12010上海高考英语完形填空真题答案

2017年上海高考英语真题2016年Inthe1960s,DouglasMcGregor,oneofthekeythinkersmanagement,developedthemowfamousTheoryXandTheoryY

intheartof.TheoryXistheideathatpeopleinstinctively（本能地）51workandwilldoanythingtoavoidit.TheoryYistheviewthateveryonehasthepotentialtofindsatisfactioninwork.Inanycase,despitesomuchevidencetothe52,manymanagersstillagreetoTheoryX.Theybelieve,53,thattheiremployeesneedconstantsupervision(监，管理督)iftheyaretoworkeffectively,orthatdecisionsmustbe（imposesthonsb把?增强某给人）imposedfrom54withoutconsultation（咨询）.This,ofcourse,makesforauthoritarian(制专的)managers.Differentcultureshavedifferentwaysof55people.Unlikeauthoritarianmanagement,somecultures,particularlyinAsia,arewellknownfortheconsultativenatureofdecision-making—allmembersofthedepartmentorworkgroupareaskedto56tothisprocess.Thisismanagementbythecollective（集体的，共同的）opinion.ManywesterncompanieshavetriedtoimitatesuchAsianwaysofdoingthings,whicharebasedongeneral57.Someexpertssaythatwomenwillbecomemoreeffectivemanagersthanmenbecausetheyhavethepowertoreachcommongoalsinawaythattraditional58managerscannot.Arecenttrendhasbeentoencourageemployeestousetheirowninitiative（开创精神，主动）权,tomakedecisionsontheirownwithout59managersfirst.Thisdownsizing:60

empowermentthenumber

of

(受权)hasbeenpartofthetrendtowardsmanagementlayersincompanies.

Afterde-layering（减少职工）层inthisway,acompanymaybe61withjustatoplevelofseniormanagers,front-linemanagersandemployeeswithdirectcontactwiththepublic.muchfurtherthanhas

Empowermenttakestheideaofdelegation62beenthecase.Empowermentanddelegation

(拜托)meannewformsofmanagementcontrolto63thattheoverallbusinessplanisbeingfollowed,andthatoperationsbecomemoreprofitableundertheneworganization,ratherthanless.Anothertrendisoff-site（不在现场的）or64management,whereteamsofpeoplelinkedbye-mailandtheInternetworkonprojectsfromtheirownhouses.Projectmanagersevaluatethe65oftheteammembersintermsofwhattheyproduceforprojects,ratherthantheamountoftimetheyspendonthem.51.A.desireB.seekC.loseD.dislike52.A.contraryB.expectationC.degreeD.extreme53.A.viceversaB.forexampleC.howeverD.otherwise（反过来也是同样的）54.A.outsideB.insideC.belowD.above55.A.replacingB.assessingC.managingD.encouraging（评论，估价）56.A.referB.contributeC.objectD.apply（~+to有助于）57.A.agreementB.practiceC.electionD.impression58.A.bossyB.experiencedC.westernD.male59.A.askingB.trainingC.warningD.firing60.A.doublingB.maintainingC.reducingD.estimating61.A.honoredB.leftC.crowdedD.compared62.A.economicallyB.traditionallyC.inadequatelyD.occasionally（不够地，不够好地）63.A.denyB.admitC.assumeD.ensure(假设，担当)64.A.virtualB.ineffectiveC.day-to-dayD.on-the-scene65.A.opinionB.riskC.performanceD.attractiveness2015年Ifyoustudiedpicturesthatancientpeopleleftonrockwallsandyoutriedtodeterminetheirmeaning,romanceamongtheartists.

