老家的理发店理发时，人们仍然称呼我是詹姆士·威廉的儿子。我们家的好名声确实为我铺平了道路。第四册unit2sectionAHewasborninapoorareaofSouthLondon.Heworehismother'soldredstockingscutdownfor<1>ankle</1>socks.Hismotherwastemporarilydeclaredmad.<P1>DickensmighthavecreatedCharlieChaplin'schildhood.ButonlyCharlieChaplincouldhavecreatedthegreat<2>comic</2>characterof"theTramp",thelittlemanin<3>rags</3>whogavehiscreatorpermanentfame.Othercountries—France,Italy,Spain,evenJapan—<P2>haveprovidedmore<4>applause</4>(andprofit)whereChaplinisconcernedthanthelandofhisbirth.ChaplinquitBritainforgoodin1913whenhejourneyedtoAmericawithagroupofperformerstodohis<5>comedy</5>actonthestage,wheretalent<6>scouts</6>recruitedhimtoworkforMackSennett,thekingofHollywoodcomedyfilms.Sadtosay,manyEnglishpeopleinthe1920sand1930sthoughtChaplin'sTrampabit,well,"<7>crude</7>".<P3>Certainlymiddle-classaudiencesdid;theworking-classaudiencesweremorelikelyto<8>clap</8>foracharacterwho<9>revolted</9>againstauthority,usinghiswickedlittlecanetotripitup,oraimingthe<10>heel</10>ofhisbootforawell-placedkickatitsbroadrear.Allthesame,<P4>Chaplin'scomicbeggardidn'tseemallthatEnglishorevenworking-class.Englishtrampsdidn'tsporttiny<11>moustaches</11>,hugepantsortailcoats:EuropeanleadersandItalianwaitersworethingslikethat.Thenagain,<P5>theTramp'squickeyeforaprettygirlhada<12>coarse</12>wayaboutitthatwasconsidered,well,notquitenicebyEnglishaudiences—that'showforeignersbehaved,wasn'tit?<P6>Butforoverhalfofhisscreencareer,ChaplinhadnoscreenvoicetoconfirmhisBritish<13>nationality</13>.Indeed,itwasaheadacheforChaplinwhenhecouldnolongerresistthetalkingmoviesandhadtofind"therightvoice"forhisTramp.He<14>postponed</14>thatdayaslongaspossible:In<em>ModernTimes</em>in1936,thefirstfilminwhichhewasheardasasingingwaiter,hemadeupa<15>nonsense</15>languagewhichsoundedlikenoknownnationality.HelatersaidheimaginedtheTramptobeacollege-educatedgentlemanwho'dcomedownintheworld.Butifhe'dbeenabletospeakwithaneducatedaccentinthoseearlyshortcomedies,it's<16>doubtful</16>ifhewouldhaveachievedworldfame.AndtheEnglishwouldhavebeensuretofindit"odd".NoonewascertainwhetherChaplindiditonpurposebutthishelpedtobringabouthishugesuccess.Hewasan<18>immensely</18>talentedman,determinedtoadegreeunusualevenintheranksofHollywoodstars.Hishugefamegavehimthefreedom—and,moreimportantly,themoney—tobehisownmaster.<P7>Healreadyhadtheurgetoexploreandextendatalenthediscoveredinhimselfashewentalong."Itcan'tbeme.Isthatpossible?How<19>extraordinary</19>,"ishowhegreetedthefirstsightofhimselfastheTramponthescreen.Butthatshock<20>roused</20>hisimagination.Chaplindidn'thavehisjokeswrittenintoa<21>script</21>inadvance;hewasthekindofcomicwhousedhisphysicalsensestoinventhisartashewentalong.