一个英语专业生的英语语法课笔记

第一章名词

名词复数

Stimulusstimuli促激因素

Crisiscrises

Phenomenonphenomena

没有单数形式的名词

clothes;jeans;pajamas（睡衣）

scissors;scales;handcuffs

physics;maths;politics;economics

goods;whereabouts;remains;findings;belongings

可数与不可数

Fdlikeacoffee,please.Doyoudrinkcoffee

Filbuyachickenfordinnertonight.Wouldyoulikesomechickenfordinner?

tea/atea;beer/abeer;lemonade/alemonade;

icecream/anicecream

集体名词

family

class

theUnitedNations

theOlympicGames

police;cattle;people（人民;人们）

量化

一群

一个

一件

一条

一组

Groups

V•・，・

batch♦huddle♦heap/pile■company■stack•team•litter

,swarm•flock•platoon•bundle•herd•throng♦gang।crowd

bunch•set•pack•staff•group»crew•cast•shoal/school

1,Aftertheelection,thehuge_dancedinthestreet.

2.Therefugeessatinasmall,tightunderneathsometrees.

3.Thefirstprizewasaofcheapsaucepans.

4Theschoolisclosedbecausetheareonstrike.

5.Thetheatrebenefitedfromagovernmentgrant.

6,FollowinganoutbreakofBSE,aofcowshasbeendestroyed.

IThecompanyprocessedaoforders.

8.Aoffootballfanswanderedaroundthestreetbreakingshopwindows.

9.HalftheofthefilmwerenominatedforOscars.

10.Theythrewtheweaponsinaontheground.

11.AsmallofpeoplepetitionedthePrimeMinisteroutsidehishouse.

I2.Theoffishthathadbeencaughtweredeemedinedibleowingtopollutioninthewater.

11Wewereallsurprisedwhenourdoggavebirthtoaofpuppies.

14.Cabinonaircraftaredrilledinsafetyprocedure.

15.Aswinterapproaches,theofstarlingsflysouthtowarmerdimes.

16.Halfthefootball_____weresentoffindisgrace.

17.Thestarshaddifficultymakingtheirwaythroughtheofpeopleoutsidethecinema.

18.AofsoldiersfromtheThirdInfantryhavebeenchargedwithhumanrightsabuses.

一层灰afilmofdust

一缕烟awispofsmoke

一线希望aray/glimpse/threadofhope

一给头发alockofhair

一点怀疑ashadowofdoubt

一片面包apiece/sliceofbread

一件家具apiece/anarticleoffurniture

群星aconstellationofstars

狮群aprideoflions

一粒沙子agrainofsand

专四考点-名词辨析

Theeconomicrecessionhasmeantthatjob___isararething.

A.securityB.safetyC.protection

Therewasasoftfromthepolishedbrassinthedesertedbuilding.

A.flashB.glareC.glistenD.glow

第二章形容词和副词

定语形容词和表语形容词

ablaze;afloat;afraid;alight;alive;alone;aloof;ashamed;asleep;awake;aware;askew

content;glad;ill;pleased;ready;sorry;sure;(un)well

gladtidingsTheworldiscertainlyinasorrystate.

Therewasareadysupplyofdrink.

表语aliveafraidalikeasleepill

定语livingfrightenedsimilarsleepingsick

形容词位置和意义

concerned

Themeetingwasfullofconcernedresidents.

Thestudentsconcernedwereasmallminority.

present

Thepresentchairmanisgettingonabit.

Wetookavoteofallmemberspresent.

专四考点：比较

含比较概念的词和词组

beinferior/superiorto

bejunior/seniorto

1、Heisthreeyearsseniortohiscousin.

Intellectistothemindsightistothebody.(TEM4-2001)

A.whatB.asC.thatD.like

AistoBwhatCistoD

Thefeetaretoamanwhatthewingsaretoabird.

