英语人教版高中必修二（2019新编）第一单元教案

第一讲ReadingandThinking目标导航jing目标导航jing重点词汇1．choleran．霍乱2．diarrhoean.腹泻3．dehydrationn.脱水4．germn.微生物；细菌；病菌5．epidemiologyn.流行病学6．microscopen.显微镜7．contradictoryadj.相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的8．proofn.证据；证明；检验9．suspectvt.&vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任n.犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象10．blamevt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责n.责备；指责11．handlen.把手；拉手；柄vt.处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)12．substantialadj.大量的；价值巨大的；重大的13．statisticn．[pl.]统计数字；统计资料；统计学14．transformvt.使改观；使改变形态vi.改变；转变词汇拓展1．severeadj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的→severelyadv.严重地；严厉地；严格地2．frustratedadj.懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的→frustrationn．挫败；沮丧3．infectionn．感染；传染→infectvt.使感染；传染→infectiousadj.感染的；(疾病)传染性的；(病人)有传染性的→infectedadj.带菌的；感染病菌的4．subscribevi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)→subscriptionn．订阅(费)；用户费5．multipleadj.数量多的；多种多样的→multiplyv．乘；(使)大大增加；繁殖6．interventionn．介入；出面；干涉→intervenevi.介入；干预7．pureadj.干净的；纯的；纯粹的→purifyvt.使纯净；净化→purelyadv.完全地；仅仅重点词组1．onceandforall最终地；彻底地2．subscribeto同意；赞同3．thanksto幸亏；由于4．intime经过一段时间之后；迟早5．attendto照顾；护理6．ingeneral总的说来；从总体上看7．belikelytodosth很可能做某事8．diefrom死于；因……而死9．asaresultof因此，由于；作为……的结果10．getdownto开始做事；开始认真考虑某事重点句型1.Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.(教材P2)作为一名年轻的医生，约翰·斯诺变得沮丧，因为没有人知道如何防治霍乱。2.Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.(教材P2)斯诺怀疑是水泵的问题。3.ThroughSnow’stirelessefforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwater,andthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.(教材P3)经过斯诺的不懈努力，供水公司开始销售纯净水，世界各地的霍乱威胁也大量减少。4.Fortunately,wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.(教材P3)幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的努力，我们现在知道如何预防霍乱了。5.Thiswaswhenyoushouldhavecalmeddownandgotdowntodoingsomesolidwork.(教材P5)这时候你本应该冷静下来，开始做一些扎实的工作。知识点睛jing知识点睛jing原文呈现JOHNSNOWDEFEATS①“KINGCHOLERA②【1】【1】本篇文章的标题JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”使用一般现在时表明这是个客观事实，不容置疑。Cholerausedtobeoneofthemostfeareddiseasesintheworld,untilaBritishdoctor，JohnSnow,showedhowitcouldbeovercome.Thisillnesscausessevere③diarrhoea,dehydration,andevendeath.Intheearly19thcentury,whenanoutbreakof④cholerahitEurope,millionsofpeoplediedfromthedisease.Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustrated⑤becausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.Intime⑥，herose⑦tobecomeafamousdoctor，andevenattendedto⑧QueenVictoriawhenshegavebirth⑨.However,heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholeraonceandforall⑩.Ingeneral⑪，doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictory⑫theoriestoexplainhowcholeraspread.Onetheorywasthatbadaircausedthedisease.Anotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfection⑬fromgerms⑭infoodorwater.Snowsubscribedto⑮thesecondtheory.Itwascorrect,buthestillneededproof⑯.Consequently⑰，whenanoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854,Snowbegantoinvestigate.Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays【2】．Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.【2】这是一个复合句，thatintwo...tendays为宾语从句。该从句中的“so...that...”引导结果状语从句。Snowbeganbymarkingonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthosewhodiedhadlived【3】．Thereweremultiple⑱deaths⑲nearthewaterpump⑳inBroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16,37,38,and40)．However,somehouseholdseq\o(○,\s\up3(21))(suchas20and21BroadStreet,and8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.Thesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeer,andsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Snowsuspectedeq\o(○,\s\up3(22))thatthewaterpumpwastoblameeq\o(○,\s\up3(23)).Whatismore,inanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermovingawayfromBroadStreet.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday【4】．Asaresultofthisevidence，JohnSnowwasabletoannouncethatthepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms.Accordinglyeq\o(○,\s\up3(24)),hehadthehandleeq\o(○,\s\up3(25))ofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused【5】．Throughthisinterventioneq\o(○,\s\up3(26)),thediseasewasstoppedinitstracks.【3】画线部分中的where和who都引导定语从句，分别修饰先行词places和those。【4】Itseemsthat...表示“似乎……，看起来……”；haditdelivered...everyday属于“havesthdone”结构，该结构可表示“请/派别人做某事”。【5】sothat在此引导目的状语从句。ThetruthwasthatthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpumphadbeeninfectedbywaste.Moreover,Snowwaslaterabletoshowalinkeq\o(○,\s\up3(27))betweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.SomecompaniessoldwaterfromtheRiverThamesthatwaspollutedbyraweq\o(○,\s\up3(28))waste.Thepeoplewhodrankthiswaterweremuchmorelikelytogeteq\o(○,\s\up3(29))cholerathanthosewhodrankpureeq\o(○,\s\up3(30))orboiledwater.ThroughSnow’stirelesseffortseq\o(○,\s\up3(31)),watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwater,andthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecreaseeq\o(○,\s\up3(32)).However,choleraisstillaproblem.Eachyear,millionsofpeoplearoundtheworldgetcholeraandmanydiefromit.Fortunately,wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstoeq\o(○,\s\up3(33))theworkofJohnSnow.Moreovereq\o(○,\s\up3(34)),inhisuseofmapsandstatistics，Snowtransformedeq\o(○,\s\up3(35))thewayscientistsstudydiseases.Forthisreason,Snowisconsideredthefatherofmodernepidemiology.,课文译文约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”霍乱曾经是世界上最可怕的疾病之一，直到英国医生约翰·斯诺(向人们)展示了如何能战胜它(它才不那么可怕)。这种疾病会导致严重的腹泻、脱水，甚至死亡。19世纪初，欧洲发生霍乱，数百万人死于这种疾病。作为一名年轻的医生，约翰·斯诺变得沮丧，因为没人知道如何预防和治疗霍乱。后来，他成了名医，甚至在维多利亚女王分娩时还照料她。但他从未放弃彻底消灭霍乱的愿望。总的来说，当时的医生对霍乱的传播的解释有两种相互矛盾的理论。一种理论是这种疾病是由糟糕的空气导致的。另一种理论是霍乱是由食物或水中的细菌感染引起的。斯诺赞同第二种理论。这是对的．但他仍然需要证据。因此，1854年伦敦发生霍乱后，斯诺开始调查。他发现，在两条特别的街道上，霍乱疫情非常严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。他下定决心要找出原因。斯诺首先在地图上标出了所有死者曾经生活的精确地点。许多死亡病例是在宽街水泵附近(尤其是16号、37号、38号和40号房屋)。然而，一些家庭(如宽街20号和21号，剑桥街8号和9号)却没有人死亡。这些人在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作。他们得到了免费的啤酒，所以没有饮用水泵里的水。斯诺怀疑是水泵的问题。更重要的是，在伦敦的另一个地方，一位妇女和她的女儿从宽街搬走后也因霍乱而死。这个女人似乎非常喜欢(饮用)水泵里的水，因此她每天都让人把水送到她家。基于这个证据，约翰·斯诺得以宣布水泵中的水携带了霍乱病菌。因此，他把水泵的手柄拆除了，这样水泵就不能用了。