youwouldnot51,youwouldsee

detect（探测，觉察）interestplentyofanimalswithpeople

inrunningafterthem.Lifeforancientpeople

’esarned

to

center

on（集中在）huntingandgatheringwildfoodsformeals.Inmoderntimes,whenfoodisavailableingrocerystores,findingloveismore52inpeople’（作为?适合）lovestoriesinpopularculture.Researchersarestudyingwhetherlove,ahighlyvaluedemotionalstate,canbe54.Theyask,whatislove?Toothpastecompanieswantustothinkattractionisallaboutcleanteeth,butcleanteethgoonlysofar.Scientistswonderhowmuchthebraingetsinvolved.Youhaveprobablyheardthatoppositesattractbutthat55attract,too.Onethingiscertain:Thetruthaboutloveisnotyetsetinstone.(一层不，变板上钉)FirstImpressionTohelpdeterminethe56ofattraction,researcherspaired164collegeclassmatesandhadthemtalkfor3,6or10minutessotheycouldgetasenseofeachother’sindividuality.Thenstudentswereaskedto57whatkindofrelationshiptheywerelikelytobuildwiththeirpartners.Afternineweeks,theyreportedwhathappened.Asitturnedout,their58judgmentsoftenheldtrue.Studentsseemedto59atanearlystagewhowouldbestfitintotheirlives.The60KnowsScientistshavealsoturnedtononhumanstoincreaseunderstandingofattraction.Manyanimalsgiveoffpheromones（信息激素）—naturalchemicalsthatcanbedetectedby,andthencanproducearesponsein,otheranimalsofthesamespecies.Pheromonescansignalthatananimaliseitherreadyfightorisfeeling61topartnerships.Incontrast,humansdonotseemtobe

toas62asotheranimalsatdetectingsuchchemicals.Smell,however,doesseemtoplayapartinhumanattraction.Althoughwemaynotbeawareofchemicalslikepheromonesconsciously,wegiveandreceiveloadsofinformationthroughsmellineveryinteractionwithotherpeople.Beingfondofsomeoneseemstohaveanumberoffactors,includingseeingsomethingwefindattractive.Researchershadpeoplejudgefacesfor63.Theparticipantshad0.013secondstovieweachface,yetsomehowtheygenerallyconsideredtheimagesthesameaspeoplewhohadmoretimetostudythesamefaces.Thewaywe64attractivenessseemtobesomewhatautomatic.Whenshownanattractivefaceandthenwordswithgoodorbadassociations,peoplerespondedto65wordsfasterafterviewinganattractiveface.Seeingsomethingattractiveseemstocausehappythinking.51.A.InsteadB.ThereforeC.MoreoverD.Otherwise52.A.romanticB.stressfulC.centralD.beneficial53.A.priorityB.proofC.possibilityD.principle（原则，原理）54.A.testedB.imposedC.changedD.created55.A.appearancesB.virtuesC.similaritiesD.passions56.A.illustrationsB.implicationsC.ingredientsD.intentions（示意，含意）（配料，资料）57.A.predictB.investigateC.diagnoseD.recall（判断）（责备的，决定性的）（谈判，磋商）60.A.NoseB.EyeC.HeartD.Hand61.A.openB.alertC.resistantD.superior（警备的，敏捷的）62.A.disappointedB.amazedC.confusedD.gifted63.A.emotionsB.attractivenessC.individualityD.signals64.A.enhanceB.possessC.maintainD.assess65.A.familiarB.plainC.positiveD.insulting（欺侮的）2014年Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsoftheday,notheateddebatesaboutfilmswe'vejustwatchedorbookswe'vejustfinishedreading,butplainandsimple__51__.Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspecies,andwhatdowe__52__dowithit?Wegossip.Aboutothers'behaviourandprivatelives,suchaswho'sdoingwhatwithwhom,who'sinandwho'sout-andwhy;howtodealwithdifficult__53__situationsinvolvingchildren,lovers,andcolleagues.Sowhyarewekeenongossiping?Arewejustnatural__54__,ofbothtimeandwords?Ordowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacingupto（敢于面对）thereallyimportantissuesoflife?It'snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.Infact,inhislatestbook,Grooming,GossipandtheEvolutionofLanguage,thepsychologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally__55__issues.Dunbar__56__thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectively,oreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesupernatural.（超自然的）Insteadhesuggeststwo-thirds

