汉语新词的英文翻译

毕业论文(设计)PAGEPAGE2TheTranslationofChineseNeologismsintoEnglishIntroductionNidapointsoutthat“nothingisofgreaterstrategicimportancethanthelanguagethroughwhichitsbeliefsareexpressedandtransmittedandbywhichmostinteractionofitsmemberstakesplace”(2001:78).Language,servingasatoolinsocialinteraction,reflectsthechangesofsociallife.Eachperiodhasitsownfeatures,sodoeslanguage.Thecreatedwordsandsayingsareneologismsofthatage.Neologismsarebothahistoricalandculturalphenomenonbecausetheyrecordhistoryandpreserveculture.Byfollowingthetrackofvocabularydevelopment,peoplecantracetheculturalandsocialevolution.In1978,Chinalaunchedtheunprecedentedpolicyofreformandopening-uptotheoutsideworld.Withtheimpactofthesweepingreformandtheirresistibleglobalcurrent,China,bycontinuallyadaptingitself,hasbecomemoreintegratedwiththeworldeconomytomeetchallengesandseizeopportunities.Comparedwithdecadesago,thewholenationhastransformedbeyondrecognitionrangingfromsocialframeworktosubtlepsychology.Chinesepeoplehaveneverwelcomednewthingsandnewconceptswithsostrongdesireasnow.Wheneverthereissomethingnewemerge,materialorideological,peoplewilltryallmeanstoconveythemthroughlanguage,andaseaofneologismsarethuscreated.Thefasterthesocietyisadvancing,themoreandquickeraretheneologismscreated,whicharewidelyspreadthroughmassmedia.Accordingtosomestatistics,hundredsofChineseneologismssproutupeachyear.Thisphenomenonhasbeenincreasinglyarousingtheattentionofsinologists,translators,Chineselinguistsandevenjournalists,whohavecontributedtotheresearchofneologismsinsomeways.WhatistheChineseneologism?Inbrief,neologismsis:1)anewword,meaning,usageorphrase;2)anoldwordorexpressionwithnewsenses;3)aborrowingwordorexpressionfromotherlanguages;4)anadoptingwordorexpressionfromdialects(JohnAlgeo:2006).TheChineseneologismsmentionedinthispaperrefertoanywords,idiomsorphrasesthathavebeenfrequentlyfoundinradiobroadcasting,TV,newspapers,booksandmagazinessincethepolicyofreformandopening-uptotheoutsideworldcarriedinChina.2.ThetranslationofChineseneologismsintoEnglish2.1ThecriteriaandcharacteristicsoftranslatingChineseneologismsBeforethediscussionoftranslatingChineseneologismsintoEnglish,thecriteriaandcharacteristicsshouldbediscussedfirst.Criteriaarenotonlythescaleswhichmeasurethetranslationquality,butalsotheaimstranslatorsmakegreateffortstorealize.Criteriaplayaninstructionalroleintranslating,whichhavebeenbeingthecoreproblemfortranslatorstodiscuss.Thedomesticorforeigntranslatorsdidmuchresearchandpresentedvariouscriteriaoftranslating,suchasAmericantranslatorEugeneA.Nida’s“FunctionalEquivalence”,ChinesetranslatorQianZhongshu’sprincipleof“transmigration”,Yanfu’sthree-characterprinciple“Faithfulness,Expressiveness,Elegance”andsoon.Amongthem,Yanfu’sprincipleisthemostinfluentialone.