通过这种干预，霍乱才中断了。事实上，宽街水泵的水已被废物污染了。此外，斯诺后来能够指出其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同供水公司之间的联系。一些公司出售泰晤士河的水，而河水被未经处理的废物污染了。喝这种水的人比喝纯净水或白开水的人更易得霍乱。通过斯诺的不懈努力，供水公司开始销售纯净水，世界各地的霍乱威胁也大量减少。然而，霍乱仍然是一个问题。每年，世界各地有数百万人感染霍乱，许多人因霍乱丧生。幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的努力，我们现在知道如何预防霍乱了。此外，斯诺利用地图和统计学改变了科学家研究疾病的方法。因此，斯诺被认为是现代流行病学之父。知识解析一.frustratedadj.懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.(教材P2)作为一名年轻的医生，约翰·斯诺变得沮丧，因为没有人知道如何防治霍乱。【精讲】feelfrustratedat/with对……感到沮丧/懊恼frustratevt.使懊丧；使懊恼；挫败；阻止；防止frustratingadj.令人懊恼的；令人沮丧的(常形容事物)frustrationn．[U]懊丧；沮丧[C，usuallypl.]令人懊丧(或懊恼、沮丧)的事物①Theyfeltfrustratedatthelackofprogress.没有进展，他们感到沮丧。②Thehunterfeltveryfrustratedashehadn’tcaughtanyanimals.猎人感到很沮丧，因为他没有捕捉到任何动物。③Everyjobhasitsdifficultiesandfrustrations(frustrate)．每份工作都有其困难和令人懊恼之处。[语境串记]Whatfrustratedmemostwasthefrustratingnewsaboutthefootballmatch,whoseresultmadeeveryoneherefrustrated.最让我沮丧的是这个令人沮丧的关于足球比赛的消息，比赛结果使这里的每个人都很沮丧。二.suspectvt.&vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.(教材P2)斯诺怀疑是水泵的问题。【精讲】(1)suspectthat...怀疑/认为……(尤指坏事可能属实或发生)suspectsbtobe...怀疑某人是……suspectsbof(doing)sth怀疑某人(做过)某事(2)amurdersuspect杀人嫌疑犯themain/primesuspect首要嫌疑人①Thepolicesuspectedhimoftelling(tell)alieabouthismovementslastnight.警方怀疑他关于昨晚的行踪说了谎。②IfthemotherhasasuspectedorconfirmedCOVID－19case,breastfeedingshouldbestoppedandsheshouldbeseparatedfromthebaby.如果母亲疑似或被确诊感染新型冠状病毒肺炎，则应中止母乳喂养，母亲应与婴儿隔离。[名师提醒]有些单词词性不同，发音不同。作名词时重音在前，作动词时重音在后，即“名前动后”。三.blamevt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责(教材P2)【精讲】(1)blamesbfor(doing)sth因(做)某事责备某人blamesthon...把某事归咎于……betoblame(forsth)(对某事)负有责任(2)taketheblamefor对……承担责任put/lay/placetheblameforsthon...把某事归咎于……Ifthathappens，thecoachwilltaketheblameforit.如果发生那样的事，教练将对此承担责任。[语境串记]Heisblamedforthebigmistake,butheblameditonothers.Infact,itishe,notothers,thatistoblameforit.他因这次严重的错误受到了责备，但他把它归咎于别人。事实上，应该是他，而不是别人，对此负责。四.handlen．把手；拉手；柄vt.处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)Accordingly,hehadthehandleofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused.(教材P2)因此，他把水泵的手柄拆除了，这样水泵就不能用了。[一词多义]写出下列句中handle的词性及含义【精讲】①Slowlyhestooped(弯腰)down,graspedthehandlesonbothsidesofthebox,andgatheredallhisstrengthtoliftit.n.把手②Butwhenhefinallyreachedher,thewomanfloodedhimwithquestions：“Whoareyou？Whatantiqueshop？”However,whenshehungup,sheregrettedthewayshehadhandledthecall.vt.处理③Iwasn’tsureifIcouldhandlesuchapowerfulcar.vt.操纵④Thelabelontheboxsaid：“Fragile.Handlewithcare.”vt.搬动五.linkn．联系；纽带vt.把……连接起来；相关联；挽住Moreover,SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.(教材P3)此外，斯诺后来能够指出其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同供水公司之间的联系。【精讲】(1)link...to/with...把……与……连接/联系起来belinkedto/with与……有联系/关系(2)alinkbetween...and...……与……之间的关系/联系arail/road/telephonelink铁路/公路/电话线①Thenewly－builtsubwaywilllinktheairporttothecitycentre.新建的地铁将把机场和市中心连接起来。②Yellowisgenerallylinkedwithconfidence,self－respectandfriendliness.黄色一般与自信、自尊和友好联系在一起。③Inmyopinion,thereisacloselinkbetweenteachersandstudents.在我看来，师生之间有着密切的关系。六.decreasen．