2、Fatcannotchangeintomusclemusclechangeintofat.(TEM4-1999)

A.anymorethanB.nomorethan

C.nolessthanD.muchmorethan

not...anymorethan正如同...不能...，…也不能…

nomore…由an两者都不…：

Ahomewithoutloveisnomoreahomethanabodywithoutasoul.

not...anylessthan/noless...than两者都…;

Johnisnolesshardworkingthanhissister,buthefailedintheexam.

3、Itisnotsomuchthelanguagetheculturalbackgroundthatmakesthebookdifficultto

understand.

A.butB.norC.asD.like

notsomuch...as...与其…不如…

Thegreatuseofaschooleducationisnotsomuchtoteachyouthingsastoteachyoutheartof

learning.授人以鱼不如授人以渔。

4、Theprisonsareover-crowdedthefarmlandsareempty.

A.so,asB.as,asC.much,asD.too,to

as...as....而...

Sheisaskindasherbrotherishonest.

5、Thesquareitselfisfivehundredyardswide,fivetimesthesizeofSt.Peter'sinRome.

A./B.thatofC.whichisD.of

数量比较结构

1.Xtimesas...as...

2.Xtimesthatof…

3.Xtimesmorethan

ThingsYouMayNotKnowButReallyNeedToKnow

accidental/accidentally

accidentaldiscoveryaccidentalspy

Radarwasanincrediblyimportantinnovationduringthetimeofwar,butmicrowavecookingwas

apurelyaccidentaldiscovery.

incidentally

Imustleavenow.,ifyouwantthatbookI'llbringitnexttime.

A.AccidentallyB.IncidentallyC.EventuallyD.Naturally

circumstance/circumstantial

Sometimeswhenthereisnosmokinggun（确凿的证据），werelyoncircumstantialevidence（旁

证）.

substance/substantial

Aftercarefulevaluation,theBoardbelievesthatMicrosoft*sproposalsubstantiallyundervalues

Yahoo!（极大地低估了雅虎的价值）

Substanceoveruse吸毒过量

instrument/instrumental

AlbertEinsteinwasinstrumentalinfacilitatingthedevelopmentofatomicbomb.（对.…起至!j了推

动作用）

Decent尚可，还行

adecentsalary;adecentmeal；adecentburial一个体面的葬礼

fantasy/fantastic

TheLordoftheRings;HarryPotter;

HisDarkMaterials:TheGoldenCompass

FantasticFour

credible/incredible可信的/难以置信的

terrific/terrifying

awesome/awful（terrible）/awfully

bloody英式英语中用来加强语气

You'rebloodyright!

brave

Theybravedunimaginablehardshipstosettlepreviouslyunknownareas.

weather

HowwilltheworldweatherAmerica'seconomicstorm?

access/accessible

Wheelchair-accessiblebathrooms（残疾人洗手间）arelocatedinthisbuilding

Handicapaccessiblewalkway/ramp（斜坡）

RobertShermefstextprovidesanaccessibleintroductiontoquantummechanicsfor

undergraduates（本科生）.

impossible

Thosekidsareimpossible!

Technically

Joel:Isthereanyriskofbraindamage?

Howard:Well,technicallyspeaking（严格说来）,theoperationisbraindamage,butonaparwith

anightofheavydrinking.Nothingyou'llmiss.

--EternalSunshineoftheSpotlessMind

Argue/arguable/arguably

Heisarguablythemostsuccessfulbusinessmanintheworld.他可谓是世界上最成功的商人

Virtually近乎….几乎是….

Virtualreality虚拟现实

Givenitswidespreadoccurrenceinourdiet,itisvirtuallyimpossibletoavoiddailyexposureto

fluoride.

terribly/seriously/gravely

Heisill.Youaremistaken.

Literally(字面意义)/figuratively(语意义得)

Whenwelastsawhim,nearly19yearsago,everybody'sfavoritearchaeologistwasliterallyriding

offintothesunsetafterhavingfoundtheHolyGrail.Thisseemedasthoughithadtobetheendof

theadventureseriesthathadgottenitsstartwithRaidersoftheLostArk,thebigsummertime

blockbusterof1981.