“Faithfulness”meansthatthetranslationshouldbeasfaithfulasthecontentoftheoriginal;“Expressiveness”meansthatthetranslationshouldbeasreadableandunderstandableastheoriginal;“Elegance”meansthatthestyleofthetranslationshouldbeaselegantastheoriginal.ThecharacteristicsoftranslatingChineseneologismsaregenerallythesameastranslatingotherChinese-Englishliteratures,excepttwodifferentones.Thefirstoneisthecreativeness,forChineseneologismshavenotbeentranslatedintoEnglishbefore,andthereisnoanyprecedenttofollow,somostofthetranslationofneologismsshouldbetheoriginal.Thesecondoneisthetimeliness,thetranslationofneologismsalwaysshouldbetranslatedinashorttime,fortheneologismsshouldbetranslatedassoonaspossiblewhenthereissomethingnewhappened,translatorshavenoenoughtimetolucubrateandmakedeepconsideration.2.2ImpropertranslationofChineseneologismsandreasonsleadingtheimpropertranslations.2.2.1LackTherearethreekindsofproblemswhichreflectthelackoftheEnglishknowledgeoftranslators.Firstly,thetranslationofaneologismcouldbeunderstoodbyChinese,butnotbyEnglish.Take“外卖(foodtakenawayfromtherestaurantandeatsomewhereelse)”,“一路平安，一路顺风(haveapleasant/safejourney)”,“流行字眼(wordslikedandusedbyalargenumberofpeople)”,“远景规划(planmadeforaperiodoftimethatwilllastalongwayintothefuture)”forexample,theyhavebeentranslatedrespectivelyinto“takeout”,“speedsomebodyontheirway”,“vogueword”,“perspectivelong-termplan”.ThesetranslationscouldbeunderstoodbyChinesepeople,butfortheEnglish,theymaybeconfused,becausethesetranslationsareimproperonesduetothelackofEnglishknowledgeoftranslators.Actually,accordingtoEnglishexpressingway,theyshouldbetranslatedinto“takeaway”or“takeawaymeals”,“enjoyyourtrip”,“buzzword”,“long-termvision”.Secondly,thetranslationisofgildthelily.Forinstance,“访谈(toasksomebodyquestionsabouttheirlife,opinionsetc,especiallyontheradioortelevisionorforanewspaperormagazine)”,“说服教育(theactofpersuadingsomebodytodosomethingortobelievesomething)”,“个人隐私(thestateofbeingaloneandnotwatchedordisturbedbyotherpeople)”,“医德医风(moralprinciplesthatcontrolorinfluenceaperson’sbehaviorinmedicalfield)”,“参政议政(totakepartinorbecomeinvolvedintheadministrationanddiscussionofstateaffairs)”,“歪风邪气(thetrendsandpracticeswhichhaveharmfuleffectsonpeople)”shouldbetranslatedinto“interview”,“persuasion”,“privacy”,“medicalethics”,“participateinmanagementofstateaffairs”,“evilwinds”insteadof“interviewanddiscuss”,“persuasioneducation”,“individualprivacy”,“medicalethicsandconductofmedicalworkers”,“participateanddiscussinmanagementofstateaffairs”,“evilwindsandnoxiousinfluences”.Theformeronescanfullyrenderthemeaningofthoseneologisms.ForthelackofEnglishknowledgeoftranslators,unnecessaryandredundantwordslike“discuss”,“education”,“individual”,“conductofmedicalworkers”,“noxiousinfluences”areadded.Thirdly,thetranslationdoesnotexpresstheoriginalmeaning.Forinstance,“情结(averystrongfeelingoflove,hatred,anger,enthusiasmetc)”istranslatedinto“complex”,whichdoesnotexpresstheoriginalmeaning.infact,“complex”isonlyusedinsuchkindofexpressionsas“Electra/Oedipuscomplex(恋父/恋母情结)”or“inferioritycomplex(自卑情结)”,itmeansakindofpsychicsyndrome.Formoreexamples,“实现零的突破(getthegoldmedalincompetition)”istranslatedinto“fulfillthezerobreakthrough”,“zerobreakthrough”meansnobreakthrough,itisfarawayfromtheoriginalmeaning.IftranslatorsknowwelltheEnglishknowledge,thetranslationswouldbedonebetter.2.2.2LackofChineseIftranslatorswanttotranslatetheneologismsintoEnglishproperly,theyshouldgrasptherealmeaningoftheseneologismsfirstly.HerearesomeexampleswhichshowthattranslatorshavenotgottherealmeaningoftheseneologismsinChinese.1)“失学儿童(childrenwholeaveschoolbeforetheyhavefinishedtheirstudying)”shouldbe“schooldropoutsandchildrenwhoareunabletogotoschool”butnot“dropout”,forthelatteronlymeansthestudentswhodiscontinuetheirstudying,however,“失学儿童”includenotonlythedropoutsbutalsothechildrenwhoareunabletogotoschoolforvariousreasons.2)“师资(asupplyofteachersthataschoolhas)”shouldbe“teachingstaff/resources”butnot“qualifiedteachers”,forthelattermeanscompetentteachers.3)“集资房(housesbuiltonthefundscollectedbythecountry,thecompanyandthebuyers)”shouldbe“triad-inputhousing”butnot“housesbuiltwiththefundscollectedfromthebuyers”.“集资”meansthatthehousefundispaidbythreeparts:thecountry,thecompanyandtheindividual.ThisisakindofbeneficialpolicycarriedinChina.4)“半拉子工程”shouldbe“never-to-be-finishedproject”butnot“uncompletedproject”,“半拉子工程”meansthattheprojectwasstartedbefore,butwasendupwithnothingdefinite,itwillbenever-to-be-finished.“Uncompletedproject”meanstheprojectwhichisunderwayandwouldbefinished.Theyaredifferentfromeachother.5)“安居工程”hasbeentranslatedinto“comfortablehousingproject”.“安居工程”meansthateveryonehashousetolive,andpeoplecanaffordthehouse,so“affordablehousingproject”isbetterthan“comfortablehousingproject”.TheseimpropertranslationsresultfromthelackofChineseknowledgeoftranslators.2.2.3LackofknowledgeTheprofessorWangZuoliangoncesaid:thebiggestproblemoftranslationisthedifferencebetweentwocultures(王佐良，1989：8).Ifthereissomeonewhowantstomasteronelanguage,hemustknowwelltherelevantculture.People,withdifferentculture,especiallybetweenthewesternandtheChinese,mayhavedifferentunderstandingofthesamethingorthesameconcept.Forinstance,“野蛮装卸”meanstheworkersignoretheruleswhenloadingandunloadinggoods,thatistosay,theyloadandunloadthegoodsinarashwayinordertofinishthetaskassoonaspossible.Itwastranslated,accordingtotheliteralmeaning,into“thebarbarousloadingandunloading,”whichleaveanimpressiontoforeignreaderslikethis:theChineseworkersarebarbarous.Itisobviouslyuntrue,so“therash-and–roughwayofloadingandunloading”wouldbebetter.Foranotherinstance,“又红又专”,whichmeans“torequiretheintelligentsiatoadheretothesocialismandtobeprofessional”,istranslatedinto“bebothredandexpert”,itisobviouslynotsogood.InEnglish,thederivativemeaningsof“red”arealmostwithderogatorysenses,suchas“bloody”and“violent”.thus,“又红又专”canbetranslatedinto“bothsocialist-mindedandprofessionallyqualified”.ThetwoexamplesvividlyshowthattranslatorswouldnottranslateChineseneologismsproperlyiftheydon’tgrasptheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandothercountries.2.2.4ChinglishandChinglishistheabbreviationof“ChineseEnglish”,whichreferstotheimproperuseofwordsandidioms，illogicalsentencesofEnglishandwronglymake-upEnglish.ChinaEnglishreferstotheEnglishexpressionsandsentenceswhichdescribethestatusofChina.ThedifferencebetweenChinglishandChinaEnglishliesinthatChinglishdisobeythelinguisticrules,suchasgrammarrules,rhetoricalrules,andsemanticlogic,whichresultinthemeaningofthetranslationfarfromtheoriginaltext;whileChinaEnglishusecanonicalwaytotranslatetheneologismsfollowingthebasicEnglishgrammarrules,whichresultinthemeaningofthetranslationaccordwiththeoriginaltext.Someexampleswillshowthedifference:1)“三讲(讲学习,讲政治,讲正气)”.