机械外文翻译-切削加工新概念

Thenewconceptofcuttingprocessing>

切削加工新概念

Thenowadayscuttingtoolcompanycannotonlybeagainthemanufactureand

thesalescuttingtool,inordertosucceed,theymustbeconsistentwiththe

globalizationmanufacturetendencymaintenance,throughenhancestheefficiency,

cooperateswiththecustomerreducesthecost.Approachestheinstantaneousglobal

competitionafterthisafterNAFTA,theWTOtime,theworldcompanyismaking

quicklytothesamefeeling,islighter,acheaperresponse.Inotherwords,theymake

theproductandthecomponentscontaincaninhighspeedunderrevolve,asaresult

ofthecostpressure,best,islightermoreovermustmakecheaply.Obtainsthesegoals

abestwayisthroughdevelopsandappliesthenewmaterial,buttheseisnewandthe

improvementmaterialusuallyallwithdifficultyprocesses.Ininthiskindof

commercialpowerandthetechnicaldifficultycombinationisespeciallyprominentin

theautomobileandtheaviationindustry,andhasbecomehastheexperiencethe

cuttingtoolcompanytoresearchanddevelopthedepartmentthemostimportant

drivinginfluence.

Forexample,takesthemodularcastirontosaythat,ithasbecometheengine

partandotherautomobiles,theagriculturethematerialwhichseedaybydaywiththe

equipmentandinthemachinetoolindustrycomponents.Thiskindofalloyprovides

thelowproductioncostandthegoodmachinecapabilitycombination.Theyare

cheaperthanthesteelproducts,buthasahigherintensityandtoughnesscomparedto

thecastiron.Butatthesametimethemodularcastironisextremelywear-resisting,

hasfastbreaksbyrubbingthecuttingtoolmaterialthetendency.Inthiswearresistant

verygreatdegreebeadluminousbodycontentinfluence.Someknownmodularcast

ironbeadluminousbodycontenthigher,itsresistancetowearbetter,moreoverits

machinabilityisworse.Moreover,themodularcastironporositycausesoffandonto

cut,thisevenmorereducesthelife.

Mayestimatethat,thehighdegreeofhardnessandthehighwear-resisting

cuttingmaterialqualitymustconsiderthemodularcastironthehighresistanceto

wear.AndthematerialqualitycontainsextremelyhardTiCinfact(carbonized

titanium)orTiCN(carbontitaniumnitrides)thickcoatingwhencuttingspeedeach

minute300metersprocessesthemodularcastirontoproveusuallyiseffective.But

alongwithcuttingspeedincrease,scrap/Thecuttingtooljunctionplanetemperature

alsoisincreasing.Whenhassuchsituation,theTiCcoatingfavorsinhasthechemical

reactionwiththeironandsoftens,morepressuresfunctioninanti-crescentmoon

hollowattritioncoating.Undertheseconditions,hopedhasonechemicalstability

bettercoating,likeA12O3(althoughunderlowspeedwasinferiortoTiChardoris

wear-resisting).

Thechemicalstabilitybecomesanimportantperformanceperformancedividing

linecomparedtotheresistancetowearthefactor,thespeedandthetemperatureis

decidedinisprocessedthemodularcastironthecrystalgrainstructureandthe

performance.ButusuallythickcoatingofTiCNandTiCoronlyductileironoxidesin

thesoilcoatingisappliedto,becausethetodaymajorityofthiskindsareprocessed

thematerialthecuttingspeedineachminute150to335metersbetween.Ishigher

thaneachminute300meterapplicationsregardingthespeed,thepeopletothiskind

ofmaterialaresatisfied.