Thecurrywassohotthatmymouthwasliterallyonfire

Goodgradespayoffliterally.金钱方面的叵I报

Physically实实在在地

Somephysicistsnowbelievethesingularitymaybephysicallyreal.

Organizationwerefoundedtoassistphysicallydisabledpersons.

equal/equally相同的，同样的

AstudybySaintLouisUniversityfoundthatalovablepoochnamedSparkyandaroboticdog,

AIBO,wereaboutequallyeffectiveatrelievingtheloneliness

discriminate/indiscriminate/indiscriminately

Therobbersshotindiscriminatelyatthebusandriddleditwithbullets.

readily

Hereadilyagreedtohelpus.

Personalcomputersarenolongersomethingbeyondtheordinarypeople;theyare

availablethesedays.(07-TEM4)

A.promptlyB.instantlyC.readilyD.quickly

数量有限，预购从速LimitedAvailability,OrderSoon.

WhatdoesMHewiselyrefusedtospendhismoney1'mean?(08-TEM4)

A.Itwaswiseofhimtorefusetospendhismoney.

B.Herefusedtospendhismoneyinawisemanner.

C.Hewasshortofmoneyanddidn'twanttobuyanything.

D.Herefused,inawisemanner,tospendhismoney.

prohibit/prohibitive/prohibitively

Thecarisprohibitivelyexpensive.贵至！J买彳;起

harm/harmless/harmlessly

Thegrenadeblastedharmlesslyontheground.手榴弹在地上爆炸，谁也没伤着

innocent/innocently

Heinnocentlypickedupthetickingbomb.

hope/hopeless/hopelessly

HewashopelesslyaddictedtotheInternet.他上网成瘾，已经没救了

soothe/soothingly安慰，抚慰

Thewaterwassoothinglywarm.暖的很舒服

arm/disarm/disarmingly使人消气的，解人疑虑

Hisreplywasdisarminglyhonest.

adisarmingsmile

reassure/reassuringly

Hisgripwasreassuringlyfirm.

alarm/alarmingly

Leadlevelintapwaterwasalarminglyhigh.自来水中的铅的含量惊人的高

sober/soberingly未醉的

Someoftheirstoriessoberinglyaddressthepotentialcomplicationsofadoptiveparenting.

omen/ominous/ominously

PeterstareddownstunnedatthegroundbelowwhereBodiFsbodylayominouslystill.

oblige/obligingly

Thestarobliginglyposedforphotos.这位明星很乐意的摆好pose.

appreciate/appreciatively

ThisclassofimmigrantsnoddedappreciativelywhenIreadthemanewpoemIwroteaboutthe

immigrantexperience

vanish/vanishingly

Thechanceofyouwinningthisgameisvanishinglysmall.

mercy/merciful/mercifully

Themeetingwasmercifullyover.这个会终于结束了。

ThingsYouMayTakeForGranted

knowledge

Shewasgreatlydisturbedbytheknowledgethatoneofherboystudentswasinlovewithher.

Cup使双手成圆状托起

Hecuppedhishandsaroundhismouthandyelled.

Hecuppedhishandsaroundthelighterandflippedthewheel.

classify/classified

aclassifieddocument

Newspaperadsmustbeplacedby3p.m.tobepublishedinthenextday'snewspaper.For

questionscontacttheClassifieddepartmentat661-322-SELL.

fish

Hefishedforhiskeysinthepocket.捞，摸

run

chickenrun养鸡场

trafficking非法买卖，非法交易

pilot试播节目

battery一系列；法律术语，殴打罪

Hewaschargedwithmultiplecountsofbattery.

charge

Thedogchargedattheintruder.

