2021年新托福题库历年真题

经典word整理文档，仅参考，双击此处可删除页眉页脚。本资料属于网络整理，如有侵权，请联系删除，谢谢！新托福题库包括真题精选、章节练习和模拟试题三部分。具体如下：第一部分为真题精选。精选新托福两套真题，考生既可以体验真实考试，也可以测试自己的水平。每道真题均提供名师详细解析。第二部分为章节练习。遵循新托福的考试标准，按照最新真题题型的章目编排，共分为五章：阅读、听力（对话和讲座）、口语（IndependentTask1、IndependentTask2、IntegratedTask3等）、综合写作和独立写作。规律及热门考点进行考前预测，其试题数量、试题难度完全仿真最新真题。才聪学习网——考研真题、考资格证、考试题库TheReadingsectiontestsyourabilitytounderstandrThepThisistheshortformatfortheReadingsection.Ontheshortformat,youwillreadthreepassages.Aftereachpassage,youwillanswer12-14questionsaboutit.Youmaytakenoteswhileyouread,butnotesarenotgraded.Youmayuseyournotestoanswerthequestions.Somepassagesmayincludeawordorphrasethatisunderlinedinblue.ClickonthewordorphrasetoseeaglossaryChoosethebestanswerformultiple-choicequestions.Followthedirectionsonthepageoronthescreenforcomputer-assistedquestions.Mostquestionsareworth1point,butthelastquestionineachpassageisworthmorethan1point.TheReadingsectionisdividedintoparts.ClickonNexttogotothenextquestion.ClickonBacktoreturntopreviousquestions.Youmayreturntopreviousquestionsforallofthepassagesinthesamepart,bu才聪学习网——考研真题、考资格证、考试题库tafteryougotothenextpart,youwillnotbeabletoreturntopassagesinthepreviouspart.BesurethatyouhaveansweredallofthequestionsforthepassagesineachpartbeforeyouclickonNextattheendofthepassagetomovetothenextpart.YoucanclickonReviewtoseeachartofthequestionsyouhaveansweredandthequestionsyouhavenotansweredineachpart.Fromthisscreen,youcanreturntothequestionyouwanttoanswerinthepartthatisopen.Youwillhave20minutestoreadeachpassageandanswerthequestionsforthatpassage.Youwillhave60minutestocompleteallofthepassagesandanswerallofthequestionsontheshortformat.Aclockonthescreenwillshowyouhowmuchtimeyouhavet[1]Coldstorage,orrefrigeration,iskeepingfoodattemperaturesbetween32and45degreesFinordertodelaythegrowthofmicroorganisms—bacteria,molds,andyeast—thatcausefoodtospoil.Refrigerationproducesfewchangesinfood,someats,fish,eggs,mi才聪学习网——考研真题、考资格证、考试题库lk,fruits,andvegetableskeeptheiroriginalflavor,color,andnutrition.Beforeartificialrefrigerationwasinvented,peoplestoredperishablefoodwithiceorsnowtolengthenitsstoragetime.Preservingfoodbykeepingitinanice-filledpitisa4,000-year-oldart.Coldstorageareaswerebuiltinbasements,cellars,orcaves,linedwithwoodorstraw,andpackedwithice.Theicewastransportedfrommountains,orharvestedfromlocallakesorrivers,anddeliveredinlargeblockstohomesandbusinesses.istheprocessofremovingheatfromasubstance,container,or,enclosedarea,toloweritstemperature.Theheatismovedfromtheinsideofthecontainertotheoutside.Arefrigeratorusestheevaporationofavolatileliquid,orrefrigerant,toabsorbheat.Inmosttypesofrefrigerators,therefrigerantiscompressed,pumpedthroughapipe,andallowedtovaporize.Astheliquidturnstovapor,itlosesheatandgetscolderbecausethemoleculesofvaporuseenergytoleavetheliquid.Themoleculesleftbehindhavelessenergyandsotheliquidbecomescolder.Thus,theairinsidetherefrigeratorischilled.才聪学习网——考研真题、考资格证、考试题库[3]Scientistsandinventorsfromaroundtheworlddevelopedartificialrefrigerationduringtheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies.WilliamCullendemonstratedartificialrefrigerationinScotlandin1748,whenheletethyletherboilintoapartialvacuum.In1805,AmericaninventorOliverEvansdesignedthefirstrefrigerationmachinethatusedvaporinsteadofliquid.In1842,physicianJohnGorrieusedEvans’sdesigntocreateanair-coolingapparatustotreatyellow-feverpatientsinaFloridahospital.Gorrielaterlefthismedicalpracticeandexperimentedwithicemaking,andin1851hewasgrantedthefirstU.S.patentformechanicalrefrigeration.Inthesameyear,anAustralianprinter,JamesHarrison,builtanetherrefrigeratorafternoticingthatwhenhecleanedhistypewithetheritbecameverycoldastheetherevaporated.Fiveyearslater,Harrisonintroducedvapor-compressionrefrigerationto[4]BrewingwasthefirstindustryintheUnitedStatestousemechanicalrefrigerationextensively,andinthe1870s,commercialrefrigerationwasprimarilydirectedatbreweries.German-bornAdolphusBuschwasthe才聪学习网——考研真题、考资格证、考试题库firsttouseartificialrefrigerationathisbreweryinSt.Louis.Beforerefrigeration,brewersstoredtheirbeerincaves,andproductionwasconstrainedbytheamountofavailablecavespace.Brewingwasstrictlyalocalbusiness,sincebeerwashighlyperishableandshippingitanydistancewouldresultinspoilage.Buschsolvedthestorageproblemwiththecommercialvapor-compressionrefrigerator.Hesolvedtheshippingproblemwiththenewlyinventedrefrigeratedrailcar,whichwithicebunkersineachend.Aircameinonthetop,passedthroughthebunkers,andcirculatedthroughthecarbygravity.InsolvingBusch’sspoilageandstorageproblems,refrigerationalsorevolutionizedanentireindustry.By1891,nearlyeverybrewerywasequippedwithmechanicalrefrigeratingmachines.[5]Therefrigeratorsoftodayrelyonthesamebasicprincipleofcoolingcausedbytherapidevaporationaofgases.Until1929,refrigeratorsusedtoxicgases—ammonia,methylchloride,andsulfurdioxide—asrefrigerants.Afterthosegasesaccidentallykilledseveralpeople,chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)became才聪学习网——考研真题、考资格证、考试题库thestandardrefrigerant.However,theywerefoundtobeharmfultotheearth’sozonelayer,sorefrigeratorsnowusearefrigerantcalledHFC134a,whichislessharmfultotheozone.1.Whatisthemainreasonthatpeopledevelopedmethodsofrefrigeration?(A)Theywantedtoimprovetheflavorandnutritionalvalueoffood.(B)Theyneededtoslowthenaturalprocessesthatcausefoodtospoil.(C)Theyneededausefortheicethatformedonlakesandrivers.(D)Theywantedtoexpandtheproductionofcertainindustries.2.Thewordperishableinparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto(C)ofanimalorigin(D)highlynutritious才聪学习网——考研真题、考资格证、考试题库3.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutcoldstoragebeforetheinventionofartificialrefrigeration?(A)Itkeptfoodcoldforonlyaboutaweek.(B)Itwasdependentonasourceoficeorsnow.(C)Itrequiredacontainer(D)Itwasnotasafemethodofpreserving4.Art