<P8>LifelessobjectsespeciallyhelpedChaplinmake"contact"withhimselfasanartist.Heturnedthemintootherkindsofobjects.Thus,abrokenalarmclockinthemovie<em>ThePawnbroker</em>becamea"sick"patientundergoingsurgery;bootswereboiledinhisfilm<em>TheGoldRush</em>andtheirsoleseatenwithsaltand<22>pepper</22>likeprimecutsoffish(thenailsbeingremovedlikefishbones).Thisphysicaltransformation,plustheskillwithwhichhe<23>executed</23>itagainandagain,issurelythesecretofChaplin'sgreatcomedy.Healsohadadeepneedtobeloved—andacorrespondingfearofbeing<24>betrayed</24>.<P9>Thetwowerehardtocombineandsometimes—asinhisearlymarriages—the<25>collision</25>betweenthemresultedindisaster.Yeteventhispainfully-boughtself-knowledgefounditswayintohiscomiccreations.TheTrampneverloseshisfaithintheflowergirlwho'llbewaitingtowalkintothe<26>sunset</26>withhim;whiletheothersideofChaplinmakesMonsieurVerdoux,theFrenchwifekiller,intoasymbolofhatredforwomen.<P10>It'sarelieftoknowthatlifeeventuallygaveCharlieChaplinthestabilityandhappinessithadearlierdeniedhim.<P11>InOonaO'NeillChaplin,hefoundapartnerwhosestabilityandaffectionspannedthe37yearsagedifferencebetweenthem,whichhadseemedsothreatening,thatwhentheofficialwhowasmarryingthemin1942turnedtothebeautifulgirlof17who'dgivennoticeoftheirweddingdate,hesaid,"Andwhereistheyoungman?"—Chaplin,then54,hadcautiouslywaitedoutside.AsOonaherselfwasthechildofalargefamilywithitsownproblems,shewaswellpreparedforthebattlethatChaplin'slifebecameasmanyunfoundedrumors<27>surrounded</27>themboth—and,lateron,shewasthecenterofcalminthequarrelsthatChaplinsometimes<28>sparked</28>inhisownlargefamilyoftalentedchildren.Chaplindiedon<29>Christmas</29>Day1977.Afewmonthslater,acoupleofalmostcomicbodythievesstolehisbodyfromthefamily<30>burial</30>chamberandhelditformoney.<P12>ThepolicerecovereditwithmoreefficiencythanMackSennett's<31>clumsy</31>Keystone<32>Cops</32>wouldhavedone,butonecan'thelpfeelingChaplinwouldhaveregardedthisstrange<33>incident</33>asafitting<34>memorial</34>—hiswayofhavingthelastlaughonaworldtowhichhehadgivensomany.他出生在伦敦南部的一个贫困地区。他穿的短袜是从妈妈的红色长袜上剪下来的。他的妈妈一度被诊断为精神失常。狄更斯或许能创作出查理·卓别林的童年故事，但只有查理·卓别林才能塑造出了不起的喜剧角色“流浪汉”，这个使其创整理声名永驻的衣衫褴褛的小人物。就卓别林而言，其他国家，如法国、意大利、西班牙，甚至日本，都比他的出生地给予了他更多的掌声（和更多的收益）。在1913年，卓别林永久地离开了英国，与一些演员一起启程到美国进行舞台喜剧表演。在那里，他被星探招募到好莱坞喜剧片之王麦克·塞纳特的旗下工作。令人遗憾的是，20世纪二、三十年代的很多英国人认为卓别林的“流浪汉”多少有点“粗俗”。中产阶级当然这样认为。劳动阶层反倒更有可能为这样一个反抗权势的角色拍手喝彩：他以顽皮的小拐杖使绊子，或用皮靴后跟对准权势者肥大的臀部踢一下。尽管如此，卓别林的滑稽乞丐形象并不那么像英国人，甚至也不像劳动阶级的人。英国流浪者并不留小胡子，也不穿肥大的裤子或燕尾服：欧洲的领导人和意大利的侍者才那样穿戴。另外，“流浪汉”瞟着漂亮女孩的眼神也有些粗俗，被英国观众认为不太正派──只有外国人才那样，不是吗？而在卓别林大半的银幕生涯中，银幕上的他是不出声的，也就无从证明他是英国人。事实上，当卓别林再也无法抵制有声电影，不得不为他的“流浪汉”寻找“合适的声音”时，他确实很头疼。他尽可能地推迟那一天的到来：在1936的《摩登时代》里，他第一次在影片里发声唱歌。在片中，他扮演一名侍者，满口胡言乱语，听起来不像任何国家的语言。