平流层通信课程

平流层通信课程第1页/共133页PSLIPLGroundstationSwitch/GatewayIPHAP第2页/共133页第3页/共133页散逸层对流层平流层中间层热层(电离层)臭氧层大气垂直分层图第4页/共133页第5页/共133页

大气的垂直分层垂直分层（由下而上）气温变化特点各层特点对流层平流层中间层热层（电离层）散逸层

空气十分稀薄气温随高度增加而升高气温随高度增加而递减对流运动显著；水汽、尘埃集中；有复杂多变的天气现象大气水平运动；利于高空飞行气温随高度增加而递减气温随高度增加急剧升高大部分气体以离子态存在；反射波长较短的无线电波高空对流第6页/共133页电离层好象一面反射无线电短波的镜子，使无线电短波在地面和电离层之间，能够多次反射而传播到很远的地方。第7页/共133页04.04.20238第8页/共133页04.04.20239第9页/共133页04.04.202310第10页/共133页04.04.202311第11页/共133页04.04.202312第12页/共133页04.04.202313第13页/共133页04.04.202314第14页/共133页04.04.202315第15页/共133页04.04.202316第16页/共133页第17页/共133页第18页/共133页第19页/共133页第20页/共133页第21页/共133页04.04.202322第22页/共133页04.04.202323SkyNet,HELIOSandHALOaerialplatforms.第23页/共133页04.04.202324第24页/共133页04.04.202325第25页/共133页04.04.202326第26页/共133页04.04.202327第27页/共133页04.04.202328第28页/共133页04.04.202329第29页/共133页04.04.202330第30页/共133页04.04.202331第31页/共133页04.04.202332第32页/共133页04.04.202333第33页/共133页04.04.202334第34页/共133页04.04.202335第35页/共133页04.04.202336第36页/共133页04.04.202337第37页/共133页04.04.202338第38页/共133页04.04.202339第39页/共133页04.04.202340第40页/共133页04.04.202341第41页/共133页Introduction(1)HighAltitudePlatforms(HAPs) StratosphericPlatforms(SPFs) Height17~22Km from

hot-airballoonsAdvantageof SatelliteCommunicationSystem TerrestrialWirelessSystem第42页/共133页平流层通信概述

平流层平台与地面设施通信

平流层平台之间的通信。

平流层平台与卫星网络通信。应用：

宽带无线接入

手机通信

紧急事件或灾难事件中的应用

军事通信优势：

延迟小

覆盖区域大

容量大：

适用性广

系统造价低，通信资费便宜

快速部署04.04.202343第43页/共133页平流层飞艇的主要特点：(1)长期驻空能力；(2)大范围定点能力；(3)地面覆盖区域较大；(4)可根据地理条件灵活机动地构建；(5)有效载荷承载能力较强；(6)可重复使用。

平流层通信的频段已选定，从平流层平台到地球为47．2～47．5GHz，从地球到平流层平台为47．9～48．2GHz。该频段业经1997年世界无线电大会(WRC-97)议定，专门用于高海拔平台电台通信。该频段属毫米波，其波长介于微波与光波之间，具有微波和光波的特点，通信设备结构可以做得很小，特别是可以使用小天线，但可以获得很强的方向性。毫米波在传播中受杂渡影响小，对尘埃等微粒穿透能力强，因此有很高的传播稳定性。04.04.202344第44页/共133页平流层通信的挑战

平流层大气特性

系统水平需求

资源分配和网络协议

平台稳定

雨雪衰落04.04.202345第45页/共133页平流层通信具有重要的军事应用前景由于平流层通信系统具有费用低、可快速部署、地面设备少、使用灵活、回收方便等特点。在战场上空可迅速建立起空中信息收集和交换通道，将战地信息迅速、准确地传输到作战指挥中心．从而达到实时指挥作战的目的另外．系统还可以对1000km地段．方圆近百万平方公里的地面和天空进行不问断的监视其主要特点如下：1平流层通信系统特别适用于有限区域、边缘地带以及战役和应急情况下的临时服务2系统的造价和资费较低。3通信平台可以不需要发射器，通过调节自身浮力，就能自行升空并移动到预定位置4与蜂窝网相比，平流层通信可实现视距通信，路径损耗只相当于半径为2km的蜂窝小区的损耗04.04.202346第46页/共133页平流层通信平台1热气球2太阳能飞艇3无人飞机4无人航空工具UAV(UnmannedAerialVehicle)5系留航空器(tetheredaerostat平流层建立无线通信平台，平台主要由以下部分组成：①多气囊蜂窝状结构、并充有氦气的多层蒙皮飞艇；②飞艇位置保持系统；③通信有效载荷；④用于日间供电的综合太阳能电池阵和夜间供电的燃料电池。04.04.202347第47页/共133页飞艇是一种有推进装置、利用浮力原理升空、可控制飞行的飞行器。平流层飞艇的潜在用途是作为近空间信息平台，主要包括：1信息获取。2通信与分发3导航定位，其高精度的定位信息还可用于城市或区域的数字化，及时地满足城市规划、国土测绘、地籍管理、城乡建设、环境监测、能源开发、交通监控、防灾减灾等多种现代信息化管理的社会需求04.04.202348第48页/共133页HAP之飞艇通信