thatof

languageourtime

evolved（进化）gossipingjust

amongbecause

women.we

Wecan

don'ttalk,

spendarguesDunbar—__57__,hegoesontosay,languageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip.Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe__58__ofthehigherprimates（灵长类动物）likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming（妆扮，梳理毛发，新郎，马夫）--cleaningthefurbybrushingit,monkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor__59__fromoutsideit.Aswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamily,Dunbar__60__thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroup,thegreaterthe__61__itprovided;ontheotherhand,thebiggerthegroup,thegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto__62__thepressureandcalmeverybodydown.Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbigger,theamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe__63__tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearly,amore__64__kindofgroomingwasneeded,andthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocal（有声的）groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one__65__contact.B.descriptionC.gossipD.languageB.habituallyC.independentlyD.originally（习惯地）（本来，开初，独创地）B.politicalC.historicalD.culturalB.mastersC.usersD.wasters（挥霍者，废物）B.sensitiveC.idealD.difficultB.rejectsC.outlinesD.broadens（概括）B.inadditionC.onthecontraryD.asaresultB.appearanceC.emotionD.behaviourB.contactC.inspectionD.assistance（视察，检查）B.deniesC.concludesD.confesses

B.responsibilityB.show

C.leadershipC.maintain

D.protectionD.ease（减少，放松，安适自在）

B.extended

C.consumed

D.gained（扩展，供给）

B.efficientB.daily

C.scientificC.physical

D.ThoughtfulD.secret2013年Overthepastfewdecades,moreandmorecountrieshaveopenedupthemarkets,increasinglytransformingtheworldeconomyintoonefree-flowingglobalmarket.Thequestionis：Iseconomicglobalization50forall?AccordingtotheWorldBank,oneofitschiefsupporters,economicglobalizationhashelpedreduce51inalargenumberofdevelopingcountries.Itquotesonestudythatshowsincreasedwealth52toimprovededucationandlongerlifeintwenty-fourdevelopingcountriesasaresultofintegration(oflocaleconomiesintotheworldeconomy.Hometosomethreebillionpeople,thesetwenty-fourcountrieshaveseenincomes53atanaveragerateoffivepercent—comparedtotwopercentindevelopedcountries.