Inordertocausethisscopeperformancetobemostsuperior,themountain

highresearchedanddevelopedandhaspromotedinviewofmodularcastiron

processingmaterialqualityTX150.Thiskindofmaterialqualityhashardalsothe

anti-distortionsubstrate,isveryidealregardingtheprocessingmodularcastiron.Its

coatingtheoxidecompoundcoatingwhichhollowlywearsbythickvery

wear-resistingcarbontitaniumnitridesandathinanti-crescentmoon,thetopisthin

layerTiN.Thiskindofcoatingwhichneedsthecenterwarmchemistrygasphase

depositionusingthestateoftheartproductionresistancetowearandtheanti­

crescentmoonhollowattritionwhichtheCVDcoatingcompletedegreeofhardness

moreoverthetoughsmoothnessincreases(MTCVD)thecraft.Substrate/Thecoating

combinationperformancegivestheveryhighanti-plasticdeformationandthecutting

edgemicrocollapsestheability,causesittobecomeunderthenormalspeedto

processthemodularcastirontheidealmaterialquality.

Thecoatingceramicsalsodisplaycaneffectivelyprocessthemodularcastiron.

Inthepast,thealuminumoxideceramicsapplicationwhichnotthecoatingtough

goodsuchasnitridingsiliconandthesiliconcarbidetextilefiberstrengthenedthe

workpiecematerialchemistryparalysislimit.Todaybutcouldresistthescrap

distortionprocessthroughtheusetohavethehighthermalcoatingcuttingtoollife

alreadyremarkablytoincrease.Butcertainearlythisdomainsworkpieceprocessing

usealuminumoxidesspreadthelayercrystalstohavetostrengthentheceramics,

todaymostresearchconcentrateintheTiNcoatingnitridingsilicon.Thiskindof

coatingcanremarkablyopenupthetoughgoodceramicstheapplicationscope.

Whenmachining,theworkpiecehasprocessedthesurfaceisdependsuponthe

cuttingtoolandtheworkpiecemakestherelativemotiontoobtain.Accordingtothe

surfacemethodofformation,themachiningmaydivideintotheknifepointpathlaw,

theformedcuttingtoollaw,thegeneratingprocessthreekinds.

Theknifepointpathlawisdependsupontheknifepointtobeoppositeinthe

workpiecesurfacepath,obtainsthesuperficialgeometryshapewhichtheworkpiece

requests,liketheturningouterannulus,theshapingplane,thegrindingouterannulus,

withtheprofileturningformingsurfaceandsoon,theknifepointpatharedecidedthe

cuttingtoolandtheworkpiecerelativemotionwhichprovidesintheenginebed;

Theformedcuttingtoollawabbreviationforming,iswiththeformedcuttingtool

whichmatcheswiththeworkpiecefinalsuperficialoutline,orthefonnedgrinding

wheelandsoonprocessestheformedsurface,likeformedturning,formedmilling

andformgrindingandsoon,becauseformsthecuttingtoolthemanufacturequiteto

bedifficult,thereforeonlyusesinprocessingtheshortformedsurfacegenerally;

Thegeneratingprocessnamerollscutsmethod,iswhentheprocessingthe

cuttingtoolandtheworkpiecedounfoldthemovementrelatively,thecuttingtool

andtheworkpiececentrodemakethepuretrundlemutually,betweenbothmaintains

thedefinitetransmissionratiorelations,obtainstheprocessingsurfaceistheknife

edgeinthiskindofmovementenvelope,inthegearprocessingrollsthetooth,the

gearshaping,theshaving,thetophorizontaljadepiecetoothandrubsthetoothandso

ontobethegeneratingprocessprocessing.Somemachininghasatthesametimethe

knifepointpathlawandtheformedcuttingtoolmethodcharacteristic,likethread

turning.

Themachiningqualitymainlyisreferstotheworkpiecetheprocessingprecision

andthesurfacequality(includingsurfaceroughness,residualstressandsuperficial

hardening).Alongwiththetechnicalprogress,themachiningqualityenhances

unceasingly.The18thcenturylaterperiods,themachiningprecisioncountsbythe

millimeter;Atthebeginningof20thcentury,machiningprecisionGaoYida0.01

millimeter;Tothe50,s,themachiningprecisionhasreachedamicronlevel;The70's,

themachiningprecisionenhancesto0.1micron.

