2023届上海市长宁区高三下学期二模英语试卷-1

2023届上海市长宁区高三下学期二模英语试卷学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、用单词的适当形式完成短文Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.SwimmersenjoycoldswimsManypeopleenjoyswimminginicycoldwater.Anopen-airswimmingpool,___1___(know)asalido,inBedfordshire,England,provedverypopularthiswinter.TheWoburnLidoisusuallyopenfromMaytoSeptember,butthisyearitstayedopentoswimmersthroughouttheautumnandwintermonthstoo.___2___thelockdownforEnglandwasannouncedon4January,outdoorpoolswereallowedtoremainopen.“Demandhastakenusbysurprise,”saidMurrayHeining,avolunteerattheWoburnLido.OverChristmasandNewYear,thelidohadtoofferextraopeningstokeepupwiththedemandfromswimmers.Cold-waterswimming___3___(grow)inpopularityintheUKoverthepastfewyears.Asurveyfoundthat7.5millionpeopleinEnglandhadswuminoutdoorpools,aswellaslakes,riversandthesea,in2018.Insomeareas,suchastheriverWharfeinYorkshire,thisnewtrendhasmadeenvironmentalgroupsthinkmoreabout___4___thewaterisclearedofpollutionandcleanenoughforbathers.Somepeoplemakeitaregularpractice;___5___justenjoyarefreshingdiponChristmasDay,BoxingDayorNewYear’sDay.EveryyeararoundtheUK,people___6___(photograph)plungingintoicywater,ofteninfancydress,andtherecentfestiveperiodwasnoexception,___7___freezingtemperatures.TheOutdoorSwimmingSocietyclassifiestemperaturesbelow6°Cas“Baltic”andfrom6-11°Cas“freezing”.Theyadvisepeopletogetinthewatergradually,soas___8___(notshock)thebody.Likewise,theyrecommendwarmingupgradually,andnot___9___(rush)theprocessbyleapingintoahotbathwhenyougetout.Instead,theysuggestlayeringupanddrinkingsomethingwarm.Itwasn’tjustthewaterthatwascold—manypeopleexperiencedawhiteChristmas;snowfellinseveralcountiesincludingYorkshireandSuffolk.PaulDavies,theUKMetOffice’schiefmeteorologist,ascientist____10____jobistostudytheweather,saidtheforecastindicates“thelikelihoodofthecoldconditionsexperiencedrecentlycontinuingthroughJanuary”.二、选用适当的单词或短语补全短文Directions:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A．alternatives

B．assess

C．courageous

D．demonstrate

E.dynamic

F.generatesG.inconsiderately

H.potential

I.regulators

J.significant

K.unreservedly

TrustinyourscientificinstinctsandneverstopmovingforwardI’vestudiedbiology,biochemistry,math,andcomputerscience,andreceivedmyPh.D．fromCambridgeUniversity.In2008,whenIlearnedPhilipMorrisInternational(PMI)wasbuildinganewlaboratoryto___11___theproductsthatwouldformpartofasmoke-freefuture,Isaid,“I’min.”Seeingthepositiveresultsfromthefirststudieslookingatthedifferencesbetweencigarettesmokeandaerosol(气溶胶)fromoursmoke-freenicotine(尼古丁)productswasstimulating.Thereweresomanypositivefindings,andyetwewerestillinthebuildingphase.Whatwouldhappennext?Wehadtotellourselvestobe___12___:Don’tworry,justlookatthedata.Systemstoxicology(系统毒理学)isanexcitingand___13___fieldtoworkin.However