交融)Thosewho54globalizationclaimthateconomiesindevelopingcountrieswillbenefitfromnewopportunitiesforsmallandhome-basedbusinesses.55,smallfarmersinBrazilwhoproducenutsthatwouldoriginallyhavesoldonlyin56open-airmarketscannowpromotetheirgoodsworldwidebytheInternet.Criticstakeadifferentview,believingthateconomicglobalizationisactually57thegapbetweentherichandpoor.AstudycarriedoutbytheU.N.-sponsoredWorldCommissionontheSocialDimensionofGlobalizationshowsthatonlyafewdevelopingcountrieshaveactually58fromintegrationintotheworldeconomyandthatthepoor,theuneducated,unskilledworkers,andnativepeopleshavebeenleftbehind.59,theymaintain（保持，养护，断言）thatglobalizationmayeventuallythreatenemerging（新兴的）businesses.Forexample,Indiancraftsmenwhocurrentlyseemtobenefitfromglobalizationbecausetheyareableto60theirproductsmaysoonfacefiercecompetitionthatcouldpotthemoutof61.Whenlarge-scalemanufacturersstarttoproducethesamegoods,orwhensuperstoreslikeWal-Martmovein,thesesmallbusinesseswillnotbeableto62andwillbecrowdedout.Onethingiscertainaboutglobalization—thereisno63.Advancesintechnologycombinedwithmoreopenpolicieshavealreadycreatedaninterconnectedworld.The64nowisfindingawaytocreateakindofglobalizationthatworksforthebenefitofall.50.A.possibleB.smoothC.goodD.easy51.A.crimeB.povertyC.conflictD.population52.A.contributingB.respondingC.turningD.owing53.A.remainB.dropC.shiftD.increase54.A.doubtB.defineC.advocateD.ignore55.A.InadditionB.ForinstanceC.InotherwordsD.Allinall56.A.matureB.newC.localD.foreign57.A.findingB.exploringC.bridgingD.widening58.A.sufferedB.profitedC.learnedD.withdrawn（赢利，有利于）（撤回，撤离，取款）59.A.FurthermoreB.ThereforeC.HoweverD.Otherwise60.A.consumeB.deliverC.exportD.advertise61.A.troubleB.businessC.powerD.mind62.A.keepupB.comeinC.goaroundD.helpout63.A.takingoffB.gettingalongC.holdingoutD.turningback（腾飞，脱掉，开始成功）（伸出，坚持）（返回）D.challenge2012年PeopleonacollegecampusweremorelikelytogivemoneytotheMarchofDimesiftheywereaskedforadonationbyadisabledwomaninawheelchairthanifaskedbyanondisabledwoman.Inanother50,subwayridersinNewYorksawamancarryingastickstumble（绊脚）andfalltothefloor.Sometimesthevictimhadalargeredbirthmarkonhis51;sometimeshedidnot.Inthissituation,thevictimwasmorelikelyto52aidifhisfacewasspotlessthanifhehadanunattractivebirthmark.In53theseandotherresearchfindings,twothemesare54:wearemorewillingtohelppeoplewelikeforsomereasonandpeoplewethink55assistance.Insomesituations,thosewhoarephysicallyattractivearemorelikelytoreceiveaid.56,inafieldstudyresearchersplacedacompletedapplicationtograduateschool（研究所）inatelephoneboxattheairport.Theapplicationwasreadytobe57,buthadapparentlybeen"lost".Thephotoattachedtotheapplicationwassometimesthatofavery58personandsometimesthatofalessattractiveperson.Themeasureofhelpingwaswhethertheindividualwhofoundtheenvelopeactuallymaileditornot.Resultsshowedthatpeopleweremorelikelyto59theapplicationifthepersoninthephotowasphysicallyattractive.Thedegreeof60betweenthepotentialhelperandthepersoninneedisalsoimportant.Forexample,peoplearemorelikelytohelpastrangerwhoisfromthesamecountryratherthanaforeigner.Inonestudy,shoppersonabusystreetinScotlandweremorelikelytohelpapersonwearinga(n)61T-shirtthanapersonwearingaT-shirtprintedwithoffensivewords.Whetherapersonreceiveshelpdependsinpartonthe"worth"ofthecase.Forexample,shoppersinasupermarketweremorelikelytogivesomeone62tobuymilkratherthantobuycookies,probablybecausemilkisthoughtmoreessentialfor63thancookies.PassengersonaNewYorksubwayweremorelikelytohelpamanwhofelltothegroundifheappearedtobe64ratherthandrunk.（递送，提出）（填写，长胖）（健谈的，多嘴的）2011年Everyoneinbusinesshasbeentoldthatsuccessisallaboutattractingandretaining(留住)customers.Itsoundssimpleandachievable.But,50,wordsofwisdomaresoonforgotten.Oncecompanieshaveattractedcustomerstheyoften51thesecondhalfofthestory.Intheexcitementofbeatingoff（击退）thecompetition,negotiatingprices,securing（固定，使安全，获取）orders,anddeliveringtheproduct,managerstendtobecomecarriedaway.（冲昏?脑头,走带，冲走）Theyforgetwhattheyregardastheboringsideofbusiness—52thatthecustomerremainsacustomer.53toconcentrateonretainingaswellasattractingcustomerscostsbusinesshugeamountsofmoneyannually.Ithasbeenestimatedthattheaveragecompanylosesbetween10and30percentofitscustomerseveryyears.Inconstantly（不停的，常常的）changingWhatissurprisingisthefactthatfewcompaniescustomerstheyhavelost.