Thetroopchargedacrossthedesert,theirhorsesthundering

——IndianaJonesandTheLastCrusade

Game猎物

AfricangamereserveAreyougameenoughforanotherchallenge?（愿意尝试，有

冒险精神）

Grandfather免受新法权限制，使排除在有关此种活动或事物的新法规之外

WestmorelandhadadoptedMarilynpriortoIllinoislawmakingitillegalforprisonerstohave

suchcreaturecomforts,andshewasgrandfatheredinsothatWestmorelandwouldnothaveto

giveherup.―PrisonBreak:TheFBIClassifiedFiles

Newregulationswouldnotapplytoalreadyexistingoperations,akindofgrandfathering.

Someexistingprivateonlinevideofirmswill,underagrandfatherclause,beeligibletocontinue

operations.

grandfather:Toexempt（onealreadyinvolvedinanactivityorabusiness）fromnewregulations

concerningthatactivityorbusiness

免受新法规限制：使（已涉入一项活动或事务中的人）排除在有关此种活动或事务的新法规

之外

doone'shomework

Ybumustdoyourhomeworkbeforebuyingausedcar.

Youdothemath.

Whichisbetter?Foolaroundforfouryearsandspendtherestofyourliferegrettingorsinkyour

teethreallyhardintostudyforthefirsttwoyearsandlivehappilyeverafter?Youdothemath!

talkabout没有主语的情况下，用talkabout来表示还能有…比…来更好地说明……

Whentheytakethelaptopshome,thekidsoftenteachthewholefamilyhowtouseit.Negroponte

saysthefamilieslovedthecomputersbecause,inavillagewithnoelectricity,itwasthebrightest

lightsourceinthehouse.

“Talkaboutametaphorandarealitysimultaneously,MITprofessorNicholasNegropontesays

“Itjustilluminatedthathousehold.”

60Minutes2007.05.2000:17:00

knockyourselfout

A:CanIhavesomebeer?

B:Yeah,knockyourselfout.

Dowhateveryouwant,itdoesn'tbotherme

第三章介词

a.TurnrightatGeorgeStreetandgothreeblocks.

b.Thereisalotoftrafficonthisstreet.

c.Thereareseveralpotholesinthestreetinfrontofmyhouse.

fillthegap.(in/out)

underwater?inthewater?

a.Thebirdflewupthechimney.

b.Jenniferclimbedupthemountain.

TheMoreSense

a.Thefarmerfattenedupthecalf

b.Pump/turnupthevolume/heat[=morevolume/heat

TheImprovementSense

IbrushedupmyGermanbeforetheconferenceinLandau.

DaveandKirstendecidedtogetdressedupandgotoanicerestaurant.

cheerup;inhighspirits;polishup;…

dressdown;inlowspirits;turndown;...

TheCompletionSense

Besuretogasupthecarforthetrip.

Let'sloadupthetruckandgetgoing.

a.Let,sfinishup由isworktoday.

b.Theycloseduptheshopforthenight.

a.Theflashlightwon'twork.Wemusthaveusedupthebatteries.

b.Students,turninyourpapers;yourtimeisup!

c.Theguestsdrankupthewineandpromptlyfellasleep.

OVER

a.Thereisalampoverthetable.

b.Thetelleratthecentralbankswitchedtheaccountovertoalocalbranch.

c.Thefilmisover.

d.ArlingtonisovertheriverfromGeorgetown

Thereisalampoverthetable.abovebutwithinpotentialcontactwiththeLandmark

Thecatjumpedoverthewall.Thecatjumpedoverthewall.

TheTRANSFERsense

Thetelleratthecentralbankswitchedtheaccountovertoalocalbranch.

Youmusthandoveryourpassportbeforeyouleave.

Thematerialwashandedovertothedepartmentjustintime.

Theoldgovernmenthandeditspowerover(tothenewlyelectedofficials)

-TheBeatlesimmediatelywontheheartsofmillionsofteenagers.