Theinfluencemachiningqualityprimaryfactorhasaspectsandsoonenginebed,

cuttingtool,jig,workpiecesemifinishedmaterials,techniqueandprocessing

environment.Mustimprovethemachiningquality,musttakethesuitablemeasureto

theabovevariousaspects,likereducestheenginebedworkerror,selectsthecutting

toolcorrectly,improvesthesemifinishedmaterialsquality,thereasonable

arrangementcraft,theimprovementenvironmentalconditionandsoon.

Enhancesthecuttingspecificationstoenhancethematerialexcisionrate,is

enhancesthemachiningefficiencytheessentialway.Thecommonlyusedhighly

effectivemachiningmethodhasthehigh-speedcutting,theforcecutting,theplasma

archeatingcutsandvibratesthecuttingandsoon.

Thegrindingspeediscalledthehigh-speedgrindingin45meters/secondabove

cuttings.Usesthehigh-speedcutting(orgrinding)bothmayenhancetheefficiency,

andmayreducethesurfaceroughness.Thehigh-speedcutting(orgrinding)requests

theenginebedtohavethehighspeed,thehighrigidity,thehighefficiencyandthe

vibration-proofgoodcraftsystem;Requeststhecuttingtooltohavethereasonable

geometryparameterandtheconveniencetightway,butalsomustconsiderthesafe

reliablechipbreakingmethod.

Theforcecuttingreferstotheroughingfeedorcutsthedeepmachininggreatly,

usesintheturningandthegrindinggenerally.Theforceturningmaincharacteristicis

thelathetoolbesidesthemaincuttingedge,butalsosomeisparallelinthework

piecehasprocessedsuperficialthevice-cuttingedgesimultaneouslytoparticipatein

thecutting,thereforemayenhancetofeedquantitycomparedtothegeneralturning

severaltimesofevenseveraltimes.Compareswiththehigh-speedcutting,theforce

cuttingcuttingtemperatureislow,thecuttingtoollifeislong,thecuttingefficiencyis

high;Theshortcomingisprocessesthesurfacetoberough.Whenforcecutting,the

radialdirectioncuttingforcedeathofaparentisnotsuitablefbrtoprocessthetalland

slenderworkpieceverymuch.

Thevibrationcuttingisalongthecuttingtooldirectionoffeed,theattachment

lowfrequencyorthehighfrequencyvibrationmachining,mayenhancethecutting

efficiency.Thelowfrequencyvibrationcuttinghastheverygoodchipbreakingeffect,

butdoesnotusethechipbreakingequipment,makestheknifeedgeintensityto

increase,timethecuttingtotalpowerdissipationcomparedtohasthechipbreaking

installmentordinarycuttingtoreduceabout40%.Thehighfrequencyvibrationcutting

alsocalledtheultrasonicwavevibrationcutting,ishelpfulinreducesbetweenthe

cuttingtoolandtheworkpiecefriction,reducesthecuttingtemperature,reducesthe

cuttingtoolthecoherenceattrition,thustheenhancementcuttingefficiencyandthe

processingsurfacequality,thecuttingtoollifemayenhance40%approximately.

Tolumber,plastic,rubber,glass,marble,graniteandsoonnonmetallicmaterial

machining,althoughissimilarwiththemetalmaterialcutting,butusesthecutting

tool,theequipmentandthecuttingspecificationsandsoonhasthecharacteristic

respectively.

Thelumberproductmachiningmainlycarriesineachkindofjoinefsbench,its

methodmainlyhas:Thesawcuts,digscuts,theturning,themilling,drillstruncates

withthepolishingandsoon.

Theplasticrigidityisworsethanthemetal,theeasybendingstrain,the

thermoplasticthermalconductivitytobeinparticularbad,easytoelevatetemperature

theconditioning.Whencuttingplastic,suitablywiththehigh-speedsteelorthehard

alloytools,selectsthesmalltofeedquantityandthehighcuttingspeed,anduses

compressedaircooling.Ifthecuttingtoolissharp,theangleisappropriate,may

producethebelt-shapedscrap,easytocarryoffthequantityofheat.