后来他说，他想象中的“流浪汉”是一位受过大学教育，但已经没落的绅士。但假如他在早期那些短小的喜剧电影中能操一口受教育人的口音，那么他是否会闻名世界就难说了，而英国人也肯定会觉得这很“古怪”。没有人知道卓别林这么干是不是有意的，但这促使他获得了巨大的成功。他是一个才能非凡的人，他的决心之大甚至在好莱坞明星中也十分少见。他的巨大名声为他带来了自由，更重要的是带来了财富，他因此得以成为自己的主人。在事业发展之初，他就感到一种冲动要去发掘并扩展自己身上所显露的天才。当他第一次在银幕上看到自己扮演的“流浪汉”时，他说：“这不可能是我。那可能吗？瞧这角色多么与众不同啊！”这种震惊唤起了他的想象。卓别林并没有把他的笑料事先写成文字。他是那种边表演边根据感觉去创造艺术的喜剧演员。没有生命的物体特别有助于卓别林发挥自己艺术家的天赋。他将这些物体想象成其他东西。因此，在《当铺老板》中，一个坏闹钟变成了正在接受手术的“病人”；在《淘金记》中，靴子被放在锅里煮，靴底被蘸着盐和胡椒吃掉，就像上好的鱼片一样（鞋钉就像鱼骨那样被剔除）。这种对事物的转化，以及他一次又一次做出这种转化的技巧，正是卓别林伟大喜剧的奥秘所在。他也深切地渴望被爱，同时也害怕遭到背叛。这两者很难结合在一起，有时这种冲突导致了灾难，就像他早期的几次婚姻那样。然而即使是这种以沉重代价换来的自知之明也在他的喜剧创作中得到了表现。“流浪汉”始终没有失去对卖花女的信心，相信她正等待着与自己共同走进夕阳之中；而卓别林的另一面使他的凡尔杜先生，一个杀了妻子的法国人，成为了仇恨女人的象征。令人宽慰的是，生活最终把卓别林先前没能获得的稳定和幸福给了他。他找到了沃娜·奥尼尔·卓别林这个伴侣。她的沉稳和深情跨越了他们之间37岁的年龄差距。他们的年龄差别太大，以致当1942年他们要结婚时，新娘公布了他们的结婚日期后，为他们办理手续的官员问这位漂亮的17岁姑娘：“那个年轻人在哪儿？”──当时已经54岁的卓别林小心翼翼在外面等候着。由于沃娜本人出生在一个被各种麻烦困扰的大家庭，她对卓别林生活中将面临的挑战也做好了充分准备，因为当时关于他俩有很多毫无根据的流言。后来在他那个有那么多天才孩子的大家庭中，卓别林有时会引发争吵，而她则成了安宁的中心。卓别林死于1977年圣诞节。几个月后，几个近乎可笑的盗尸者从他的家庭墓室盗走了他的尸体以借此诈钱。警方追回了他的尸体，其效率比麦克·塞纳特拍摄的启斯东喜剧片中的笨拙警察要高得多。但是人们不禁会感到，卓别林一定会把这一奇怪的事件看作是对他的十分恰当的纪念──他以这种方式给这个自己曾为之带去这么多笑声的世界留下最后的笑声。第四册unit2sectionBModestandsoft-spoken,AgathaMuthoniMbogo,24,ishardlytheimageofa<1>revolutionary</1>.Yet,sixmonthsago,shedidamostrevolutionarything:Sheranfor<2>mayor</2>ofEmbu,Kenya,andwon.<P1>Ms.Mbogo'svictorywasevenmoresurprisingbecauseshewasvotedinbyher<3>colleagues</3>ontheDistrictCouncil,allmen.ForthethousandsofwomeninthisfarmingareatwohoursnortheastofNairobi,Ms.MbogosuddenlybecameasymboloftheincreasinglypowerfulpoliticalforcewomenhavebecomeinKenyaandacrossAfrica.Ms.Mbogo<4>launched</4>herdreamofacareerinpoliticsin1992byrunningfortheEmbuCouncil,facingtheobstaclesthatoftentroubleAfricanwomenrunningforpoliticaloffice.Shehadlittlemoney.Shehadnopoliticalexperience.Shefacedridiculousquestionsaboutherpersonallife."MyopponentkeptinsistingthatIwasgoingtogetmarriedtosomebodyinanothertownandmoveaway,"Ms.Mbogosaid.Ms.Mbogoalsofaced<7>misunderstanding</7>amongthetown'swomen,manyofwhominitiallywereunwillingtovoteforher.Shebecamean<8>ambassador</8>forwomen'spoliticalrights,givingspeechesbeforewomen'sgroupsandgoingfromdoortodoor,handbaginhand,spendinghoursatatimegivingacombinationofspeechandgovernmentlesson."Iwasdelightedwhenshewonthe<9>election</9>,becausemenelectedher,"saidLydiahKimani,anEmbufarmerandpolitical<10>activist</10>.<P2>"Itwastheanswertomy<11>prayers</11>becauseitseemedtobeavictoryoverthisideathat'womencan'tlead'."