,it___14___massiveamountsofdata,asitcombinesstandardtoxicologywithnewanddiversetechniquestohelpgiveusabiggerandmoredetailedpictureofhowtoxicsubstancesaffectthebody.Workingwithsuchgiantblocksofdataisachallengeforallapplicationsofsystemstoxicology,notjusttobaccoharmreduction.Thisiswhyweshareourdataandmethods___15___.Itisnotonlyinourbestinterestto___16___opennesstotheworldatlarge,butit’salsoimportanttoengagetheglobalscientificcommunityinordertoalwaysbemovingthescienceforward.The___17___publichealthimpactofscience-backedsmoke-freeproductsisconsiderable.Andwhiletheseproductsarenotrisk-freeanddelivernicotine—whichisaddictive—thebreakthroughis___18___.AndIfeelanenormoussenseofaccomplishmentwithwhatwe’veachievedsofar.Ofcourse,westillhaveimportantworktodo.Wewillcontinuetoprovideinformationto___19___,scientists,publichealthorganizations,andpolicymakersaboutthepotentialofsmoke-freeproducts.Wewillcontinuetoshareourscience.Andwewillcontinueworkingtodeliversmoke-free____20____fortheworld’sadultsmokerswhodon’tquittobaccoandnicotinealtogether.Butthisisamarathon,andwe’reinthisforthelongterm.三、完形填空Afterfivelongyears,itappearsCalifornia’sdroughtisfinallybecominglesssevere.___21___arecentstringofstorms,morethanathirdofthestatehasnowwelcomedhealthyprecipitation(降水量),andCalifornia’ssnowpack—a(n)___22___sourceofwaterastheyearprogresses—hasreachednearlytwiceitsseasonalaverageinsomepartsoftheSierraNevada.That’sadramaticimprovementoverlastsummer,whenliterallyeveryinchofthestate___23___droughtconditions.It’salsowelcomenewsforCalifornians,whohavefacedaseriesofwater___24___sinceGovernorJerryBrowndeclaredastateofemergencyinearly2014.Farmershavebeenforcedtospendheavilytomaintainproduction.Thestate’swaterstruggles,___25___,arefarfromover.Forone,nobodyknowsforsurehowlongtheserainswilllast.Althoughrecentprecipitationhasbeen___26___—insomeplacesmorethan80inches—theaccuracyofstormforecastingremains___27___beyondaweek.Californiansknowthisalltoowell:lastyear,expertsprojecteda“Godzilla”ElNiñothatwouldbringrecordlevelsofprecipitation.Itnever___28___.“Willsixweeksfromnowbewet?”asksJeanineJones,California’sinterstatewater-resourcesmanager.“Theskillinthatkindofforecastingisjustnotthere.”___29___,astormslowdownisaveryrealpossibility—anditcouldleaveCaliforniawithoutenoughwatertomakeitthroughthedrysummer.____30____,whenthathappens,thestatehasturnedtogroundwaterstoredinnaturalrockformationsdeepbeneaththeearth’ssurface.Butthose____31____remainusedupafteryearsofdrought;restoringthemcouldtakeyearsinsomeplaces,saysJones.Thequickinrushofwaterhasalsocreateda(n)____32____balancingactforwatermanagers.Keepingsurfacereservoirs(水库)filledtotheedgeprotectsagainstthepossibilityofasuddendryspell,butitalso____33____theriskoffloodingifandwhenfuturestormshit.Tothatend,watermanagersopenedtheSacramentoWeirfloodgatesearlierthismonthtopourreservoirwaterintonearbyfieldsafter____34____showedlocalwaterlevelswouldlikelycontinuetorise.That’sacalculationthatwillbemadeacrossthestateinthecomingmonths.Fornow,though,Jonesisfocusedonplanningandensuringthestate’swatersupplywhatevermayhappen.