减少；降低；减少量ThroughSnow’stirelessefforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwater,andthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.(教材P3)经过斯诺的不懈努力，供水公司开始销售纯净水，世界各地的霍乱威胁也大量减少。【精讲】(1)decrease(from...)to(从……)减少到……(表示减少后的量)decreaseby减少了……(表示减少的量)decreasein在……方面减少(2)adecreasein...……的减少onthedecrease在减少①Thisspeciesofbirdisdecreasinginnumbereveryyear.这种鸟的种类在逐年减少。②Thepriceofwheathasdecreasedby5%。小麦价格降低了5%。③Therehasbeenadecreaseintrafficaccidents.交通事故减少了。④Thechargefortransportationisonthedecreasebecauseoflowerfuelcosts.由于更低的燃料成本，运输费用在降低。[链接写作]补全句子⑤Thenewlawhascomeintoeffect,andthenumberofwildanimalshereisincreasing/ontheincreasenow.新的法律已经生效，这里的野生动物的数量正在增加。七.subscribeto同意；赞同；订购；捐款Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.(教材P2)斯诺赞同第二种理论。【精讲】[一词多义]写出下列句中subscribeto的含义①Weprefertosubscribetoanalternativeexplanation.赞同②Subscribetothemagazinefortwelvemonthsandyouwillreceiveafreelimited－editionT－shirt.订阅③HeisoneofthemillionswhosubscribetotheNSPCC.捐款八.thanksto幸亏；由于Fortunately,wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.(教材P3)幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的努力，我们现在知道如何预防霍乱了。【精讲】表示“由于；因为”的其他常用短语becauseof因为；由于(常作状语)owingto由于；因为(作状语或表语)asaresultof作为……的结果；由于(作状语)dueto因为；由于(作状语或表语)onaccountof由于；因为(作状语或表语)①Hisfailureisduetothefactthathelacksexperience.他的失败是由于缺少经验。②Thetrainarrivedlateonaccountof/asaresultofaheavysnow.火车因为大雪晚点了。③Hewasinjureddueto/owingtoacaraccident.他因为车祸受伤了。九.getdownto开始干，着手做Thiswaswhenyoushouldhavecalmeddownandgotdowntodoingsomesolidwork.(教材P5)这时候你本应该冷静下来，开始做一些扎实的工作。【精讲】getacross(to)(使)被理解；(把……)讲清楚getaround/round(消息等)传开getover越过(墙等)，克服(困难、偏见等)getthrough(使)通过，(电话)接通，办完①TheinformationontheInternetgetsaround/roundmuchmorerapidlythanthatinthenewspaper.网上的信息比报纸上的信息传播得要快得多。②Iamsurehewillgetoverhisillness.我相信他一定会战胜疾病的。③Howlongwillittakeustogetthroughthecustoms?通过海关检查要花费我们多长时间？[名师提醒]表示“开始做某事”的结构还有：begin/starttodo/doingsth,setaboutdoingsth,setouttodosth等。[链接写作]补全句子④I’mgoingtogetdowntostudyingEnglishthisterm.这学期我要开始学英语了。十.Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.(教材P2)他发现，在两条特定的街道上，霍乱疫情非常严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。【精讲】(1)so...that...意为“如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句，此结构中so为副词，后面跟形容词或副词。其结构为：so＋eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(adj./adv.＋that...,adj.＋a（n）＋单数可数名词＋that...,many/few/much/little（少）...＋n.＋that...))(2)such...that作“如此……以至于”，连接一个表示结果的状语从句时，与so...that意思相同，但用法不同。such后边要跟名词(这个名词前面可以带形容词，也可以不带)，such...that的句型结构可分以下三种：①such＋a(n)＋adj.＋可数名词单数＋that...②such＋adj.＋可数名词复数＋that...③such＋adj.＋不可数名词＋that...①Thisissuchaninterestingbookthatweallenjoyreadingit.→Thisissointerestingabookthatweallenjoyreadingit.这本书非常有趣，我们都喜欢看。②Hehadsomanythingstodothathewasbusyalldaylong.他要做的事情太多，以至于整天忙个不停。2.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.(教材P2)这个女人似乎非常喜欢(饮用)水泵里的水，因此她每天都让人把水送到她家。havesthdone结构中过去分词作宾语补足语，表示被动的含义，此结构有时也可以用getsthdone来替换；其常用三种含义如下：(1)表示“让某人做某事”(2)表示“遭遇到某种不幸；受到打击”(3)表示“做完某事(主语可能参与其中)”①Imusthavemybikerepairedtoday.我今天一定要找人修我的自行车。②Hehadhislegbrokenwhenplayingfootball.他踢足球时把腿弄断了。[链接写作]补全句子③Hehadhiscomputerrepairedlastweekend.