On-the-Theme-of-The-Sun-Also-Rises-Revealed-through-its-Characters-英语毕业论文

OnthethemeofTheSunAlsoRisesRevealedThroughitsCharacters

PAGE

18

PAGE

19

OntheThemeofTheSunAlsoRisesRevealedthroughitsCharacters

1Introduction

1.1LifeandCareerofErnestHemingway

ErnestHemingwaywasbornonJuly21，1899,inOakPark,Illinois,aconservativeupper-middle-classsuburbofChicago.Likehisfather,asuccessfulphysician,whohadafancyforfishingandhunting,Hemingwaylovedtheoutdoorsfromhischildhood.Naturehadprovidedhimwithendlessandcountlessinspiration.Hismother,whowasanaccomplishedsinger,taughthimmusic.

HemingwaywasextremelyinterestedinJournalism.Hegraduatedfromhighschoolin1917andworkedasareporterfortheKansasCityStar.Thenewspaperadvocatedshortsentences,shortparagraphs,activeverbs,authenticity,compression,clarityandimmediacy.Italsotaughtsomestylisticlessons.ThesethingsallhadinfluenceonHemingway'slatterwriting.

HemingwaysailedtoEuropeinMay1918toserveasavolunteerambulancedriverfortheItalianRedCrossduringWorldWarI.Withinweeks,hesufferedaseriousinjuryfromfragmentsofanexplodingmortarshellontheItalianfront.HerecoveredinahospitalinMilan,wherehehadaromanticrelationshipwithanurse,AgnesvonKurowsky.ThisincidentprovidedtheinspirationforhisnovelAFarewelltoArms,publishedin1929.

Whenthenineteen-year-oldHemingwayreturnedhomein1919,HemingwayeventuallybeganworkingfortheTorontoStarWeekly.Hemarriedhisfirstwife,HadleyRichardson,in1921.HebecametheEuropeancorrespondentfortheTorontoDailyStarandmovedtoPariswithhiswifeinDecember1921.There,Hemingway'sreputationbegantogrowbothasajournalistandasanauthoroffiction.HisnovelTheSunAlsoRises,publishedin1926,establishedhimasoneofthepreeminentwritersofhisday.

HemingwaydivorcedRichardsonin1927.Hequicklyremarried,toafashionreporternamedPaulinePfeiffer.In1928,theymovedtoKeyWest,Florida,wheretheylivedforoveradecade.Hemingway'slife,however,wasnothappy.Hisfather,ClarenceHemingway,committedsuicidein1928becauseofserioushealthandfinancialproblems,andHemingwayengagedinanaffairwithawomannamedMarthaGelhorn,whichledtohisdivorcefromPfeiffer.HemarriedGelhornin1940.

In1937,HemingwaytraveledtoSpaintocovertheSpanishCivilWarfortheNorthAmericanNewspaperAlliance.HisnovelForWhomtheBellTolls,basedonhisexperiencesinSpain,waspublishedin1940,afterhemovedtoHavana,Cuba,withGelhom.Thebookbecameaninstantsuccess,buthedidnotpublishanothernovelforthenexttenyears.Meanwhile,heandGelhorndivorced,andHemingwaymarriedMaryWelsh,hisfourthandlastwife.HemingwaywonthePulitzerPrizein1953forhisphenomenallysuccessfulTheOldManandtheSeaandtheNobelPrizeinLiteraturein1954.

Hishealthconditiongraduallydeteriorated.Duetohisheavydrinking,hebegantosufferfromwildmoodswings.In1960,HemingwayandWelshmovedtoKetchum,Idaho.Notlongafterward,heenteredtheMayoClinictoundergotreatmentforseveredepression.Hisdepressionworsenedin1961，andonJuly2ofthatyear,Hemingwaywokeearlyinthemorningandcommittedsuicidebyshootinghimselfinthehead.