“We’rehalfwaythroughourwettestseason,andconditionshavebeenencouraging,”shesays.“Iwouldsaywe’re____35____optimistic.”21．A．Accordingto B．Withrespectto C．Thanksto D．Inadditionto22．A．official B．exhaustible C．unexpected D．crucial23．A．experienced B．improved C．worsened D．investigated24．A．pollution B．restrictions C．pressure D．cycles25．A．nevertheless B．therefore C．meanwhile D．moreover26．A．accurate B．plentiful C．consistent D．emergent27．A．productive B．unchangeable C．progressive D．unreliable28．A．fellbehind B．brokedown C．cameabout D．tookoff29．A．Orelse B．Inotherwords C．Atthatpoint D．Aboveall30．A．Literally B．Contrarily C．Historically D．Consequently31．A．levels B．formations C．struggles D．reserves32．A．random B．delicate C．mechanical D．insensible33．A．heightens B．assumes C．minimizes D．identifies34．A．restorations B．calculations C．conditions D．projections35．A．hopelessly B．extremely C．guardedly D．cheerfully四、阅读理解Ifyousearchtheinternetthesedays,you’lllikelyrunacrosssomestrange-looking,yetcheerfulcartooncharacters.Thesecomputer-createdpeoplehavesmallheadsandoverdonebodies.They’recreatedindaringcolorwitharmsandlegsthatlooklikegiantwetnoodles.Thehappyfiguresareoftenmovingordoingsomethingcreative.In2017Facebookpaidadesignteamtodevelopapositiveillustrationsystem.Oneofthedesignerstookthatmessagetoheart.Sheworkedtoshowhumanconnection,motion,energyandjoyinherdrawings.She“wantedtopicturethatsenseofjoypeoplefeelwhenthey’resharingthingstogether….”Thenamewhichwasgiventothenewartformwhenitwascompletedwasveryappropriate.TheynameditAlegria,whichmeansjoyinSpanish.BeforelongAlegriabecamethego-tostyleformanytechnologyandmediabusinesses.CorporationssuchasGoogle,AirbnbandYouTubebeganusingAlegriaorartwithAlegria-typesimilarities.TodayyoucanfindAlegriaartacrosstheinternet,inprint,onmagazinecoversandmore.WhydidAlegriaartbecomepopularsoquickly?Therearemanyreasons.Aswebsitesdependedonillustrationstofillspace,Alegria-typeartbecameincreasinglyuseful.Thestyleisflat,simpleandeasytocreate.Bycomparison,moredetailedartdesignsrequireextratime,skillandmoneytoproduce.BusinessesalsolovethefactthatAlegria’scharacterscelebratediversitybyfeaturinginternationalculturalevents.Theillustrationsconveygoodfeelings.Thosefeelingshelppeoplebelievetheycantrustthecompaniesthatfeaturethemontheirpages.Forsomeconsumers,though,that’saproblem.Thesepeoplethinksomecompanieshavesimplypaperedovertheirproblemswithpositiveimages.They’vefailedtoaddresstheirwrongdoingsormakelastingchanges.Formany,however,Alegriaisanicevisuallanguagethatrepresentshappiness.Fromchildrenhuggingtocouplesdancing,theimagesareallaboutpositiveenergy.Allinall,itseemsthatAlegriaistheperfectnameofthisplayful,funartstyle.36．