-TheBeatleseventuallywonovertheheartsofmanyoftheirparentsaswell.

turnover

Fathergrabbedthethiefandturnedhimovertothepolice.

sendover

PleasesendataxiovertotheGrandHotel.

runover

Thedogwasrunoverbyacar.

haveover

Ican'tgotonightasIhavesomefriendsover.

getover

ThetripwillhelphimgetoverSarah'sdeath.

seeover/tideover

Hereissomemoney,thisshould...you.../...you...tillnextmonth.

TheCOMPLETIONsense

Thefilmisover.

Classisover.

GameOver.

Yourgoodolddayswereover.

TheOn-the-other-sideSense

A:Where'sArlingtonfromhere?

B:It'sjustovertheriver.

Thetableclothisoverthetable.

TheCOVERINGSense

1Thepoliceswarmedallovertheplaceduringthedrugraid.

2Thevalleywascoveredoverwithathicklayerofsnow.

3Heisquiteanexperiencedman;hehastravelledallovertheworld.

TheExaminingSense

Marylookedoverthemanuscriptquitecarefully

r11givethedocumentacloseexamination.

r11givethemanuscriptacloseread.

TheFocus-of-attentionSense

a.Thelittleboycriedoverhisbrokentoy.

b.Thelittleboycriedabouthisbrokentoy.

a.Thegeneralstalkedovertheirplansfortheinvasion.

b.Thegeneralstalkedabouttheirplansfortheinvasion.

Shethoughtovertheproblem.

Thesearchcommitteeagonizedoverthedecision.

NielsBohrmulledoverasolutiontoEinstein'sthoughtexperiment.

Frommyseatinthetheatre,Icouldseeovertwentypeople.

Heweighsjustover150pounds

Thecarwasgoingoverninetymilesanhour

MaryhasbeeninEuropeforoverfivemonths

Over-and-above(Excess)Sense

Theheavyrainscausedtherivertoflowoveritsbanks.

Loukeptpouringthecerealintothebowluntilitspilledoverandontothecounter.

OVER:higherthan/beyondthenorm

overburden-overly/(over)cautious~-overcrowded-overdose-overdrawn(overdraft)

-overdue-overflow-overgrown-overload-oversimplified

-oversleep-overtime

overachieve,overkill,overdo,overdress

ControlSense

Shehasastrangepoweroverme.

Camillahasauthorityoverpurchasing.

ThePrimeMinisterholdsswayoveralltheimportantdecisions.

Personalityhasmoreinfluenceoverwhowemarrythanphysicalappearance.

ThePreferenceSense

Iwouldpreferteaovercoffee.

IlikeBeethovenoverMozart.

Ifavorsoccerovertennis.

TheReflexiveSense

Thefencefellover

Heturnedthepageover

Thelogrolledover

Thetreebentoverinthewind

TheRepetitionSense

Afterthefalsestart,theystartedtheraceover.

Heplayedthesamepianopieceover.

Thiskeepshappeningoverandove匚

IN

TheInSituSense

a.Whatareyouinfor?

b.Hestayedinfortheevening.

c.Theworkersstagedasit-in.

TheStateSense

inlove

indanger

infavor

indespair

inpain

inamess

inconfusion

第四章时态

一般现在时

1）一般现在时可以用来描述规律性、经常性的事情。

Ourtwochefsprovideanexcellentchoiceofhotmealseveryday.

Hegoestoschoolbybus.

TheBlackstaketheirsummerholidayinaquietpartofItaly..

2）一般现在时可以用来陈述真实情况，描述事实或永久情况。

Britishpeopledrinkalotoftea.

Ourteachertoldusthattheearthrevolvesaroundthesun.

现在进行时

1）现在进行时描述说话时或者说话前后正在进行的动作。

Filbewithyouinaminute.Tmjustfinishingsomethinginthekitchen.

We'restayingwithJohntotryandfindoutifhisplacereallyishaunted.

2)现在进行时描述通常在短时间内重复发生的事件或行为。

I'mfeedingtheneighbor'scatthisweekwhileshe'sinhospital.