1.2TheBackgroundofTheSunAlsoRises

Thosewerethedaysofthesilentmovies;thosewerethedayswhenChaplinwasking.AndtheyallcametoParis:themoviesplayedalongthegrandboulevardsandtheirstarsplayedintheParisclubs,drinkinganddancingthemselvessilly.OrelsetheycametoParisforaquickdivorceandanewwardrobe.OrtheycametoParislikeJackDempsey,BabeRuth,RedGrange(football),BillTilden(tennis),BobbyJones(golf)andothersportsfigureswhoweretheotherheroesoftheJazzAge.Theirfaceswerebetterknownthanthoseofmostpoliticalfigures,andtheywereimmortalizedinnewsreelfootage,thefirstgenerationofhighlypaidsuperstars.

Everythingwashappeningsoquickly,andspeedwassynonymouswiththetimes.Theautomobile,nolongerfunerealblack,increasedinhorsepower,beauty,andcost.

Installmentbuyingarrivedjustintimetoallowmostmiddle-classfamiliestopurchasethelatestversionoftheAmericanDream.Buttheautomobilewasonlythemostobviouspieceofconsumertechnologyelsewhere,theairplanewasspeedingupmaildeliveryandby1927wouldflytheAtlanticwiththeJazzAge'sdarling,CharledLindbergh,atthecontrols.Thiswasthegenerationthatteamedhowtokissfromthemoviesandhowtodancefromrecords.BlackdancersandmusicianstookParisbystormin1925.RevueNegrewastherage,anditschiefattraction,JosephineBaker,wasthetoastofthetown.Hemingway'sPariswasalsotheintellectualcenterofthe1920sinliterature,painting,dancesandmusic.InParis,Diaghilev'sBalletRusseemployedmodernistpainterstodosetsandcostumesforhisinnovativechoreographytocontemporarymusic.InParis,GertrudeSteinhadbeenconductingherexperimentsinprosesincejustaftertheturnofthecentury.Inhersalononecouldseeherremarkablecollectionofmodernistpainting,perhapsevenmeetPicasso,Braque,Gris,orMiro.SylviaBeach'sbookstore,ShakespeareandCompany,wasawriter'sheavenandpostoffice.SoonafterHemingwayarrived,Beachpublishedthenovelthatnooneelsedarepublish一JamesJoyce'sUlysses.Atthesametime,EzraPound,mid-wifetoagenerationofyoungwriters,waseditingT.S.Eliot'sTheWasteLand.EventuallyallthewritersoftheagepassedthroughParis,andmanyoftheyoungonesbecameHemingway'sacquaintances,ArchibaldMacLeish,JohnDosPassos,SinclairLewis,E.E.Cummings,LouisBromfield,DonaldOgdenStewart,DorothyParker,andF.ScottFitzgerald,tonameafew.NowhereelsecouldayoungwritersoquicklymakecontactwiththeleadingedgeofhistimesthaninParis?InlessthanayearHemingwaypluggedintoaculturalnetworkthatmadehimwell-knownbeforehepublishedasingleword.ThatwaswhatPariscoulddoforamaninthosedays.

1.3Backgroundofthe"LostGeneration"

WhenHemingwayarrivedinParisatChristmas,1921,hewasnotpreparedforthecultureshockofthemarginalartists,idle,rich,seriouspaintersandwriters,youthfulrioters,jazzmusicians,blackdancersandtouringRotarianswhomadeupapermanentbutcontinuouslyshiftingAmericanBritishcolonyintheCityofLights.ThiswasthegenerationthatGertrudeSteinhelpedlabel"lost",thegenerationoftheJazzAge.Itwasneverreallylost,norwasitatalltimesJazzy.ItwasthegenerationthatdrankmorethanitshouldhavebecauseitwasillegaltodrinkintheUnitedStatesduringProhibition;theVolsteadAct(1919-33)hadmadehalfthecountryintocriminals.InParis,Americanswereconspicuousconsumersofalcoholinclubs,barsandcafesthatcateredtothemalmostexclusively.MostAmericansspokelittleornoFrench;therewasnoneed,fortheyseldomengagednativesinanyrealconversation.Excepttoprovideservices,fewnativeFrenchorSpanishappearinTheSunAlsoRises.