“讲学习”means“tolearntheMarxism,thetheoryofMaoZedongandDengXiaoping”,“讲政治”means“toinsistonthesocialism”,“讲正气”means“persistinservicingforpeoplewithheartandsoul”.Itistranslatedwordbywordinto“threeemphases:study,politicsandintegrity”.Obviously,itisatypicalChinglish.Althoughtheformatiscorrespondingtotheoriginal,itscoremeaningisdestroyed.Themeaningof“study”isexcessiveandnonfigurative,whichisnotequalto“学习”,andthe“politics”isaderogatoryterm,whichisnotfitfor“政治”.Instead,“threeemphases:tostresstheoreticalstudy,politicalawarenessandgoodconduct”canproperlyexpressthecoremeaning,itisatypicalChinaEnglish.2)Literally,“豆腐渣工程”is“beancurdresidueproject”byChinglish.Actually,itmeanstheprojectwhichwasbuiltquicklyandcheaplywithoutconcernforquality,itisequivalenttotheword“jerrybuilt”inEnglish,soitshouldbetranslatedinto“jerrybuiltproject”byChinaEnglish.Therearestillsomemoresimilarexamples:“863计划”,“现代化建设”,“农业产业化”shouldbeappropriatelytranslatedinto“theMarch1986High-techProgram”,“modernizationdrive”,“industrialmanagementofagriculture”,insteadof“the863program”,“modernizationconstruction”,“theindustrializationofagriculture”,fortheformertranslationsareChinaEnglishwithrightgrammarrules,andthelatteronesareChinglishwithillogicalexpressions.2.2.5LackofAsisknown,differentnationshavedifferentculturesandhabitsofthought,differentlanguagehasdifferentexpressiveway.TheChineseandtheEnglishformedtheirownfixedwordordertoexpresstheirthoughts.Whendoingthetranslationwork,peoplehadbetterpaymoreattentiontothewordorder,orelse,themeaningwillbewhollyfarawayfromtheoriginalevenwrong.Therearesometranslationsinthenewspaper:“medium-sizedandsmallenterprise(中小型企业)”,“highandnewtechnology(高新技术)”,“aninternationalneweconomicorder(国际经济新秩序)”.IfpeoplereadmoreEnglishoriginalworkandknowwelltheEnglishhabitualwordorder,theywouldbeawareofthewrongwordorderintheEnglish,thefirstoneshouldbetranslatedinto“smallandmedium-sizedenterprises”,andthesecondoneshouldbe“newandhightechnology”,thethirdoneshouldbe“anewinternationaleconomicorder”.Althoughwordorderisnotabigproblem,itwouldmakethetargetreadersconfused,forwordorderisnotcoincidentwiththeEnglishhabit.Similarly,ifEnglishtranslatorstranslatethe“smallandmedium-sizedenterprises”into“小中型企业”,the“newandhightechnology”into“新高技术”,andthe“anewinternationaleconomicorder”into“新国际经济秩序”，Chinesepeople,withtheChinesewordorderhabit,wouldfeelstrangeandconfused.2.2.6LackofknowledgeSomefixedtermsinEnglishsuchaspeoples’names,placenames,companys’names,andorganizations’namesareestablishedbyusage,peoplecannottakeitforgrantedandchangethemtoanotherones.Take“大西洋(theGreatLake)”,“斑马线(anareaofroadmarkedwithbroadblackandwhitelineswherevehiclesmuststopforpeopletowalkacross)”,“长途电话(aphonecallbetweenplacesthatarefarapart)”,“廉政公署(ICAC)”,“离岸价格(FOB)”forexample,therearerespectivefixedtermsinEnglishasbellows:“AtlanticOcean”,“zebra/pedestriancrossing”,“long-distantcall”,“TheIndependentCommissionAgainstCorruption”,“FreeOnBoard”.Whoevercouldnottranslatethemintoanotherones,eventhetranslationsareunderstandable,suchas“ArcticOcean”,“zebrastripes”,“distantcall”,“commissionagainstcorruption/ombudsmancommission”,“freeonborder”,becausethepeopleallovertheworldhaveacceptedthosefixedtermsandusethemchronicallyforalongtime.Similarly,therearesomemorefixedtermswhichcouldnotbechanged,forexample,“包装工业(theindustrytoputsomethingintoabox,bagetc)”is“packagingindustry”insteadof“packageindustry”;“补偿贸易(tradewithcompensationtomakeabadsituationbetter)”is“compensationtrade”insteadof“compensatorytrade”;“普惠制(GSP)”is“GeneralizedSystemofPreferences”insteadof“systemofgeneralizedpreferentialtreatmentincustomduties”;“优惠贷款(loansofcostinglessmoneyforpeopleinparticularsituation)”is“concessionaryloans”insteadof“loansoffavorableterms”,thelatteronesarenotfixedterms,whichhavebeenchanged.Eventhoughthereisonlyalittledifferencebetweentheformeronesandthelatterones,itisunacceptable.2.2.7LackofknowledgeOneofthemostintractableproblemsintranslatingChineseneologismsispoliticexpressions,whichcountformuchwithimportantconnotation.Ifthesepoliticexpressionshavebeentranslatedimproperly,itwillmakeforeignershardtounderstandormisunderstandtherealmeaningofneologisms,togetworse,itwillcausethepoliticproblem.Beforetranslatorsrenderthepoliticexpressions,especiallytheoneswithoutanyprecedent,theymustknowtheconnotationfirstly.Understandingisthepremiseandoutsetoftheexpressing,expressingistheaimandresultoftheunderstanding.Thewrongunderstandingoftheoriginalwouldcausetheimpropertranslation.Taking“对外开放政策”forexample,itmeanstochangetheoldintrovertedpolicytotheopen-uppolicy,basedontheprincipleofindependency,freedom,self-dependence,equality,mutualbenefitandhonor,inordertodeveloptheeconomicandtechnology.ItsEnglishtranslationshouldbe“thepolicyofopeningtotheoutsideworld”,inshort,itcouldbetranslatedinto“theopenpolicy”or“theopen-uppolicy”.However,onceithasbeentranslatedinto“theopendoorpolicy”,thisisaseriouslyimpropertranslation,becauseitmeans“门户开放政策(apolicyputforwardbyAmerican,aimtogettherightoftradeinChina)”,whichwaspromotedbyAmericanSecretaryofStateJohnMiltonHayatthefirsttime,andbroughtfatefuldisastertoChinaacenturyago.2.2.8LackofrealizationoftranWhendoingthetranslationwork,translatorspaymoreattentiontothemultivocalwordsinEnglish–Chinesetranslation,butlessinChinese–Englishtranslation.ThesameChinesewordsindifferentcontextshouldbetranslateddifferently.Take“精神”forexample,“精神文明”,“精神污染”,“精神生活”,“精神支柱”,“精神粮食”,“精神负担”allcontain“精神”,however,theycouldnotallbetranslatedinto“spiritual”,theoriginalmeaningof“精神”isconcernedwiththespirit,thesoul,theGodandthereligion.Theabove“精神”arenotallfitfor“spiritual”.Thereferencetranslationrespectivelyare“culturalandideologicalprogress”,“ideologicalcontamination”,“culturallife”,“spiritualpillar”,“foodforthought”,“mentalburden”,whichareinaccordancewiththecontextinChinese.Foranotherexample,theChinese“一次(性)”hasvariousmeaningsindifferentcontext,soitcouldnotbetranslatedinto“one-time”inallthecontexts.