Glass(includingsemiconductingmaterialandsoongermanium,silicon)but

degreeofhardnesshighbrittlenessisbig.Tomethodsandsoonglassmachining

commonlyusedcutting,drillhole,attritionandpolishing.Tothicknessinthree

millimetersfollowingglassplates,thesimplecuttingmethodiswiththediamondor

otherhardmaterials,inglasssurfacemanualscoring,theusescratchplacestress

concentration,thenusesthehandtobreakoff.

Tothemarble,thegraniteandtheconcreteandsoonthehardmaterial

processing,mainlyusesmethodsandsooncutting,turning,drillhole,shaping,

attritionandpolishing.Whencuttingtheavailablecircularsawbladeaddsthegrinding

compoundandthewater;Theouterannulusandtheendsurfacemayusethenegative

rakethehardalloylathetool,by10〜30meter/minutecuttingspeedturning;Drillsa

holetheavailablehardalloydrillbit;Thebigstonematerialplaneavailablehardalloy

planingtoolorrollscutsplaningtoolshaping;Theprecisesmoothsurface,available

threemutuallyforthedatumtothemethodwhichgrinds,orthegrindingandthe

polishingmethodobtains.

Cuttingtoolinhotstrongalloyapplication

Theaviationprocessingalsochangesrapidly.Forexample,nickelbase

heat-resistingalloylikeseveralyearsagothemostpeoplehadnotheardRene88now

occupiestotheaircraftenginemanufactureusesthetotalmetalquantity10〜25%.Has

verygoodshowingandthecommercialreasonregardingthis.Forexample,theseheat

strongalloywillbeabletoincreasetheengineendurancemoreovertopermitthe

smallengineworkonthebigairplane,thatwillenhancethecombustionefficiency

andreducestheoperationcost.Thesetoughgoodmaterialsalsopresenttheexpense

onthecuttingtool.Theirthermalstabilitycausesontheknifepointthetemperatureto

behigher,thusreducedthecuttingtoollife.Similarly,inthesealloycarbidepellet

remarkablyincreasedthefriction,thusreducesthecuttingtoollife.

Asaresultofchangesintheseconditions,canbeverypleasedtohaveprocessed

manytitaniumalloysandnickel-basedalloymaterialsC-2hardmetalalloys,inthe

applicationtotoday'scuttingedgeofbladetothecrushingandcuttingdepthofthe

trenchlinesbadlyworn.Butusingthelatesthigh-temperatureprocessingofsmall

particleshardmetalalloystobeeffective,cutlerylifeimproved,butmoreimportantly

toenhancethereliabilityofapplicationsinhigh-temperaturealloys.Smallparticles

hardmetalthantraditionalhardmetalmaterialshighercompressionstrengthand

hardness,onlyasmallincreaseintheresilienceofthecost.Andresultedinhigh

temperaturealloyprocessingthantraditionalhardmetalresistancecommonfailure

modemoreeffective.

PVD(physicalgasphasedeposition)coatingalsobycertificateeffective

processingheat-resistingalloy.TiN(titaniumnitrides)thePVDcoatingwasusesand

stillwasmostearlymostreceiveswelcome.Recently,TiAlN(nitrogencalorization

titanium)andTiCN(carbontitaniumnitrides)thecoatingalsocouldverygooduse.In

thepasttheTiAlNcoatingapplicationscopeandTiNcomparedthelimittobemore.

Butafterthecuttingspeedenhancesthemisaverygoodchoice,enhancesthe

productivityintheseapplicationstoreach40%.Ontheotherhand,isdecidedunder

thelowcuttingspeedincoatingsuperficialoperatingmodeTiAlNcancauseto

accumulatethefilingslumpafterwards,microcollapseswiththetrenchattrition.