比较：

Graham'saconfirmedsmoker.Hesmokesaboutfiftycigarettesaday.

Grahamishavingatoughtimeattheofficeatthemomentandhe'ssmokingaboutfiftycigarettes

aday.

一般不用于现在进行时的动词

存在动词be,consistof,contain,exist

拥有动词belongto,have(=own),include,lack,own,possess

感觉或意愿adore,desire,despise,detest,dislike,envy,hate,likeJove,need,pity,prefer,

动词trust,want,wish

思考或相信believe,doubt,expect,feel(=think),forget,imagine,intend,know,realize,

动词recognize,remember,see(=understand),suppose,think,understand

表象动词appear,resemble,seem

其他单词depend,deserve,fit,matter,measure,weigh...

注意

Heisveryobedient,isn'the?

Heisjustbeingobedientsothathecangetmoneyfromyou.(强调动作的临时性)

注意

Itappearsthepolicehavenotstartedtheinvestigation.

ThebandisappearingattheGrandCinema.

注意

Sheweighs70kilos.

Iamweighingtheingredientsforthecake.

注意

Ilovemymother.

Fmloviniit.(麦当劳标语,为enjoy之意)

一般过去时

描述过去已完成的单个动作。

现在完成时

1、表示从过去某时开始而延续到至今的动作或状态。[接时间状语：for;since;always]

forfiveyears.

Hehasworkedtheresince2001.

sincefiveyearsago.

rvealwayslikedanimals.

2.表示过去发生过一次或多次的动作，已成为某种经验，有时暗指将来还可能再发生。可

接时间状语：before,ever,never,once.

Hehaslookedafterrhinosbefore.

Haveyoueverthoughtofworkinginazoo?

rveneverthoughtofworkinginazoo.

rveonlybeentoHongKongonce,butI'dlovetogoagain.

NASAhassentprobestovariousplanetsinthesolarsystem.

比较

JohnGrishamhaswrittensomeofthemostsuccessfullegalthrillers.

AgathaChristiewroteahugenumberofthrillers.

thebest/worst,thegreatest等最高级形容同、thefirst(second,third)等序数词以及theonly之后

可使用完成时，并经常后接ever.

It'stheworstsportsprogramIhaveeverseenandthefirstIhaveeverwrittentocomplainabout!

ManypeopleconsiderKennedytobethegreatestPresidenttheUSAhashad.

注意

Theworsthasyettocome.还未做

Ihaveyettoseeamoviethatreallyscaresme.

•般过去时和现在完成时

[ClareandSamarebrotherandsister.]

Clare:IthinkI'vebrokenMum'shair-dryer.

Sam:How?

Clare:Don'tknow.Itdoesn'tworkanymore.

fveseenhimthismorning.说话时所处的时间仍是早上

Isawhimthismorning.说话时所处的时旬不是早上

现在完成时一般过去时

截至当前的行为和状态过去结束的行为和状态

SpainhasgovernedtheenclaveofCeutasinceSpaingovernedthestateofWesternSahara

1580.from1958to1976.

未结束的时间结束的时间

Ihaven'tseenKenthismorningyet.(现在Ididn'tseeKenthismorning.

还是上午)（现在是下午或者晚上）

现在关联无现在关联

TheavalanchehasdevastatedtheskiingTheavalanchedevastatedtheskiingindustry

heareaafewyearsago.

现在完成进行时

A:Wherehaveyoubeen?

B:TvebeentalkingtoJenny.

I'vebeenlookingintothepossibilityofretirementsincethereorganization.

现在完成时现在完成进行时

I'velearnthowtoplaychess.

I'vebeenlearninghowtoplaychess.

一般现在完成时现在完成进行时

强调完成，截至目前强调持续

ThiscountryhaswelcomedseveralhundredsThiscountiyhasbeenwelcomingpolitical

refugeesfromKosovointhelastfewweeks.refugeesformanyyears.