Thiswasthepostwargeneration,andmanyofHemingway'sPariscontemporarieswerecombatveterans.HehimselfborehisaccidentalwoundinginItalywithstoicbraveryWarexperiencewastheentryfee,thebadgethatgotoneintotheselectclubofinsiders.Butthewarwasnotover.InGermany,inflationcausedbythewardebtturnedthecountryintoatourist'sdreamandanative'snightmare.Berlinbecamethemostdecadenttownonthecontinent;thenextwar-andeveryoneknewtherewouldbeanextwarhadtoresultfromtheParispeacesettlementthathadcuttheheartoutofGermany'sindustrialeconomyIntheBalkans,TurkswerefightingGreeks.InItalytheFascistssweptMussoliniintopower,andthefuturewasmadevisible.InParis,thejazzplayedlateintheclubsandthecheapchampagneflowedon.Whatwasthepointofworryingaboutthenextwar?NoonebelievedanylongerinthevaluesthathadtakenthemenintothetrenchesoftheGreatWar,asitwasnowcalled.Honor,gloryandcountrynolongermovedthisgenerationofwhichHemingwaywasapart.

Politicsdidnotinterestthisgeneration.AthomethecountryelectedWarrenG,Handing,whoheadedthemostcorruptadministrationsinceGrants.HissecretaryoftheinteriorsoldtheU.S.Navy'soilreservesatTeaPotDometotheSinclairOilCompany.However,thecountrycontinuedtoelectconservativeRepublicansuntilthebottomfelloutofthestockmarketandtheJazzAgewentbust.TheconservativepoliticsofthetwentiesinAmericawerereflectedintheriseofreactionaryhatinggroupsliketheKuKluxKlan,thepopularityoffundamentalistministers,thefallingnumbersofunionmembership,theincreasedeffortstopurifythecountrybycensoringbooksandmovies,andageneralanti-intellectualattitude.ManyoftheParisexpatriateshadlefttheirnativesoiltoavoiddealingwiththisconservativetide.

2ThegistofTheSunAlsoRisesandanalysisofthecharactersinTheSunAlsoRises

2.1ThegistofTheSunAlsoRises

Thenovelexploresthelivesandvaluesoftheso-called"

\o"LostGeneration"

LostGeneration

,"chroniclingtheexperiencesofJakeBarnesandseveralacquaintancesontheirpilgrimageto

\o"Pamplona"

Pamplona

fortheannual

\o"Fiesta"

fiesta

andbullfights.Barnes'genitalshadbeenmutilatedastheresultofaninjuryincurredduring

\o"WorldWarI"

WorldWarI

;heissubsequentlyunabletoconsummateasexualrelationshipwithBrettAshley,althoughheisstillattractedtoher.ThestoryfollowsJakeandhisvariouscompanionsacross

\o"France"

France

and

\o"Spain"

Spain

.Initially,JakeseekspeaceawayfromBrettbytakingafishingtripto

\o"Burguete"

Burguete

,deepwithintheSpanishhills,withcompanionBillGorton,anotherveteranofthewar.ThefiestainPamplonaisthesettingfortheeventualmeetingofallthecharacters,whoplayouttheirvariousdesiresandanxieties,alongsideagreatdealofdrinking

2.2AnalysisofthecharactersinTheSunAlsoRises

2.2.1JakeBarnes

JakeBarnes,thenarratorofthestory,isanAmericanveteranof

\o"WorldWarI"

WorldWarI

whosufferedphysicalinjuriesthathavemadehimphysiologically

\o"Impotent"

impotent

,andunabletopursueasexualrelationshipwithBrett.Havinglostdirectionofhislifeasaresultofhisexperiencesduringthewar,Barnesattemptstocontenthimselfthroughhardwork,drinking,andbullfights.

ThekeyeventsintheformationofJake'scharacteroccurlongbeforethenovel'sactionbegins.AsasoldierinWorldWarI,Jakeiswounded.Althoughhedoesnotsaysodirectly,therearenumerousmomentsinthenovelwhenheimpliesthat,asaresultofhisinjury,hehaslosttheabilitytohavesex.Jake'snarrationischaracterizedbysubtletyandimplication.Hepreferstohintatthingsratherthanstatethemoutright,especiallywhentheyconcernthewarorhisinjury.Earlyinthenovel,forexampleonemustreadthetextverycloselytograspthetruenatureofJake'swound;itisonlylater,whenJakegoesfishingwithBill,hespeaksmoreopenlyabouthisimpotence.