上周末他让人修理了他的电脑。分层练习分层练习题组A基础过关练一.根据首字母或汉语提示拼写单词1．Whatwasitthatmadeher(改变)fromanordinarywomanintoasuccessfullady?2．Ididn’tknowhowto(应对)thesituation,butanideasuddenlystruckmethatIcouldturntomybestfriendforhelp.3．Whattheymaynotknowisthatsomebottledwatermaynotbeas(干净的)astheyexpect.4．Householdbehaviouractuallycanmakea(重大的)difference,reducinggreenhousegasemissions,accordingtoresearchersfromMichiganStateUniversityandVanderbiltUniversity.5．Inaworldthatwarmsupby3℃，itfoundthat(多种多样的)changestothecolouroftheoceanswouldoccur.6．Accordingtothelatestrule,peopleshallsort(家庭)garbageintofourcategories.7．Thedestructionoftheearthquakewassothatitmighttakeyearstorebuildthecity.8．Ikeepgettingadvice—somepeopletellmetokeepitwarmandsometellmetoputiceonit.9．SincetheoftheNovelcoronavirusdisease,theChinesehavebeenmakingall－outeffortstobattleagainstit.10．Researchersclaimtohavefoundthethatgettingaregulareight－hoursleepeverynightmakesarealdifferencetoourhealth.【答案】1.of二.单句语法填空1．Heiscominghere(pure)becausehewantstoparticipateinthefootballchampionshipsagain.2．Thepolicesuspectedhimhavingapartinthejewelrobbery.3．Thevaccineisdevelopedtoprotectthewholepopulationagainst(infect)ofCOVID－19.4．ItwasreportedthatGermanyhadtakenalotofmeasurestoslowtherateofinfection,includingclosinghairandbeautystudios.Othernon－essentialshops(shut)already.5．Ifeelitisbothofyouwhoare(blame)forthespoiledchild.6．Thenewstudentissincerethatallclassmateswanttomakefriendswithher.7．seemedthatthesealiondidn’tmindbeingwiththetouristsatall.8．WangPengsatinhisemptyrestaurantfeelingvery(frustrate)becausenocustomershadcometohisrestauranteversincehegotupinthemorning.9．Thewaythathedidthingswas(contradiction)towhathehadsaidearlierthisweek.10．Your(subscribe)willbeautomaticallyrenewedeachmonthwithoutnoticeuntilyoucancelit.【答案】1.purely2.of3.infection4.hadbeenshut5.toblame6.so7.It8.frustrated9.contradictory10.subscription三.选词填空subscribeto,diefrom,attendto,onceandforall,ingeneral，forthisreason,thanksto,asaresultof,whatismore,findout,intime1．WhentheoutbreakofCOVID－19hittheworld,tensofthousandsofpeoplethedisease.2．Inthosedaysdoctorshadtwocontradictorytheories.Snowthesecondtheory.3．Hewasdeterminedtothetruthofthisincident.4．,inanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermovingawayfromBroadStreet.5．,herosetobecomeafamousdoctor,andevenQueenVictoriawhenshegavebirth.6．However,heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholera．7．,physicsisonlyonescienceamongmany.8．thisevidence,JohnSnowwasabletoannouncethatthepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms.9．theChinesepeople’sunitedandarduousefforts,thesituationinChinaisgettingbetter.10．,Snowisconsideredthefatherofmodernepidemiology.【答案】1.diedfrom2.subscribedto3.findout4.Whatismore5.Intime，attendedto6.onceandforall7.Ingeneral8.Asaresultof9.Thanksto10.Forthisreason四．.补全句子1．Notmanypeoplemoneycanbringhappiness.并不是很多人赞同金钱能带来幸福的观点。2．Cathyhadquitherjobwhenhersonwasbornandraiseherfamily.凯西在儿子出生时就辞掉了工作，以便能留在家里养家。3．mostofthestudentswenttosleep.这堂课如此无聊以至于大多数学生都睡着了。4．theyknowwhatthey’redoing.看来，他们知道自己在干什么。