可重复行为行为在持续

ShehasplayedwiththesymphonyorchestraShehasbeenplayingwiththesymphony

threetimesthisseason.orchestraallseason.

表长久情况表暂时情况

PeoplehaveeatenalotlessmeatoverthePeoplehavebeeneatinglessmeatrecently

lasttwentyyearsorso.becauseofthecrisis.

将来

begoingto和will

1.预言和现实

a)It'llraintomorrowassoonaswegettothebeach,Ibetyoutenpounds.

b)Accordingtotheweatherforecast,it'sgoingtoraintomorrow.Maybeweshouldn'tgoto

thebeach.

Lookout!Youchair'sgoingtocollapse!

Youaregoingtofinditdifficulttogetaticket;Mandysaystheyweresoldoutduringthefirst

week.

I'veeatentoomuch.IthinkFmgoingtobesick.

2.决定或意图will/begoingto

当告诉别人你已经做出的决定(意图)时，通常要使用begoingtoo

如果说话时你正在做决定，通常使用will,如果你在同别人一起做决定时使用了begoing

to,那就意味着你不允许别人发表意见。

Fmgoingtodrive.已经做好了决定

Ildrive,临时决定

A:Whatdoyouwanttodotonight?

B:We'regoingtocleanthelivingroom.

A:Well,youmightbe,butI'mnot.

A:TvewonaweekendtriptoParisforthe27th.

B:Butwe'regoingtobeinScotland.Haveyouforgotten?

if条件句中的will/begoingto

[Thisistakenfromaconversationbetweenagroupoffriendswhoarejustabouttoleavethe

houseforadrink.]

Susan:Tmgoingto/Iwillbreakatwenty-poundnote,ifanyonewantstodrink.

will+if条件句中if条件句中的行为与主句紧密相关。

begoingto+if条件句中，主句行为已经决定，因此与if从句中的行为联系不是特别紧密。

安排(Arrangements)

现在进行时-安排

We'reseeingamusicalatthetheatrenextweek.

比较：

We'regoingtoseeamusicalatthetheatrenextweek.表示意图，打算

I'mstayingintonight.Tvegotloadsofassignmentstodo.

比较：

I'mgoingtostayintonight.

其他将来意义

•时刻表

•Myplaneleavesat8:30,soIneedtobeattheairportby6:30.

beto...一般用于新闻，报刊，比较正式的书面语

•beto...-officialarrangementsinthefuture

ThePresidentistoaddressthenationtonight.

Crashinvestigatorsaretoreleasetheirfindingstothepresslatertoday.

•beto...-formalcommandsandinstiuctions

Youarenottodisturbtheheadteacherwhiletheinspectorsareherenextweek.

beaboutto…即将，马上开始

•Ladiesandgentlemen.Pleasetakeyourseats.Theperformanceisabouttostart.

•Hurryup!Thedriversayshecan7waitanylonger.He'sabouttoleavewithoutus.

•Comeon!Thecheck-indeskisjustabouttoclose.

•Don'tprovokeyourbrother.Youcanseeheisonthepointoflosinghistemper.

•Becauseoftheerosionoftheirhabitats,somespeciesareonthevergeofextinction.

其他

•was/weregoingto...本打算要做，事实上没有做

A:Thanksforpostingmyletters

B:That'sOK.Iwasgoingtopostmineanyway.

Thefitnessclubwasgoingtoincreaseitsannualsubscriptionbutsomanymembersprotested

thatitbackeddown.

•TheprofessorwastotakeuphischairthisOctober.

•Theexamresultsweretohavearrivedattheschooltodaybutapparentlytheexamboard

hasnotpostedthemyet.

时态考点

•Thecommitteehasanticipatedtheproblemsthatintheroadconstructionproject.