Jake'sphysicalmaladyhasprofoundpsychologicalconsequences.Heseemsquiteinsecureabouthismasculinity.ThefactthatBrett,theloveofhislife,refusestoenterintoarelationshipwithhimcompoundsthisproblem.Jake,withtypicalsubtlety,suggeststhatshedoesnotwanttobecauseitwouldmeangivingupsexualintercourse.Jake'shostilitytowardRobertCohnisperhapsrootedinhisownfeelingsofinadequacy.Inmanyways,JakeisatypicalmemberofwhatpoetGertrudeSteincalledthe"lostgeneration",thegenerationofmenandwomenwhoseexperiencesinWorldWarIunderminedtheirbeliefsinjustice,morality,manhood,andlove.Withouttheseidealstorelyon,theLostGenerationlivedanaimless,immoralexistence,devoidoftrueemotionandcharacterizedbycasualinterpersonalcruelty.PartofJake'scharacterrepresentstheLostGenerationanditsunfortunateposition:hewandersthroughParis,goingfrombartobaranddrinkingheavilyateach,hislifefilledwithpurposelessdebauchery.Hedemonstratesthecapacitytobeextremelycruel,especiallytowardCohn.HisinsecuritiesabouthismasculinityaretypicaloftheanxietiesthatmanymembersoftheLostGenerationfelt.

Yet,insomeimportantways,Jakediffersfromthosearoundhim.HeseemsawareofthefruitlessnessoftheLostGeneration'swayoflife.HetellsCohninChapterII:"Youcan'tgetawayfromyourselfbymovingfromoneplacetoanother."

=1\*GB3

①

Moreover,herecognizesthefrequentcrueltyofthebehaviorinwhichheandhisfriendsengage.Mostimportant,perhaps,heacknowledges,ifonlyindirectly,thepainthathiswarinjuryandhisunrequitedloveforBrettcausehim.However,thoughJakedoesperceivetheproblemsinhislife,heseemseitherunwillingorunabletoremedythem.ThoughheunderstandsthedilemmaoftheLostGeneration,heseemstoremaintrappedwithinit.

2.2.2BrettAshley

Brettisastrong,largelyindependentwoman.Sheexertsgreatpoweroverthemenaroundher,asherbeautyandcharismaseemtocharmeveryoneshemeets.Moreover,sherefusestocommittoanyoneman,preferringultimateindependence.However,herindependencedoesnotmakeherhappy.ShefrequentlycomplainstoJakeabouthowmiserablesheis-herlife,sheclaims,isaimlessandunsatisfying.HerwanderingfromrelationshiptorelationshipparallelsJakeandhisfriends'wanderingfrombartobar.Althoughshewillnotcommittoanyoneman,sheseemsuncomfortablebeingbyherself.AsJakeremarks,"Shecan'tgoanywherealone"

=2\*GB3

②

.

Indeed,thereareseveralmisogyniststrainsinHemingway'srepresentationofBrett.Forinstance,shedisruptsrelationshipsbetweenmenwithherverypresence.Itseemsthat,inHemingway'sview,aliberatedwomanisnecessarilyacorrupting,dangerousforceformen.BrettrepresentsathreattoPedroRomeroandhiscareer-shebelievesthatherownstrengthandindependencewilleventuallyspoilRomero'sstrengthandindependence.Becauseshedoesnotconformtotraditionalfemininebehavior,sheisadangertohim.AswithJakeandhismalefriends,WorldWar1seemstohaveplayedanessentialpartintheformationofBrett'scharacter.Duringthewar,Brett'struelovediedofdysentery.Hersubsequentaimlessness,especiallywithregardtomen,canbeinterpretedasafutile,subconscioussearchforthisoriginallove.Brett'spersonalsearchisperhapssymbolicoftheentireLostGeneration'ssearchfortheshatteredprewarvaluesofloveandromance.