一种崭新的无线通信方式将在新世纪之初投入运行，部分取代卫星通信阿，该项技术的核心，是利用漂浮于地球上空20~24km平流层的飞艇上装载的通信平台，实现信息的传输或转发，其作用如同通信卫星上的转发器或地面微波通信中继站。

飞艇通信的成本，只有地球静止轨道通信卫星的1／10，是光缆通信的1／5。有关公司估计一个飞艇通信平台造价为4000万美元，其中飞艇本身1000万美元，能源2000万美元，通信设备l000万美元，用户资费每分钟几美分由于飞艇漂浮在20~24km的平流层，与静止轨道(高36000km)卫星和低中轨道(700~11000km)卫星相比，飞艇距地面近许多，对地面终端所需功率的要求，自然小得多，有利于实现终端的便携、手持和小型化04.04.202349第49页/共133页HAP：飞艇通信飞艇升空比卫星发射简单得多．失败的风险性很小，飞艇还具有重复使用和维护非常方便的特点，它只需要每隔几年返回地面补充氦气，并可在地面修理和补充通信设备，其寿命可达数十年04.04.202350第50页/共133页需要计算很多参数04.04.202351第51页/共133页第52页/共133页第53页/共133页Introduction(2)Easytodeploy,incrementaldeployFlexibility,ReconfigurabilityLowcostofoperation(comparingtoSatellites)LowpropagationdelayHighElevation!WideareacoverageBroadcast/MulticastMobility!BUT,Problemswith MonitoringofStation Airshipmanufacturing Antennatechnology第54页/共133页Introduction(4)HAPsfor3G+systembecauseofEasytomaintainEasytodeployLowerpathloss4G:Satellite+HAPS=MBMS（

MultimediaBroadcastMulticastService

）Standalone

HAPsforlowpopulationwithlargearea.第55页/共133页AerialVehicles,KeyIssuesandSpectrumAllocationThreetypesPropulsion+unmannedairships(balloons,aerostats)HighAltitudeLongEndurancePlatforms(HALEPlatforms)Solar-poweredunmannedaircraftMannedaircraft(???)第56页/共133页第57页/共133页第58页/共133页第59页/共133页第60页/共133页第61页/共133页KeyIssuesAirshipHOVERINGGPSDieselMotors+Solarpowered第62页/共133页SpectrumAllocationITUallocatesHAPsfrequencywith48/47GHz+

600MHz sharedwithsatelliteORfor3G,2GHzForbroadband,fixedapplication18-32GHzTable5.第63页/共133页第64页/共133页ArchitecturesandServicesI-NetworkDesign-HighreliabilityLowpowerconsumptionLighterpayloadMax150KMfootprintbyITUMin.5degreeofelevationRecommended15+degreetoavoidclutter第65页/共133页第66页/共133页ArchitecturesandServices(2)-NetworkDesign-FrequencyReuseCellulararchitectureHighBandwidthforBroadbandapplicationFixedChannelAllocation(FCA)DynamicChannelAllocation(DCA)