WhichofthefollowingfeaturesmakesAlegriaartstylesowellreceivedquickly?A．Itscheerfulroom-fillingimages.B．Itstrustworthyfigures.C．Itsroleasculturalrepresentatives.D．Itseye-catchingdetails.37．Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat______.A．AlegriaimagesmayhelphidefaultsB．positiveimagesconveyfunnymessagesC．illustrationscanbeaudioinsomewayD．small-sizedcartooncharactersenjoypopularity38．Alegriaisthoughtastheperfectnamefortheartstylebecauseofits______.A．systemandcreativity B．technologyandimpactC．popularityandprofit D．meaningandfunctionASTRAIGHTFORWARDINCOME?INVESTINHIGHWAYS.DiscoverwhynowmaybeagoodtimeformunicipalbondsIntoday’sparticularlyunstableeconomy,aimingforsecuresourcesofincomeismorerelevantthanever.Tax-freemunicipalbonds(市政债券)(oftenissuedtofundmajorinfrastructureprojectsforexamplehighways)offertwosignificantbenefits.Theycanprovidehistoricallylowrisk,andincomefrombondsisfederally(联邦地)taxfree.Withmunicipalbonds,investorsarepaidbackthefull-facevalueoftheirinvestmentatmaturity(orearlier,ifcalled)unlessthebonddefaults,orfailstopay.Thishistoricallylowriskisessentialformanyinvestors,particularlythosein,orcloseto,retirement.InAugustof2019,Moody’sInvestor’sServicefoundthatratedinvestment-grademunicipalbondshadanaverageincreasing10-yeardefaultrateofjust0.10%between1970and2018.Therefore,theycanbeanimportantpartofyourinvestment.Incomefrommunicipalbondsisnotsubjecttofederalincometaxand,dependingonwhereyoulive,mayalsobefreefromstateandlocaltaxes.Tax-freeincomecanbeabigattractionformanyinvestors.Since1990,Hennion&Walshhasspecializedininvestment-grade,tax-freemunicipalbonds.Thecompanysupervisesover$3billioninassets(资产)inover16,000accounts,providingindividualinvestorswithdiscipline,personalserviceandintegrity.Incaseyouwanttoknowmoreaboutthebenefitsoftax-freemunicipalbonds,wenowhaveanofferforyou.OurspecialistshavecreatedahelpfulBondGuideforinvestors.It’sfreeandcomeswithnoobligation(义务)atall.FREEBONDGUIDEwithoutcostorobligationCALL(800)318-4850IntheBondGuide,you’lllearn:ThebenefitsandrisksofmunicipalbondsStrategiesforsmartbondinvestingMunicipalbondfactseveryinvestorshouldknow©2021Hennion&WalshInc.SecuritiesofferedthroughHennion&WalshInc.MemberofFINRA,SIPC．Investinginbondsinvolvesriskincludingpossiblelossofprincipal,i.e.theoriginalamountofmoneyinvested.Incomemaybesubjecttostate,localorfederalalternativeminimumtax.Wheninterestratesrise,bondpricesfall,andwheninterestratesfall,bondpricesrise.Pastperformanceisnotaguaranteeoffutureresults.39．Itcanbelearntfromtheleafletthat______.A．notaxesofanykindareputonmunicipalbondsB．InvestmentinmunicipalbondsisrelativelysafeC．Hennion&WalsharebillionaireinvestorsD．interestratesandbonddefaultsgohandinhand40．WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutBondGuide?A．Itsharesrisk-freebondinvestingskills.B．Itrecommendsbondinvestingspecialists.C．Itoffersaguaranteedinvestmentreturn.D．Itproposesinvestingplansforreferenceonly.41．Itcanbeinferredfromtheleafletthatmunicipalbondsare______.A．issuedparticularlyinhardtimesB．intendedforHennion&WalshInc.C．shelteredbythegovernmentinawayD．subjecttothemajorinfrastructureprojects42．Whowouldbethemostlikelytargetreadersofthisleaflet?A．Municipalbondadministrators.B．Federaltaxcalculators.C．ThecopyrightownersoftheBondGuide.D．Senior-citizeninvestors.Researchintolanguagelearningandmotivationhaschangeddirectionoverthepasttwodecades,shiftingfromwhatarenowconsideredoverly-simplisticmodelsofmotivation,suchas“integrativeness”(wherestudentsaremotivatedtolearnanL2becausetheywishtojoinacommunitythatspeaksthislanguage)and“instrumentalism”(wheremotivationcomesfromadesireforfinancialorsomeothersortofreturn).Motivationtolearnhasnowbeenlinkedtoasecond-languageidentity,whichisnotconceptualisedasstatic,butdynamic,shiftingandopentochange.SomeresearchstudieshavefocusedoninvestmentinESOL(EnglishforSpeakersofOtherLanguages)settingsinEnglish-speakingcountries:howstudentsinvestinthetargetlanguageinordertogetcertainreturns,notonlyfinancialbutalsorelatedtostatus,anideawhichBonnyNortonPeircenotesashavingbeenborrowedfromthesociologistPierreBourdieu.Thereisalsogrowingresearchintheareaof“futureselves”andlanguagelearning,suchasthatbyZoltánDörnyeiandEmaUshiodaandbyJillHadfield.StudiesintosecondlanguageidentityhaverevealedtheinvestmentcommittedtobuildingupanidentityinEnglishinthelivesofeconomicmigrants(移民)andthosechoosingtosettlelong-terminEnglish-speakingcountries.DavidBlockconductedresearchintoeconomicmigrantslivinginLondon,revealinghowtheyinvestthroughstudyopportunities,seekingoutlocalstospeakto,orusingEnglishinwork.Eachofhiscasestudiesrevealsdifferentfeaturesandpatternsinthesesubjects’lives.Yetitisalsotruethatsecond-languageidentityformationisaliveinEFL(EnglishasaForeignLanguage)contexts,ifImaydrawadistinctionfromtheESOLfurther-educationcontext(intheUKandtheUS).Inanageofglobalisationandinternationalisation,theroleofEnglishhascomeintomuchsharperfocus,andsuchachangedglobalrealityposesnewquestionsaboutmotivationtolearn.Dörnyeiarguesthatwearenowdealingwith“globalEnglish”,andthatitsacquisitionisrelatedtobuildingup“aglobalidentity”.IputthecasethatinternationalEnglishlanguageexaminations,suchasthoseofferedbyCambridgeEnglish,areapowerfulsymbolofculturalcapital,offeringreturnsfullofimageryandentrytoimaginedcommunities.Imaginedcommunities,ithasbeenargued,areimaginedpersonalnetworksofthefuture,whethersocial,professionaloreveninternational.Investmentandthemotivationtolearncanspringfromthedesiretobelongtotheseimaginedcommunities.Howthisimageryandinvestmentrelatestotheirownstudentsshouldbesomethingthatteachersbecomefamiliarwith.43．