<P3>EducationofAfricanwomenhasbecomeatoppriorityforpoliticalactivists.OneorganizationhashelddozensofworkshopsinruralKenyatohelpwomenunderstandthenation'sconstitutionandtheproceduresandtheorybehindademocraticpoliticalsystem.One<12>veteran</12>femalepoliticalactivistsaidthatmanywomenhadnotbeentaughtthe<13>basics</13>ofpoliticalparticipation.Theyaretaughttovotefortheonewho"givesyouahalfkilo<14>sack</14>offlour,200<15>grams</15>ofsalt,ora<16>loaf</16>ofbread"duringthecampaign,saidtheactivist.Womenpoliticiansandactivistssaytheyarefightingdeeply-heldculturaltraditions.ThosetraditionsteachthatAfricanwomencook,clean,takecareofchildren,<17>sow</17>andharvestcropsandsupporttheirhusbands.Theytypicallydonotinheritland,divorcetheirhusband,controltheirfinancesorholdpoliticaloffice.Yet,politicalactivityamongKenyanwomenisnotanewphenomenon.Duringthestruggleforindependenceinthe1950s,Kenyanwomenoftensecretlyprovidedtroopswithweaponsand<18>spied</18>onthepositionsof<19>colonial</19>forces.<P4>Butafterindependence,leaders<20>jealous</20>toprotecttheirpowershutthemoutofpolitics,asituationrepeatedacrossthecontinent.Today,menstillhavetheupperhand.WomeninKenyamakeup60percentofthepeoplewhovote,butonly3percentoftheNational<21>Assembly</21>.NoKenyanwomanhaseverheldacabinetpost.Againstthatbackground,AgathaMbogobeganherpoliticalcareer.Afterwinninghercouncilseat,shedeclinedaspotontheeducationandsocialservicescommitteeafteracolleaguecalledit"awoman'scommittee".Sheinsteadjoinedthetownplanningcommittee,amuchmorevisibleassignment.Thenlastyear,shedecidedtochallengeEmbu'smayor,aveteranpolitician.<P5>Ms.Mbogosaidshehadbecomefrustratedbecausethedonorgroupsthatprovide<22>substantial</22>aidtoKenya'sruralareas"didnotwanttocomehere"."Weweren'tseeingthingsdoneforthecommunity,"shesaid."Itwasa<23>scandal</23>—thedonors'moneyseemedtobegoingtoindividuals."Aftera<24>fierce</24>campaign,thecouncilelectedher,7to6.ShesaidwomeninEmbucelebrated.Menwerepuzzled;somewerehostile.Theyasked,"Howcouldallofthosemenvoteforawoman?"sherecalled.Ms.Mbogohasnotmetwiththekindsofabusethatotherfemalepoliticianshavebeensubjectedto,however.Somehavesaidtheirsupportersaresometimesattackedwithclubsafter<25>rallies</25>.LastJune,Kenyanpoliceattemptedtobreakupawomen'spoliticalmeetingnorthwestofNairobi,insistingitwas<26>illegal</26>andmightstarta<27>riot</27>.Whenthe100women,includingamemberoftheNationalAssembly,refusedtogo,officerstoredowntheir<28>banners</28>andbeatthemwithclubsandfists,witnessesreported.Incontrast,Ms.MbogogenerallyreceiveswarmgreetingsfromthemenofEmbu,andmanysaytheyarenowgladthecouncilchoseher.Donorgroupsarenow<29>funding</29>projectsinEmbuin<30>earnest</30>.Anewmarketisgoingupdowntown.A200-bedsectionfornewmothersisbeingaddedtothehospital.A<31>dormitory</31>-stylehomehasbeenbuiltforthedozensofhomelessstreetchildrenwhooncewanderedthecity.Ms.Mbogoisespeciallyproudofthemarketandthehospitalbecause"theyhaveanimpactonwomen".Atthecurrentmarket,wherehundre