2.2.3RobertCohn

CohnhasspenthisentirelifefeelinglikeanoutsiderbecauseheisJewish.WhileatPrinceton,hetookupboxingtocombathisfeelingsofshynessandinferiority.Althoughhisconfidencehasgrownwithhisliterarysuccess,hisanxietyaboutbeingdifferentorconsiderednotgoodenoughpersists.ThesefeelingsofothernessandinadequacymayexplainhisirrationalattachmenttoBrett-heissoterrifiedofrejectionthat,whenithappens,herefusestoacceptit.

TheindividualswithwhomCohntravelstoSpainonlycompoundhisinsecurities.NotonlyishetheonlyJewamongthem,butheisalsotheonlynonveteran.JakeandhisfriendsseizeonthesedifferencesandtakeouttheirownpersonalinsecuritiesonCohn.ItisimportanttonotethatCohn'sbehaviortowardBrettisultimatelynotverydifferentfromthatofmostofthemeninthenovel.Theyallwanttopossessherinwaysthatsheresists.ButCohn'sattemptstowinBrettaresoclumsyandfoolishthattheyprovideaneasytargetformockery.

Cohnadherestoanoutdated,prewarvaluesystemofhonorandromance.HefightsonlywithintheconfinesofthegymuntilhisrageandfrustrationmakehimlashoutatRomeroandJake.Heplayshardattennis,butifhelosesheacceptsdefeatgracefully.Furthermore,hecannotbelievethathisaffairwithBretthasnoemotionalvalue.Hence,heactsasafoilforJakeandtheotherveteransinthenovel;unlikethem,heholdsontotraditionalvaluesandbeliefs,likelybecauseheneverexperiencedWorldWarIfirsthand.Sadly,Cohn'svaluesystemhasnoplaceinthepostwarworld,andCohncannotsustainit.HistearfulrequestthatRomeroshakehishandafterCohnhasbeatenhimupisanabsurdattempttorestorethevalidityofanantiquatedcodeofconduct.HisflightfromPamplonaissymbolicofthefailureoftraditionalvaluesinthepostwarworld.

2.2.4Theothercharacters

PedroRomero,AlthoughRomeroappearsonlybrieflyinthenovel,hispresenceiscrucial,asheistheonlymanwhoseemscapableofmanipulatingBrett.Hisappealtoher,beyondhisbeautifulappearance,isclearthroughtheparallelsHemingwaydrawsbetweenbull-fightingandsexuality.LikeBrettwithhersubmissivemen,Romeroishighlyskilledatasomewhat"feminine"manipulationofthebulls;moreover,hepenetratesthemina"masculine"wayattheendoffightswithhissword.Thesetacticscarrythroughtohisrelationshipwiththeaudience,aswell.Jakeadmireshimbecauseheisagreatbull-fighterandbecausehefulfillsthecodeofthehero,asHemingwaydefinedit:amanofactionwhoexhibits"graceunderpressure."WhileJakefoughtinthewar,henevercontrolshisdestinyinthefaceofdeathasRomerodoes,andwithsuchcommand.HemingwaycreatesthecodeheroessuchasMontoyaandPedroRomerowhoactthethemeout

BillGorton,Jake'swriter-friend,Billseemstowastehisliterarytalentonwitty,ironicquipsanddrunkensocializing;hemayrepresentHemingway'sfellowLostGenerationwriter,F.ScottFitzgerald,orHemingway'sownworsttendencies.Still,hebondswithJakewhiletheygofishing,openinguptoanintimacyunavailableinthecity,andattimesheseemslikeJake'sonlyrealfriend.

CountMippipopolous,ThecountbecomesfriendswithBrettinParis.Heiswildlyrichandgenerouslythrowsaroundmoney.Heisproudofhiswarscars,arrowwoundsthroughhisstomachandback.

Montoya,TheheadofthehotelinPamplonathatJakeandhisfriendsstayat,MontoyaisafriendofJake'sandafellowaficionadoofbull-fighting.HewantstoprotectRomerofromforeigners,andseemsupsetwhenJakeintroducesRomerotohisfriends.