HeliNetNetworkCAPANINA(CommunicationsfromAerialPlatformNetworksDeliveringBroadbandcommunicationsforall)第67页/共133页第68页/共133页ArchitecturesandServices(3)-NetworkDesign-Backhaullinks,duplicatedHightrafficfordownlinkAsymmetrytouplinkMultipleuplinksforbackhaulstation第69页/共133页ArchitecturesandServices(4)-NetworkDesign-Macrocelland

microcellarchitecture(Fig.12)Ruralmacrocell(Fig.13)Sectoring.(Fig.14)forsystemcapacity第70页/共133页第71页/共133页第72页/共133页ArchitecturesandServices(5)-NetworkDesign-Ring-shapedCellClustering(Fig.15). CoaxialRings Multi-beam,controllableantenna SimplerhandoffdesignCellscanning(Fig.16)Stratosphericradio-relayMaritime(Fig.17)第73页/共133页第74页/共133页第75页/共133页ArchitecturesandServices-Capacity-BandwidthCellsizedependsonAntennaDirectionalAntennaInterference(Fig.20)第76页/共133页第77页/共133页第78页/共133页第79页/共133页第80页/共133页第81页/共133页第82页/共133页第83页/共133页Antennas(1)RequirementsHighfrequencyforHighbandwidthHighgain,directionalantennaMultibeamantennawith100+beamsFig.34forfootprintBeamcontrollabilityLowpayloadandlowpowerReliability第84页/共133页Antennas(2)Arrayoftheantennaat2.2Ghz,21KmheightWiderarraywithhighaltitude,narrowerarraywithhighfrequencyMultibeamHorn(MBH)DigitalBeamforming(DBF)Table

XⅡ第85页/共133页第86页/共133页第87页/共133页ApplicationsandRelatedProjects(1)-Applications-HAPsisabletoRAPIDDEPLOYOlympicGame,Popconcert,RescuemanagementWidebandInternetaccess,entertainmentvideo,audio,videoconferencing,cellulartelephony,digitalnetworkStandaloneHAPnetworkSupplementarynetworkforotherterrestrialnetwork第88页/共133页ApplicationsandRelatedProjects(2)-Applications-HAPcan

becombinedwithGSMspeceasilyHAPwithBASESTATIONinsideHAPonlywithREPEATERinsideHAPwithREPEATERcommunicateswithReferencestationwhichisNOTGSMcombatibleHAPabilitywithGSM:Fig.45RemotecontrolforHAP第89页/共133页第90页/共133页第91页/共133页第92页/共133页RelatedProjects(1)HeliNet:

HighAltitudeVeryLongEnduranceunmannedsolaraerodynamicplatformBroadbandtelecommunicationservicesRemotesensingNavigation/localsation第93页/共133页RelatedProjects(2)2003/

11

CAPANINA,6thEuropeanUnion’sFrameworkHeliNetbased120Mbit/s“smartroof”antennaoverTRAINmm-wavebandfreespace-opticAlsowithEnglandKoreaJapanSwedenUS–watchdogshipsalso….Australia第94页/共133页第95页/共133页Introduction(1)Helinet(5thFrameworkProgramme)ScalesizeofHAPand3pilotapplication1)Broadbandcommunication2)Environmentalmonitoring3)RemotesensingCAPANINA(6th)LowcostbroadbandtechnologyEfficientintegratedcoverage第96页/共133页Introduction(2)

1.enablehigh-ratecommunication(120Mbps)2.60Km+

LOS

fordirectservice第97页/共133页Introduction(3)IdentificationofappropriateapplicationandserviceandassociatedbusinessmodelDevelopmentofasystemtestbed (near-term)☞fixeduser,backhaulforWLAN..(Longer-term)advancedmobilebroadbandwirelessaccess第98页/共133页BroadbandApplication,Service,andInfrastructure120Mb/s+60Km

+LOSSeamlesslyintegratewithotherdeliveryplatformCommunicationstandard第99页/共133页ApplicationandServiceSelection(2)HAP:endtoendpathInisolationfromanycorenetwork,providingconnectivityforprivatenetwork.(havingfewbuthighvaluelinks)2)Betweencorenetworksaspoint-to-pointtrunkconnections3)Intheaccessnetwork,providingmanyuserswithaccesstocorenetworks(manylowvaluelinks)CAPANINAofeTOMEnterpriseTelecomsOperationsMap第100页/共133页AerialPlatformConfigurationsandSpectrumSharing(1)第101页/共133页AerialPlatformConfigurationsandSpectrumSharing(2)Workbyexploitingthedirectionalityoftheuserantenna1)SimplePlatform2)Shipsatdifferentheight–thewiderthehigher47/48GHZ,31/28GHZITU

allotment第102页/共133页OpticalLinkCapacityOpticalbackhaullink10-12millimeter-wavebackhaulhigherdataratesusingmillimeterwaveband(1.25Gb/slink)Transfernon-time-criticaldataInterplatformlinks

cheaperthangroundcomm.