【答案】1.subscribetotheidea/viewthat2.sothatshecouldstayathome3.Thelessonwassoboringthat/Soboringwasthelessonthat4.Itseemsthat题组B能力提升练一.课文语法填空Intheearly19thcentury,anoutbreakofcholerahitEurope,1.(cause)millionsofdeaths.Seeingthis,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.Atthattime,doctors2.(have)twotheoriestoexplainhowcholeraspread.Onewasthatbadaircausedthediseaseandanotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.JohnSnowdiscoveredthatintwoparticularstreets3.choleraoutbreakwassoseverethatover500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.Through4.(he)seriousinvestigation,hefounditwasthepumpwaterinBroadStreetcontaininggerms5.resultedintheoutbreakofcholera.Therefore,hehadthehandleofthepump6.(remove)sothatitcouldnotbeused.Throughthisintervention,thediseasewasstoppedinitstracks.ItturnedoutthatthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpump7.(infect)bywaste.Moreover,Snowwaslaterabletoshowalink8.othercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwater9.(company)inLondon.ThroughSnow’stirelessefforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwater,andthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.10.(fortunate),wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.【语篇解读】本文介绍了约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”。1．causing【解析】考查非谓语动词。动词cause与anoutbreakofcholera之间是主谓关系，故用现在分词作结果状语。2．had【解析】考查时态。根据句中的Atthattime及前后句的时态可知，此处应用一般过去时。3．the【解析】考查冠词。根据上文可知，此处指的是19世纪初发生在欧洲的那次霍乱，表特指，故填the。4．his【解析】考查代词。根据空后的investigation可知，此处应用he的形容词性物主代词his。5．that【解析】考查强调句。found后是一个强调句，强调了句子的主语thepumpwaterinBroadStreetcontaininggerms，故填that。6．removed【解析】考查非谓语动词。此处考查了“havesthdone”结构；remove与thehandleofthepump之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，因此用过去分词。7．hadbeeninfected【解析】考查时态和语态。根据“Itturnedout”可知，infect所表示的动作发生在turnedout所表示的动作之前，而infect与主语water之间是动宾关系，故用过去完成时的被动语态。8．between【解析】考查介词。alinkbetween...and...意为“……与……之间的联系”。9．companies【解析】考查名词的数。根据句中的different可知，此处用company的复数形式。10．Fortunately【解析】考查副词。分析句子结构可知，空处位于句首，修饰整个句子，故用副词。二.语法填空NooneissurehowmanyAmericansbelongtoreadinggroupscalledbookclubs.Yet1.(publisher)andbookstoresreportthatmoreandmorepeoplethroughouttheUnitedStatesarejoining2.(they)．Mostoftheclubsworkthesameway.Membersreadthesamebookatthesametime.Thentheymeettotalkaboutthebook.Membersmaybefriendsorpeople3.liveneareachother.SomeAmericansbelongtoreadinggroupson4.Internet.Thesegroupsincludepeoplearoundtheworldwhocommunicateaboutbookstheyread.Theysendelectronicmailsinsteadofgathering5.(discuss)books.Mostreadinggroupsstudybooksby6.(variety)writers.However，somegroupsreadtheworkofasinglewriter，7.(usual)onethathasbeenfamousforawhile.Othergroupsmay8.(name)afteranimportantpersonintheworkofthewriter，9.aSherlockHolmesClub.Membersofthesebookclubsoftenareexpertsabouttheir10.(choose)readingmaterials.OnememberofaHolmesreadinggroup，forexample，canidentifyalmosteverypersonineverySherlockHolmesstory.【语篇解读】越来越多的美国人正在加入读书俱乐部，读书俱乐部也有各种各样的活动形式。随着科技的发展，现在也有网上读书俱乐部。1．publishers【解析】句意：然而出版商和书店告知，越来越多的美国人正在加入读书俱乐部。根据语境及后面的bookstores可知，此处所指的出版商不止一个，且设空处为可数名词，故填publishers。2．