Thewarisalsopresentasthetragedythataffectsthewaycharactersareabletodealwiththemselves,andpost-warsociety.ThethemesofthenovelarecastagainstthebackgroundoftheBiblicalquotationthebookopenswith:"Onegenerationpassethaway,andanothergenerationcometh;buttheearthabidethforever"

=3\*GB3

③

3Analysisofthewholemeaningofthe“LostGeneration”throughthecharacters

3.1Thesurfacemeaningof“TheLostGeneration”

TheSunAlsoRisesisanimpressivedocumentofthepeoplewhocametobeknown,inGertrudeStein'swords(whichformhalfthenovel'sepigraph),asthe"LostGeneration."TheyounggenerationshespeaksofhadtheirdreamsandinnocencesmashedbyWorldWarI,emergedfromthewarbitterandaimless,andspentmuchoftheprosperous1920sdrinkingandpartyingawaytheirfrustrations.JakeepitomizestheLostGeneration;physicallyandemotionallywoundedfromthewar,heisdisillusioned,careslittleaboutconventionalsourcesofhope--family,friends,religion,workandapatheticallydrinkshiswaythroughhisexpatriatelife.Eventravel,arichsourceofpotentialexperience,mostlybecomesanexcusetodrinkinexoticlocales.IrresponsibilityalsomarkstheLostGeneration;Jakerarelyintervenesinother'saffairs,evenwhenhecouldhelp(aswithCohn),andBrettcarelesslyhurtsmenandconsidersherselfpowerlesstostopdoingso.WhileHemingwaycritiquesthesuperficial,emptyattitudesoftheLostGeneration,theotherquoteintheepigraphfromEcclesiastesexpressesthehopethatfuturegenerationsmayrediscoverthemselves.

ThepointthatabovetheTheSunAlsoRisesinoureyesaretheaimlessofthe"LostGeneration",themaleinsecurityandthedestructivenessofsex.Andwecouldalsointerpretitfromthefailureofcommunication,excessivedrinkingandfalsefriendships.InthebeginningweconcludethatWorldWarIundercuttraditionalnotionsofmorality,faith,andjustice.Nolongerbeingabletorelyonthetraditionalbeliefsthatgavelifemeaning,themenandwomenwhoexperiencedthewarbecomepsychologicallyandmorallylost,andtheywanderaimlesslyinaworldthatappearmeaningless.Jake,Brett,andtheiracquaintancesgivedramaticlifetothissituation.

Becausetheynolongerbelieveinanything,theirlivesareempty.Theyfilltheirtimewithinconsequentialandescapistactivities,suchasdrinking,dancing,anddebauchery.Theirdrinkinganddancingisjustafutiledistraction,apurposelessactivitycharacteristicofawandering,aimlesslife.

ThewarrendersJake'smanhood(thatis,hispenis)uselessbecauseofinjury.Hecarriestheburdenoffeelingthatheis"lessofaman"thanhewasbefore.Hecannotescapeanaggingsenseofinadequacy,whichisonlycompoundedbyBrett'srefusaltoenterintoarelationshipwithhim.WhileJake'sconditionisthemostexplicitexampleofweakenedmasculinityinthenovel,itiscertainlynottheonlyone.Alloftheveteransfeelinsecureintheirmanhood.

SexisapowerfulanddestructiveforceinTheSunAlsoRises.Sexualjealousy,forexample,leadsCohntoviolatehiscodeofethicsandattackJake,Mike,andRomero.Furthermore,thedesireforsexpreventsBrettfromenteringintoarelationshipwithJake,althoughsheloveshim.Hence,sexunderminesbothCohn'shonorandJakeandBrett'slove.Brettiscloselyassociatedwiththenegativeconsequencesofsex.Sheisaliberatedwoman,havingsexwithmultiplemenandfeelingnocompulsiontocommittoanyofthem.HercarefreesexualitymakesJakeandMikemiserableanddrivesCohntoactsofviolence.

TheconversationsamongJakeandhisfriendsarerarelydirectorhonest.Theyhidetruefeelingsbehindamaskofcivility.Althoughthelegacyofthewartormentsthemall,theyareunabletocommunicatethistorment.Theycantalkaboutthewaronlyinanexcessivelyhumorousorpainfullytritefashion.NearlyallofJake'sfriendsarealcoholics.Wherevertheyhappentobe,theydrink,usuallytoexcess.Often,theirdrinkingprovidesawayofescapingreality.DrunkennessallowsJakeandhisacquaintancestoendurelivesseverelylackinginaffectionandpurpose.