,thisisnotsurprising.haveanyideahowmanyOnlynowareorganizationsbeginningtowakeupto（意识到）thoselostopportunitiesandcalculatethe55implications.（示意，牵）连Cuttingdownthenumberofcustomersacompanylosescanmakeabig56initsperformance.ResearchintheUSfoundthatafivepercentdecreaseinthenumberofdefecting(流失的)customersledto57increasesofbetween25and85percent.IntheUS,Domino’sPizzaestimatesthataregularcustomerisworthmorethan$5,000overtenyears.Acustomerwhoreceivesapoorqualityproductorserviceontheirfirstvisitand58neverreturns,islosing（使?失掉，可接双宾）语thecompanythousandsofdollarsin59profits(moreifyouconsiderhowmanypeopletheyarelikelytotellabouttheirbadexperience).Thelogicbehindcultivatingcustomer60isimpossibletodeny.“Inpracticemostcompanies’marketingeffortisfocusedongettingcustomers,withlittleattentionpaidto61them”,saysAdrianPayneofCornfieldUniversity’SchoolofManagement.“Researchsuggeststhatthereisacloserelationshipbetweenretainingcustomersandmakingprofits.62customerstendtobuymore,arepredictableandusuallycostlesstoservicethannewcustomers.Furthermore,theytendtobelessprice63,andmayprovidefreeword-of-mouth（口头的，口头传达的）advertising.Retainingcustomersalsomakesit64forcompetitorstoenteramarketorincreasetheirshareofamarket.50.A.inparticularB.inrealityC.atleastD.firstofall51.A.emphasizeB.doubtC.overlookD.believe（忽略，俯瞰）52.A.denyingB.ensuringC.arguingD.proving（保证，保证）53.A.MovingB.HopingC.StartingD.Failing54.A.marketsB.tastesC.pricesD.expenses55.A.cultureB.socialC.financialD.economical（经济的，节约的）56.A.promiseB.planC.mistakeD.difference57.A.costB.opportunityC.profitD.budget58.A.asaresultB.onthewholeC.inconclusionD.onthecontrary59.A.hugeB.potentialC.extraD.reasonable60.A.beliefsB.loyaltyC.habitsD.interest61.A.alteringB.understandingC.keepingD.attracting（局部稍微的改变）62.A.AssumedB.RespectedC.EstablishedD.Unexpected63.A.agreeableB.flexibleC.friendlyD.sensitive（可曲折的，柔韧的，可变通的，灵巧的）64.A.unfairB.difficultC.essentialD.convenient2010年Thefirstattemptofeventhemosttalentedartists,musicians,andwritersisseldomamasterpiece,Ifyouconsideryourdraftsasdressrehearsals(彩排),ortryouts,（试用，初赛）revisingwillseemanaturalpartofthewriting___50___.Whatisthepurposeofthedressrehearsalsandtheout-of-townpreviews（试映，预告，预习）thatmanyBroadwayshowsgothrough?Theanswerisadding,deleting,replacing,reordering,___51___revising.AndrewLloydWebber'smusicalPhantomoftheOperaunderwent（经历）suchaprocess.WhenLloydWebberbeganwritingin1984,hehadinmindafunny,excitingproduction.However,whenPhantomopenedinLondonin1986,theaudiencesawamovingpsychologicallovestorymusicalhad___52___severalrevisions

due,

settomusic.inpart,to

（被谱曲）problems

Thewithcostumingandmakeup(戏服和化妆).Forinstance,LloydWebber___53___someofthemusicbecausethePhantom'smakeuppreventedtheactorfromsingingcertainsounds.Whenyourevise,youchangeaspects