Recently,usedintheheat-resistingalloyapplicationmaterialqualityalready

developing,thesecoatingbutbecamebyseveralcombinations.Themassive

laboratoriesandthescenetesthasalreadyproventhiskindofcombinationandother

anykindofsolecoatingcomparesintimetheverywidescopeapplicationisvery

effective.Thereforeaimsattheheat-resistingalloyapplicationthePVDcompound

coatingpossiblytobecomethefocalpointwhichthehardalloynewmaterialquality

researchanddevelopmentcontinues.WiththeMTCVDcoating,thecoatingceramics

gatherinthesameplace,theyhopefullybecomeamoreeffectiveprocessingto

researchanddevelopnewlyaremoredifficulttoprocesstheworkpiecematerialthe

mainimpactstrength.

Dryprocessing

Includingtherefrigerantquestionistechnicalandthecommercialexpansion

industrialproductiontendencyanotherdomainwhichthecuttingtoolmakes.North

AmericaandtheEuropeanstrictrefrigerantmanagementrequestandthebiggestthree

automobilemanufacturerforcesthemthecoresuppliertoobtaintheISO14000

authentication(theIS09000environmentmanagementedition),thiscausesthe

refrigerantprocessingcostrise.Tothecarcompanyandtheircoresuppliersaid

obviouslyoneofresponseswhichwelcomeisinthespecificprocessingapplication

avoidscompletelytherefrigeranttheuse.Thiskinddidtheprocessingthenewworld

toproposeaseriesofchallengesforthecuttingtoolsupplier.

Recently,alreadyappearedsometoconcernthistopictopromulgatethespeed,

toenterfor,thecoatingchemicalcompositionandotherparametersverysubstantial

comprehensivenatureverystrongusefultechnicalpapers.Wantstoconcentratethe

elaborationinhereme"doestheprocessingviewpoint11intheoperationand

commercialmeaningautomobilemanufacturernew.

Themetalworkingjobholderscantheverygoodunderstandingrelated

refrigerantusequestion,butmajoritycannotunderstandconcernsexceptthetechnical

challenge(forexamplerowoffilings)besidedoestheprocessingquestioninthe

cuttingtool-workpiececontactfacebetween.Usuallymayobservetotherefrigerant

disperserscrapwhichflowsout,butthepressuresurpasses3,000pounds/Aninch2

highspeedrefrigerantalsocanhelptobreakthefilings,speciallysoftalsothe

continualscrapcancauseinthecuttingtool-workpiececontactfacetrouble.

Usesdoesthecuttingcraftthecomponentsresultistheenginebedusesthewet

typeprocessingcomponentstobehotterthan.Whetherbeforeyoudoallowthemto

surveyintheopen-airnaturalcooling?Ifprocessesnewlythehotcomponentsput

frequentlytotheturnoverbox,elevatestheenvironmenttemperature,whether

componentsfullcoolingandjustrightenoughpermissionprecisionexamination?

Alsohasthehandlingsideseveraldozensonhundredcomponentstobeableto

operatetheworkertoincreasetheextraburden.

Withmanycuttingtools/Theworkpiecetechnicalquestionsameplace,these

latentquestionsneedtostatewhetherdrylyaddstheabilityline.Luckily,hasvery

manywaystoelaboratethesequestions.Forexample,thecompressedairwasproven

rowoffilingsbecomesthequestioninverymanyapplicationsthesituationtohave

thesuccessfulecho.

AnotherplaniscalledMQL(minimumlubrication)atechnology,itreplacesthe

traditionalrefrigerantbytheapplicationthequitefewoilmistsconstitution.Thisisa

recognitioncompromiseplan,thiskindofminimumtechnologycanlargescale

reducetherefrigeranttheheadachematter,moreoverthesmoothfinishwhich

processesinmanyapplicationsveryisalsogood.Thisdomainstillhadverymany

researchtodo,moreoverthecuttingtoolcompanypositivelyparticipatedinsuch

researchwasabsolutelyessential.Iftheywillnotdofallbehindthecompetitor,will

beatthedisadvantageousposition.

Inthefactorythespecialdetailsdesignotherperhapsbetterplanaccordingtothe

wor