However,allthesethingsareonlythetipofthesurface.TounderstandHemingwayandTheSunAlsoRisesneedstofindtheotherdeepcomprehension.Hemingway'strueintentionliesunderthesurface.

3.2Thedeepcomprehensionof“TheLostGeneration”inTheSunAlsoRises

AthoroughstudyofthenovelTheSunAlsoRisescouldtellusthatwhatHemingwayaimstoexpressisnotonlylimitedtoonegeneration'ssituationandtheirsufferings,notonlytoinformpeoplehowdestructiveandhatefulthewarisorjusthowthegenerationgetshurtandlostinthewar.Those,whoconsiderthebookonlyastheportraitofthe"lost",onlygetthesurfaceofHemingway'swriting.Theotherdeepmeaningofit,i.e.,thetruthofit,infact,istobuildupanewwayoflife:discipliningandcontrollingoneselftoexercisegraceunderpressure.ItisahealthyspiritandHemingwaycreatesthecodeheroessuchasMontoyaandPedroRomerowhoactthethemeout.TheSunAlsoRiseshasamoralbackbone,derivingmuchofitspowersfromthecontrastbetweenthecodeheroesandthenon-codecharacterswhoarealsocalledtheLostGeneration.

InTheSunAlsoRisesJakeattemptstoreconstructanewdefinitionofmanhoodandtocreateanewsetofvaluesanewsenseoftruthandhonorforhim.Thoughphysicallyimpotentandmentallytortured,Jakeremainsmorallysound.LiketheothercodeheroesinthenovelsuchastheagedCountMippipoplousinParis,thehotel-keeperMontoya,theyoungbullfighterPedroRomeroinPamplonaandJake'sfriendBillGortonwhoiswithJakeallthewaytoPamplona,Jakehashisowncode.Thesecharactershaveexperiencedandwitnessedviolenceandmiseries,butinsteadofbecoming"lost",theyfindvaluesoflifeoutofsufferingsandvanity.Althoughtheyaresuspiciousoftheabstractidealsofcourage,heroismandnationalgrandpurposeandtheybearphysicalandpsychologicalwoundsinaprofoundlypersonalway,theystillcombinetheirdisillusionmentwithtraditionalAmericanvalueofhardwork.Theyenjoylifeinsuchawaythatlifeforthemisnevermeaningless.WecanseeJakeandothercodeheroesinthenovelasuncompromisedrepresentativesofthe"LostGeneration".

Itisverydifficulttoexpressanabstractconceptwithoutcommentingorinterpreting.Nevertheless,Hemingwaysucceedsindoingsobyembodyinganabstractconceptinaconcreteaction.Inthenovelthecode"graceunderpressure"issubstantialzedinmanyincidentssuchasRomero'sbull-fighting.Thephilosophyoflifeisexpoundedthroughdescriptivedetails:"

Romero'slefthanddroppedthemuleteeroverthebull'smuzzletoblindhim,hisleftshoulderwentforwardbetweenthehornsastheswordwentinandforjustaninstantheandthebullwereone,Romerowayoutoverthebull,therightarmextendeduptowherethehiltoftheswordhadgoneinbetweenthebull'sshoulders."

=4\*GB3

④

Romero'sactioniswellaimed.Closelyconnectedwithhisprecisionisthequicknessofhismotionwhichisneverrash,butmarkedwithfirmnessandsteadiness.Eachmovementisclear-cutandonefollowsanotherinasmoothsequence.Andwhatismoreimportant,allisdonerightinfrontofthebullandwiththebull.Romeroemploysnotrickstopretendtobeclosertothebullandtoappearinggreaterdanger.Formhisgreatskillandcourageinthebullfighting;weseethestrengthofaman,thevolitionofaman,theartofaman,andthedestinyofaman.Manisdestinedtodiesoheisdestinedtolosethebattleinfightingagainstthefate.Butaslongasheisdeterminedtofightthelosingbattlewithallhisstrength,volition,artanddignity,hecandominatethestruggleinsucha