Theword“static”(inparagraph1)istheclosestinmeaningto______.A．unchanging B．movable C．identified D．focused44．WhichofthefollowingisthenewmotivationforlearningEnglishaccordingtothepassage?A．Toplanforabrighterfutureabroad.B．Tocontributetoincreasingglobalization.C．Toestablishasecond-languageidentity.D．Toexpectsubstantialinvestmentreturns.45．Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat______.A．teachersmayhavenoideaabouttheirstudents’needsB．themotivationtolearnEnglishchangeswiththetimesC．imaginedcommunitiesaremostlikelytobeexclusiveD．Englishcompetencetestingisagatewayintonewcontexts46．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?A．AninvestmentinlanguagestudiesB．Aquestionofsecond-languageidentityC．AnaccesstoESOLandEFLD．Adebateaboutmotivationtolearn五、六选四GreeningtheblueIstherea“natural”waytoenhancethepotentialoftheoceanstolockawayclimate-warmingCO2?PlantingmoretreesonlandcanhelpdrawdownmoreCO2fromtheatmosphere—thebasisofmanyplansforcarboncreditsthatcompaniesbuytooffsettheiremissions(抵消其排放)._____47_____Seaweedforestsandsaltmarshes(盐碱滩)arecommonexamples.Someregardthepotentialforthis“bluecarbon”ashuge,althoughasyetthereisnomechanismforintegratingitintocarbonoffsettingplans.JohnVirdinofDukeUniversityinNorthCarolinasays,“_____48_____”Headds,“Youhavetogooutandmeasureallthecarbonthat’sthere,youhavetoshowthatit’snotgoingtobelost,youhavetokeepmonitoringit.”Virdinandothershaveproposedextendinganexistingland-basedplancalledREDD+(reducingemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradation)totheocean,butthatisanideawhoseshiphasyettosail._____49_____InMarch,theUKgovernment’sclimateadviser,theClimateChangeCommittee,foundthatrestoringandcreatingseagrassandsaltmarshecosystemsinthecountrywouldonlylockawayasmallamountofCO2,removing“wellbelow”1milliontonnesayear.Nonetheless,theseareefficientcarbonstoresaccordingtothecommittee._____50_____A．Usingtheoceansasasolutiontoclimatechangeishardlyanewidea.B．Thereisstillsomedoubtabouthowbigthemarineoffsettingeffectmightbe.C．It’sreallyhardtoturnbluecarbonconservationandrestorationintocarboncreditsthatyoucansell.D．Somethingsimilarmightworkintheoceans,bystimulatingthegrowthofmarineandcoastalecosystems.E．Andconservingthemisimportantgivenhowmuchfishingandotheractivitieshavedegradedthem.F．Thebigobjectiontoalltheseplansisthepossibilityofnegativeenvironmentalsideeffects.六、概要写作51．Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Kangarooscan“talk”tousKangarooscan“talk”topeople,accordingtoanewstudy.Thereportisthefirstresearchofitskindtobedoneonmarsupials—atypeofcreaturewhoseyounggetcarriedinskinpocketsontheirmother’sbody.Itsuggestskangaroosareclevererthanpreviouslythought.ResearchersfromtheUniversityofRoehamptonintheUKandtheUniversityofSydneyinAustraliatestedkangaroosattheAustralianReptile(爬行动物)Park,WildlifeSydneyZooandKangarooProtectionCo-operative.Thescientistsputfoodinaboxthatthekangarooscouldnotopen,andwaitedtoseewhattheanimalswoulddo.Ratherthangivingup,10outofthe11kangaroosactivelylookedatthepersonwhohadputthefoodintheboxandthenlookedatthebox.Theresearcherssaidthiscouldbeinterpretedasthekangaroosrequestinghelptoopenthecontainer.DrAlexandraGreen,aco-authorofthestudy,toldTheGuardiannewspaperthatsomeofthekangaroosactuallyapproachedthepersonandstartedscratching(挠)andsniffing(嗅)him,thenlookedbackatthebox.“Sotheywerereallytryingtocommunicate,”Greensaid.Thisbehaviourisnotuncommoninanimals.However,itisusuallyonlyseenindomesticatedanimals,suchaspetsorfarmanimals.Theleadauthorofthestudy,DrAlanMcElligott,explained,“Throughthisstudy,wewereabletoseethatcommunicationbetweencreaturescanbelearntandthatthebehaviouroflookingathumanstoaccessfoodisnotrelatedtodomestication.“Indeed,kangaroosshowedaverysimilarpatternofbehaviourwehaveseenindogs,horsesandevengoats,whenputtothesametest,”headded.Itishopedthatthestudywillgivepeopleamorepositiveattitudetowardskangaroos,whicharesometimesseenasharmfulcreaturesthatdamagefarmers’crops.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________七、汉译英（整句）52．就我而言，姑姑包的赤豆粽子就是珍馐美味。(wrap)(汉译英)53．有人认为2023年机器人有可能接手我们人类40%的工作。(it)(汉译英)54．许多经验丰富的摄影师都建议从离家近的当地景点开始拍摄旅游微视频。(What…)(汉译英)55．那个星夜父亲划小船送我们母女去外婆家，河面平静如镜，蛙声四起，真是浪漫。(which)(汉译英)八、建议信56．Directions:WriteanEnglishcompositionin120-150wordsaccordingtotheinstructionsgivenbelowinChinese.假设你是明启中学的高三学生李华。学校将开设讲座“上海老洋房”，现就讲座内容征求学生的意见。请给负责的王老师写封邮件，具体提出你的建议。内容须包括：1)你对讲座内容的具体建议；2)简述你的理由。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________参考答案：1．known2．Until/Till/Before3．hasbeengrowing/hasgrown4．whether5．others6．arephotographed7．despite8．nottoshock9．rushing10．whose【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了今年冬天，英格兰贝德福德郡的露天游泳池非常受欢迎，介绍了人们冬泳的情况和专家的建议。1．考查非谓语动词。句意：今年冬天，英格兰贝德福德郡的露天游泳池非常受欢迎。短语beknownas表示“以……著称”，省略be动词，过去分词作状语。故填known。2．考查状语从句。句意：直到英国1月4日宣布封锁（之前），室外游泳池被允许保持开放。引导时间状语从句，表示“直到”可用until或till；或表示“在……之前”用before。句首单词首字母大写。故填Until/Till/Before。3．考查时态。句意：过去几年，冷水游泳在英国越来越受欢迎。根据后文“overthepastfewyears”指表示过去发生的动作持续到现在，并且可能继续进行下去，应用现在完成进行时；也可表示过去发生的动作对现在的影响，用现在完成时，故填hasbeengrowing/hasgrown。4．考查宾语从句。句意：在一些地区，如约克郡的沃夫河，这种新趋势使环保组织更多地考虑河水是否清除了污染，是否足够干净，适合游泳。此处句子作介词about的宾语，引导宾语从句，表示“是否”应用whether，故填whether。5．考查代词。句意：有些人把它作为一种常规做法；还有一些人只在圣诞节、节礼日或新年时泡个澡。表示“一些……还有一些……”句型为some…others…。故填others。6．考查时态语态。句意：在英国，每年都会有人穿着奇装异服跳入冰水中，最近的节日期间也不例外，尽管气温极低。主语与谓语构成被动关系，结合上文Everyyear可知为一般现在时的被动语态，主语为people，谓语用复数。故填arephotographed。7．考查介词。句意：在英国，每年都会有人穿着奇装异服跳入冰水中，最近的节日期间也不例外，尽管气温极低。后跟名词作宾语，表示“尽管”应用介词despite。故填despite。8．考查非谓语动词。句意：他们建议人们慢慢下水，以免对身体造成冲击。此处作目的状语，为soasnottodosth.。故填nottoshock。9．考查非谓语动词。句意：同样，他们建议慢慢热身，不要一出来就冲个热水澡。短语recommendnotdoingsth.表示“不建议做某事”。故填rushing。10．考查定语从句。