-450~650Kmrange第103页/共133页Broadband

TrialsToFixedUsersFromAerialPlatformDifferentbroadbandservices/applicationsSystemtestbed/equipment第104页/共133页SelectionofaBroadband

WirelessAccessStandardHAPS:1)seamlesslywithexistingcommunicationnetwork2)WideadoptionamongpotentialusersGoodforSpecificrequirement,particularoperatingenvironmentIEEE802.16SC–standard第105页/共133页PropagationImpairmentITU

assigned

millimeterwavebandRainattenuationScatteringRelativelyshort,unclutteredlinkDroppereffect->designofanefficientradiointerfaceHeliNetprojectResult->developasuitablechannelmodelincludingashort-termnumericalmodel->implementedasafastinfraredfilterwithtime-variantcoefficients

第106页/共133页TheRadioInterfaceNumericalchannelextensionforHigh-speedmobileapplicationCutting

edgetechnologyMIMO(multipleInputmultipleoutput)Advancedsignalprocessing

第107页/共133页ResourceandMobilityManagementGoodcommunicationlinkunderrapidmovement.->NovelresourceallocationstrategiesUser

-

singleHAP

backhaullinkdevelop:

mobility,interfacesolveefficient

spectrumQOS第108页/共133页2.BenefitsofHAPCommunication1.Large-areacoverage2.Flexibilitytorespondtotrafficdemand3.Lowcost4.Incrementaldeployment5.Rapiddeployment6.Platformandpayloadupgrading7.Environmentallyfriendly第109页/共133页3.Satellite-HAP-TerrestrialsystemThesystemarchitectureproposedinthisworkisshowninfigurebelow第110页/共133页UsageUserterminalscannotcommunicationwitheachotherwithoutthenecessaryuseofHAPsforwardandreturnlinks.HAP-Gateway(HGTW)terrestrialterminalmustexistsforeachHAPcoverageareaandguaranteescommunicationsamongusersbelongingtodifferentHAPcoverageareasHGTWlinkstogetherHAPandsatellitelayersHAPusagemitigatesmultipatheffects,typicalofterrestrialcellularsystems,anddecreasegeostationarysatellitepropagationdelays第111页/共133页ThissystemscenarioconsistsoftreelayersTerrestrialLayeruserterminals,controlandmanagementstationsFixedTerminal(FT)andMobileTerminal(MT)HAPLayerThestratosphericplatformlayerhoststhesetofHAPs.SinceHAPsdonothaveOBP,theyactlikesimplehubs.GEOLayerSatellitelayerusesGEOregenerativesatellitesthatareprovidedwithOn-BoardProcessing(OBP).Itcanuseforward

channelbothtowardsterrestriallayerandHAPlayer.第112页/共133页IV.AdvantageofthescenarioandopenissuesAdvantageSimpledesignandimplementationAnHAPlayercanheseenasaterrestrialsystemextension.satellitedoesnothavetomanagetrafficofasingleterrestrialterminaluserterminalscanbemadewithoutgreatfinancialanddesigneffortsbecausetheydonothavethetaskofinteractingdirectlywiththesatellitesegment.IssueAchannelassignmentandresourceallocationschemeswillneedtohedevelopedfortheHAPscenarioIntegrationwithterrestrialand/orsatellitearchitectureswillalsorequirecarefulplanning.ChoiceofanHAPandGEOlayersprotocolplatform(MPEG,DVB,ATM,IP…)Designofanefficientresourcesallocationandtrafficmanagementalgorithms.Designoftrafficaggregation(integratedanddifferentiated)techniquesDesignofacentralizedCallAdmissionControl(CAC)algorithm第113页/共133页thepreviousscenarioaddingtheOBPcapabilitiesovertheHAPs第114页/共133页Introduction(2)第115页/共133页Introduction(3)Opticalfree-spacepoint-to-pointcommunicationlinksCertainapplicationinvolvingHAPsHAPsLocationinacloudfreeatmosphericaltitudeEnablingreliableline-of-sightlinksbetweendifferentHAPsMeshedinterconnectedHAPnetworkOpticaldownlinktotheterrestrialnetworkwouldbefeasibleusingsite-deversity第116页/共133页TestScenario(1)Tethered