“一次付清”means“payallthemoneyonce”,soitcouldbetranslatedinto“payinfull”;“一次性筷子”referstothechopstickswhichshouldbethrownawayifithasbeenuseforonetime,soitcouldbetranslatedinto“disposablechopsticks”;“一次处理”means“treatinthefirsttime”or“thebasictreatment”,soitcouldbetranslatedinto“single/primarytreatment”.ThesetranslationscoulddifferentlyrendertheconnotativemeaningsinChinesewithdifferentEnglishexpressions.2.3ThemethodsoftranslatingChineseneologisms2.3.BacktranslationistotranslatetheChineseneologismswhichcomefromEnglishbacktoEnglishwithoutchangetheoriginalmeaning.SomeoftheChineseneologismsarefromEnglish,itisnecessarytoresilethemwhenpeopletranslatetheseneologisms.Forinstance:“WorldTradeOrganization(WTO世贸组织)”,“China’s‘SiliconValley’(中国硅谷)”,“summitconference(峰会)”,“dancingoutreach(摇头丸)”,“multi-levelmarketing(传销)”,“whitepaper(白皮书)”,“Cosmopolis(国际大都市)”,“mate(咖啡伴侣之‘伴侣’)”,“tapiocamilktea(珍珠奶茶)”,“midriff-baringshirt/halfshirt(露脐装)”,“multimedia(多媒体)”,“mobiletelephone(移动电话)”etc.2.3.LiteraltranslationisamethodthatstrivestorenderthemeaningofChineseneologismwithlittlechangeinitsoriginalimage.ItisaveryimportantmethodinthetranslationofChineseneologisms.Literaltranslation,ononehand,canfullyrenderthedenotativemeaningsofthenewwordsandexpressions.Ontheotherhand,itcanretaintheoriginalimagesoftheneologisms.Thus,itcanintroducetoforeignreadersdirectlytheexpressionsuniqueintheChineselanguage.ThisisoftenconsideredasanefficientwaytointroduceChineseculturetotheotherpartsoftheworld,andthesameistruetointroduceChineseneologisms.Generallyspeaking,iftheneologismisasingleword,translatorsrenderitbasingonthepronunciation.Forinstance,“Qigong(气功)”,“Kongfu(功夫)”,“Taijiquan(太极拳)”,“Mantow(馒头)”,“Fengshui(风水)”,“Yin(阴)”,“Yang(阳)”;iftheneologismisacompoundwordoraphrase,translatorsrenderitbasingonthemeaning.Forinstance,“listentowhatapersonsaysandwatchwhathedoes(听其言观其行)”,“HongKong’sreturn(香港回归)”,“counterpartassistancebetweentheeastandwest(中西部对口帮助)”,“ShanghaiCooperationOrganization(上海合作组织)”,“onecountry,twosystems(一国两制)”.Thesetranslationsareallrenderedbythemethodofliteraltranslation,whichbothexpressthedenotativemeaningsandkeeptheoriginalimages.2.3.Thewayofliteraltranslationcanonlyrenderthedenotativemeaning.Therefore,inordertoexpressboththeconnotativemeaningandculturalmeaningoftheChinesewordsandexpressions,themethodofliteraltranslationwithinterpretationisused.Forexample,“绿色食品(healthyfoodwithoutenvironmentalpollution)”canbetranslatedinto“greenfood”literally,however,thetranslationmeansthefoodwithgreencolour,butnotthefoodwithnutritionandwithoutenvironmentalpollution,soitshouldbeaddedthe“environment-friendlyhealthfood”behindthe“greenfood”.Takethetranslationof“双向选择”asanotherexample,itsliteralmeaningis“two-waychoice”,butitmaymakethereaderwonderwhatkindofchoiceitactuallyis,sotheannotation“asysteminwhichinstitutions,enterprisesarefreetochooseuniversitygraduatesandthelattertochoosetheirjobsaswell”isadded.Similarly,“铁饭碗”canberenderedinto“anironricebowl,alife-longjob”,and“金饭碗”into“agoldenricebowl,asecuredandwell-paidjob”.Obviously,ifnoexplanationisofferedhere,thereaderswouldfailtounderstandthetruemeaningof“铁饭碗”and“金饭碗”,andwouldtakethemas“abowlmadeofiron”and“abowlmadeofgold”.Somemoreexamples,“民工潮”into“farmers’frenziedhuntforworkincities”,“尼菩萨过江”into“likeaclayBuddhafordingtheriverhardlyabletosaveoneself”,“一刀切”into“cutitevenatonestrokemakeitrigidlyuniform”,“三讲教育”into“threeemphasiseducationtostresstheoreticalstudy,politicalawarenessandgoodconduct”.ThesetranslationscanbeeasilyunderstoodbyEnglishpeopleduetotheuseofthemethodofLiteraltranslationwithinterpretation.2.3.SomeChineseneologismsmightbedifficulttounderstandfortheEnglishreadersiftheyaretranslatedliterally.TotranslatethiskindofChineseneologismsintoEnglish,interpretationisadopted.ThewayofinterpretationistotranslatetheChineseneologismsbasingonthemeaningandthebackgroundknowledge,itisakindofexplanativetranslation,interpretingtheconnotationoftheneologismsinsimpleandconcisewords.IthelpstheEnglishreaderscomprehendthetruemeaningofneologisms.Take“脑体倒挂(aphenomenonthatthementallaborownlessmoneythanthemanuallabor)”forexamples,“脑”standsforthementallabor,“体”standsforthemanuallabor,“倒挂”

standsforunreasonablephenomenon,so“脑体倒挂”canbetranslatedinto“anabnormalphenomenonthattheincomeofmentallaborislowerthanthatofmanuallabor”.Moreover,“老少边穷(thepoorandout-of-the-wayplace)”canberenderedinto“theoldrevolutionarybased,minoritynationalityregions,frontierregionsandpoverty-strikenregions”;“菜篮子工程”isaseriesofmeasurestakenbythegovernmenttosolvethemarketsupplyofmeat,vegetablesandeggsetc.ifithasbeentranslatedinto“vegetablebasketproject”literally,thetargetreadersmayconsideritas“盛菜的竹篮子工程(aprojectaboutthebasketputtingvegetable)”,soitshouldbetranslatedinto“aprogramaimedtoimprovethemarketsupplyofnon-staplefood”.ThetranslationsbythemethodofinterpretationcouldexpresstheconnotativemeaningproperlyandmaketheEnglishreadersunderstandChineseneologismsbetter.2.3.Connotativemeaningcontainedinanexpressionofalanguagecanoftenbeconveyedinasimilarexpressioninanotherlanguage.Therefore,translatorscanadoptthemethodofsubstitutioninthetranslationofChineseneologisms.TheoriginalneologismscanbesubstitutedbyanexpressioninEnglishwithsimilarconnotativemeaning.SubstitutionmakesthetranslationmoreidiomaticandeasiertobeacceptedbytheEnglishreaders.Forexample,“下岗工人(peopleunemployedbecausethereisnomoreworkleftforthemtodo)”isanexpressionverypopularinChinainthe1990s.TotranslateitintoEnglish,Englishexpression"layoff"isborrowed,anditisrenderedinto“laid-offworkers".InEnglish,“layoff'”means“todischargetemporarilyorpermanentlybecauseofashortageofwork”,itisthesamewiththeconnotationof“下岗”inChinese.“大款”、“大腕”、and“腕儿”areallChineseslangwordsreferringtothenewgenerationoftherichorinfluentialpeople.“大款”canbetranslatedinto“fatcat”byusingthesubstitution.“Fatcat”inEnglishrefersto“anywealthyperso