句意：英国气象局首席气象学家保罗•戴维斯是一名研究天气的科学家，他表示，天气预报表明“最近经历的寒冷天气可能会持续到1月份”。定语从句修饰先行词scientist，在从句作定语，故用whose。故填whose。11．B12．C13．E14．F15．K16．D17．H18．J19．I20．A【导语】这是一篇记叙文。讲述作者加入菲利普·莫里斯国际公司参与研究根无烟社会相关的产品的经历。11．考查动词。句意：2008年，当我得知菲利普·莫里斯国际公司（PMI）正在建造一个新的实验室，以评估将成为无烟未来一部分的产品时，我说：“算我一个。”分析句意可知，使用动词assess“评估”与不定式标志to构成目的状语，符合语境。故选B项。12．考查形容词。句意：我们必须告诉自己要勇敢：别担心，看看数据。分析句意可知，使用形容词courageous“勇敢的”作be动词的表语，符合语境。故选C项。13．考查形容词。句意：系统毒理学是一个令人兴奋和充满活力的领域。分析句意可知，使用形容词dynamic“充满活力的”作is的表语，符合语境。故选E项。14．考查动词。句意：然而，它产生了大量的数据，因为它将标准毒理学与新的多样化技术相结合，有助于我们更大、更详细地了解有毒物质如何影响身体。分析句意可知，使用动词generate“生产”做谓语动词，符合语境，因为主语是it，故使用第三人称单数。故选F项。15．考查副词。句意：这就是为什么我们毫无保留地分享我们的数据和方法。分析句意可知，使用副词unreservedly“未保留地”作状语修饰动词share“分享”，符合语境。故选K项。16．考查动词。句意：向全世界展示开放不仅符合我们的最大利益，而且让全球科学界参与进来也很重要，以便始终推动科学向前发展。分析句意可知，使用动词demonstrate“展示”与不定式标志to构成的短语作真正主语，符合语境。故选D项。17．考查形容词。句意：科学支持的无烟产品对公众健康的潜在影响是巨大的。分析句意可知，使用形容词potential“潜在的”作定语修饰主语publichealthimpactimpact“公众健康影响”，符合语境。故选H项。18．考查形容词。句意：虽然这些产品并非没有风险，而且会产生令人上瘾的尼古丁，但这一突破意义重大。分析句意可知，使用形容词significant“重大的”作is的表语，符合语境。故选J项。19．考查名词。句意：我们将继续向监管机构、科学家、公共卫生组织和政策制定者提供有关无烟产品潜力的信息。分析句意可知，使用名词regulator“监管机构，监管者”作介词to的宾语，符合语境，因为该词为可数名词，前无冠词或者量词表示单数，故使用复数形式。故选I项。20．考查名词。句意：我们将继续努力为世界上不完全戒烟和尼古丁的成年吸烟者递送无烟替代品。分析句意可知，使用名词alternative“替代品”作动词deliver“递送”的宾语，符合语境，因为该词为可数名词，前无冠词或者量词表示单数，故使用复数形式。故选A项。21．C22．D23．A24．B25．A26．B27．D28．C29．B30．C31．D32．B33．A34．D35．C【导语】这是一篇说明文。介绍了加州今年干旱减轻的现状，以及一些新的担忧。21．考查介词短语辨析。句意：由于最近的一系列风暴，该州超过三分之一的地区现在迎来了健康的降水量，随着时间的推移，加利福尼亚州的积雪——一个重要的水源——在内华达山脉的一些地区已经达到了季节平均水平的两倍左右。A.Accordingto根据；B.Withrespectto关于；C.Thanksto由于；D.Inadditionto除了。根据上文“Afterfivelongyears,itappearsCalifornia’sdroughtisfinallybecominglesssevere.(经过漫长的五年，加州的干旱似乎终于减轻了。)”可知，干旱得到缓解，而下文指出的就是缓解的原因。故选C项。22．考查形容词辨析。句意：由于最近的一系列风暴，该州超过三分之一的地区现在迎来了健康的降水量,随着时间的推移，加利福尼亚州的积雪——一个重要的水源——在内华达山脉的一些地区已经达到了季节平均水平的两倍左右。A.official官方的；B.exhaustible用得尽的；C.unexpected未料想的；D.crucial至关重要的。根据本句“snowpack(积雪)”可知，积雪是重要水源。故选D项。23．考查动词词义辨析。句意：与去年夏天相比，这有了显著的改善，当时该州的每一寸土地都经历了干旱。A.experienced经历；B.improved提升；C.worsened恶化；D.investigated调查。根据本句搭配“everyinchofthestate(该州的每一寸土地)”和“droughtconditions(干旱状况)”可知，此处指的是这个州去年暑假到处都很干旱，即经历了干旱。故选A项。24．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这对加州人来说也是个好消息，自2014年初州长杰里·布朗宣布进入紧急状态以来，他们面临着一系列的用水限制。A.pollution污染；B.restrictions限制；C.pressure压力；D.cycles循环。根据下文“Farmershavebeenforcedtospendheavilytomaintainproduction.(农民们被迫花费巨资来维持生产。)”可知，因为干旱，包括农民在内的加州人遭受了很多麻烦，这是因为政府限制用水。故选B项。25．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，该州的水资源斗争远未结束。A.nevertheless然而；B.therefore因此；C.meanwhile同时；D.moreover而且。根据上文“That’sadramaticimprovementoverlastsummer,whenliterallyeveryinchofthestateexperienceddroughtconditions.(与去年夏天相比，这有了显著的改善，当时该州的每一寸土地都经历了干旱。)”可知，上文指出情况有好转，但本段接着却说斗争未结束，这是一个不好的现象，即前后文存在转折关系。故选A项。26．考查形容词辨析。句意：尽管最近一些地方的降雨量超过80英寸，但风暴预报的准确性在一周后仍然不可靠。A.accurate精准的；B.plentiful丰富的；C.consistent连贯的；D.emergent紧急的。根据本句破折号后的说明“insomeplacesmore