(2007)

A.ariseB.willariseC.aroseD.havearisen

•Forsometimenow,worldleadersoutthenecessityforagreementonarms

reduction.(2002)

A.hadbeenpointing

B.havebeenpointing

C.werepointing

D.pointed

•Thatwasnotthefirsttimehe___us.Ithinkit'shightimewestrongactions

againsthim.(2005)

A.betrayedtake

B.hadbetrayed...took

C.hasbetrayed...took

D.hasbetrayed...take

E.Thestudentsaidtherewereafewpointsintheessayheimpossibletocomprehend.

(2007)

A.hasfoundB.wasfinding

C.hadfoundD.wouldfind.

•Jameshasjustarrived,butIdidn'tknowhe____untilyesterday.(2005)

A.willcomeB.wascoming

C.hadbeencomingD.came

•consciousofmymoralobligationsasacitizen.(2005)

A.Iwasandalwayswillbe

B.Ihavetobeandalwayswillbe

C.Ihadbeenandalwayswillbe

D.Ihavebeenandalwayswillbe

•Mr.Wells,alongwithallthemembersofhisfamily,forEuropethisafternoon.

(2004)

A.aretoleave

B.areleaving

C.isleaving

D.leave

•Jackfromhomefortwodaysnow,andIambeginningtoworryabouthissafety.

(2003)

A.hasbeenmissing

B.hasbeenmissed

C.hadbeenmissing

D.wasmissed

•Lindawastheexperimentamonthagobutshechangedhermindatthelastminute.

A.tostart

B.tohavestarted

C.tobestarting

D.tohavebeenstarting

第五章虚拟语气

whether/if

1、if不能引导位于句首的主语从句，whether可以。

If霸helikesthepment依注otMe割r愉me.

2、if不能引导表语从句，whether可以。

Wh献弊e旭taiM必ifthegot击制峰叩to触

TOKHTtm

3、if不能充当介词的宾语，whether可以。

fife野刑置臂仃仃1口阿&b0Htifheh&dh取睡her屣11盛瞿.

4、if不能引导动词不定式,whether可以。

工demrtlm<mifto聪@mydcmt醯ttod值/

5、if后面不能直接接ornot,whether可以

If条件虚拟语气的形式

1.与现在的事实相反

If动词的过去式（be用were而不用was）+would（第一人称可用should）+动词原形

Ifyouwerefreetochooseamongallthecarsavailabletoday,whattypeofautomobilewouldyou

buy?

2.与过去的事实相反（有时主句中的shouldhavedone表示责备或后悔）

Ifhad+-ED分词，would（第一人称可用should）+have+-ED分词

IfMikehadbeenabletofinishhishomework,hewouldhavecometoclass.

IftheUnitedStateshadnotenteredtheSecondWorldWar,probablythe1940unemploymentrate

of14%wouldhaverisenstillfurther.

3.与将来事实相反

Ifwereto+动词原形,would（第一人称可用should）+动词原形

ItissaidTomwillgotoanappointmenttomorrow.Ifheweretocometomorrow,Iwouldaskhim

togotoyourplace.

IfyouweretoseeMary,whatwouldyoutellher?

Ifshould+动词原形，would(第一人称可用should)+动词原形

Ifitshouldraintomorrow,Iwouldstayathome.

IflshouldseehernextMonday,Iwouldtellheraboutit.

4.虚拟错综条件句

•上面几种假设类型中，主句与从句的谓语动词形式应前后呼应。但是，如果主句与

从句的动作发生的时间不一致，谓语动词形式应做适当调整

IfIhadabike(now),Iwouldhavelentittoyouyesterday.

IftheUnitedStateshadbuiltmorehomesforpoorpeoplein1955,thehousingproblemsnowin

somepartsofthiscountrywouldn'tbesoserious.

Ifyouhadnotstudiedtheproblemcarefullyuntilrecently,youwouldfinditdifficultnow.

5.省略虚拟条件句

•虚拟条件从句中的谓语动词如果是were或should(could,might),had等词时，可以省

略连词If,但要将were或should(could,might),had助动词移至主语前形成句子例装

Werehetostartouttoday,hewouldgettherebyTh