them【解析】句意见上题解析。设空处在及物动词之后作宾语，应用宾格，且指代上文提到的bookclubs，为复数，故填them。3．who/that【解析】句意：会员们之间可能是朋友或者是住得比较近的人。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词people，在定语从句中作主语，指人，故填who/that。4．the【解析】句意：有些美国人加入了网上的读书俱乐部。ontheInternet为固定搭配，故填the。5．todiscuss【解析】句意：他们发电子邮件而不是聚在一起讨论图书。根据句意可知，设空处应用不定式表目的，故填todiscuss。6．various【解析】句意：大多数的读书俱乐部会读不同作者的书。设空处应用形容词修饰名词writers，故填various。7．usually【解析】句意：然而有些读书俱乐部也会只读某一个作者的书，通常是一段时间以来已经小有名气的作者。设空处应用副词，修饰整句话，故填usually。8．benamed【解析】句意：其他一些俱乐部可能是以作者作品中的一个重要人物命名的，比如一个叫夏洛克·福尔摩斯的俱乐部。设空处作谓语，且主语和name为逻辑上的被动关系，情态动词后用动词原形，故填benamed。9．like【解析】句意见上一题解析。设空处是举例，意为“像”，故填like。10．chosen【解析】句意：这些读书俱乐部的很多成员在他们挑选的阅读材料方面是专家。设空处应用形容词修饰名词短语readingmaterials，故填chosen。题组C培优拔尖练WhataScientistIsLikeIfyouwereaskedtoimagineascientist,whatimagewouldcometoyourmind?Thecommonideathatmostkidsfromkindergartenthroughcollegehaveofascientistisamanwearingawhitelabcoatwithmessyhair,bigglasses,andseveralglasscupsofmysteriouscolourfulliquidsgivingoffcloudsofsmoke.Asforadults,themajorityviewscientistsasstrangepeoplewhospend100hoursaweekslavingawayinalonelylaboratory.However,therealityisquitedifferent.RecentlyI’vehadachancetotakepartinascientificexperiencefarfrommylaboratoryandintoCostaRica.ItsupportsahugeamountofwildlifeduetoitsgeographicalplacementbetweenNorthandSouthAmerica.Itishometomorethan500，000species,whichareatpresentnearly4%ofthetotalspeciesworldwide!Firstweworkedalongsideconservationiststopreservewildlifeataleatherbackturtle(棱皮龟)rescuecentre.Wehelpedthevolunteerspreserveturtlepopulationsbyremovingrubbishfromtheshorelinetocreateasafeenvironmentforturtleeggstocomeout.AfterthatwestayedatMountArenalwherewestudiedseismicactivityrelatingtoearthquakes.DuringourstayatArenal,werodeoverthemountainousareasandtookalongwalkthroughtherainforest.Afterreachingthetop,wewentdownandthroughwaterfallstothebeautifulvalleybelow!Onthelastdaywegotahands－onintroductiontorocketsciencewherewelearntaboutnewrockettechnologythatwillbeusedontheinternationalspacestation.DuringmyCostaRicaexperience,Iknowthatbeingascientistdoesn’tmeanworkinginalaballdayandnight.Ascientistisonewholoveslearningandgettingabetterunderstandingoftheworldfromhelpingpreservewildlife,learningaboutearthquakesorinventingrockets.Ithinkthatschoolsshouldreallystressthatscienceissomuchmorethanwearingalabcoatandmixingchemicals.Kidsneedtobeawareoftheexcitementandadventuressciencecanbring!1．Accordingtothefirstparagraph,scientistsareoftenbelieved．A．toworkasslavesB．tobehaveinastrangewayC．tospendtoomuchtimeinlabsD．todoexperimentsinmessylabs2．Howdidtheauthorhelptopreservetheturtlepopulations?A．Bycreatingasafenestforturtles.B．Bypickinguprubbishfromtheshoreline.C．Bycollectingtheturtleeggsonthebeach.D．Byfindingacomfortableenvironmentforturtles.3．Whatdoestheauthorlearnaboutsciencefromhisexperience?A．Scienceisfullofboringexperiments.B．Scienceismorethanworkinginalab.C．Scienceisrelatedtomysteriousliquids.D．Scienceisaboutwildlifeandearthquakes.4．Whatisthepurposeofthispassage?A．Toencouragekidstostudyscience.B．TotellthestoryoftravellinginCostaRica.C．ToexpectmorepeopletotravelinCostaRica.D．Tosharethesecretsbehindsciencephenomena.【语篇解读】人们通常认为科学家整天在实验室做着无聊的实验。作者通过自己的亲身经历向人们展示了科学家并不是人们通常所认为的样子，科学能带来兴奋与奇遇，以此鼓励孩子们要热爱科学，并去研究科学。1.C【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的themajorityviewscientists...alonelylaboratory可知，人们通常认为科学家大多数时间都在实验室做实验。故选C项。2.B【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段第二句Wehelpedthevolunteerspreserve...tocomeout.可知，作者是通过清除海岸上的垃圾来为海龟蛋顺利出壳创造安全环境的方式帮助海龟的。故选B项。3.B【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段中的Iknowthatbeingascientistdoesn’tmeanworkinginalaballdayandnight和scienceissomuchmorethanwearingalabcoatandmixingchemicals可知，作者通过这次经历，了解了科学并不仅仅意味着在实验室工作。故选B项。4.A【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段最后两句Ithinkthatschoolsshouldreallystress...andadventuressciencecanbring！可推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是鼓励孩子们去学习科学，真正了解科学。

第二讲UsingLanguage&OtherParts目标导航jing目标导航jing重点词汇1．rainbown．彩虹2．plasman.血浆3．aerospacen.航空航天工业4．patrioticadj.爱国的5．aviationn.航空制造业；航空；飞行6．jetn.喷气式飞机7．missilen.导弹8．telescopen.望远镜9．castvt.(过去式cast，过去分词cast)投射；向……投以(视线、笑容等)；投掷10．shadown.阴影；影子；背光处11．concreten.混凝土adj.混凝土制的；确实的；具体的12．defendvt.保卫；防守；辩解13．leadershipn.领导；领导地位；领导才能14．tracevt.追溯；追踪；查出n.痕迹；遗迹；踪迹15．outstandingadj.优秀的；杰出的；明显的16．abstractadj.抽象的；理性的n.(文献等的)摘要17．conceptn.概念；观念18．besidesprep.除……之外(还)adv.而且；此外19．brilliantadj.聪颖的；绝妙的；明亮的20．furthermoreadv.此外；再者21．faultn.弱点；过错22．shiftn.改变；转换；轮班vi.&vt.转移；挪动；转向23．vividadj.生动的；鲜明的；丰富的24．pourvt.倒出；倾泻；斟(饮料)词汇拓展1．mechanicaladj.机械的；发动机的；机器的→mechanicn．机械师；机械修理工→machinen．机器；机械装置2．assistantn．助理；助手→assistvt.帮助；援助→assistancen．帮助3．giftedadj.有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的→giftn．天赋；天才4．steadyadj.稳定的；平稳的；稳步的→steadilyadv.平稳地；稳定地5．astronomern．天文学家→astronomyn．天文学重点词组1．breakout突然开始；爆发2．inchargeof主管；掌管3．comedown患(病)；染上(小病)4．aboveall最重要的是；尤其是5．switch...to...改变……到6．conductresearchinto/on从事……的研究7．discouragesbfromdoingsth阻止某人做某事8．tracebackto追溯到9．admitone’sfault承认某人的错误重点句型1....itcastsdifferentshadowsofyou...……它投射出你不同的影子……2.Anon－Newtonianfluidisstrangebecauseyoucanpouritlikealiquid，butifyouputanypressureonit，itsuddenlybecomeshardasconcrete.非牛顿流体很奇怪，因为你可以像液体一样把它倒出来，但是如果你对它施加压力，它会突然变得像混凝土一样坚硬。3.However，aftertheSonghuBattlebrokeoutin1932，QianmadethedecisiontoswitchhismajortoaviationbecauseherealisedthatChinaneededitsownpowerfulairforcetoprotectanddefendthecountry.然而，在1932年“一·二八淞沪抗战”打响后，钱学森决定转到航空专业，因为他意识到中国需要强大的空军来保护和保卫国家。4.StephenHawkingwasoneofthemostfamousandgiftedscientistsinphysics.斯蒂芬·霍金是物理学界最著名和最有天赋的科学家之一。5.However，aftertheSonghuBattlebrokeoutin1932，QianmadethedecisiontoswitchhismajortoaviationbecauseherealisedthatChinaneededitsownpowerfulairforcetoprotectanddefendthecountry.然而，在1932年“一·二八淞沪抗战”打响后，钱学森决定转到航空专业，因为他意识到中国需要强大的空军来保护和保卫国家。6.WeChineseareabletomakethesamethingsthatotherpeoplemake.)我们中国人能做出和别人一样的东西。知识点睛jing知识点睛jing原文呈现THEFATHEROFCHINA’SAEROSPACE①PerhapsnootherscientisthashadagreaterimpactonChina’saerospacesciencethanQianXuesen【1】．DescribedbytheauthorsoftheStoryofQianXuesenasamanwith“greatscientificthoughtandscientificspirit”whowaspatriotic②andservedhishomelandwitheffort,achievement，andde