2021年湖南省益阳市统招专升本英语摸底卷(含答案)

2021年湖南省益阳市统招专升本英语摸底卷(含答案)

一、单选题(20题)1.Theyalwaysgivetheirvacantseatsto（）comesfirst

A.whoB.whomC.whoeverD.whomever

2.Askilledtennisplayerknowshowtohiscompetitor’sweaknesssoastogetthefinalvictory（）

A.beatB.takeriskofC.defeatD.takeadvantageof

3.ItwasatuniversityIfirstmetHopkins（）

A.whereB.inwhichC.whichD.that

4.harder,youcouldhavepassedthisexam（）

A.Wereyouworked

B.Hadyouworked

C.Ifyouworked

D.Ifyouhaveworked

5.Youcannotcancelyourorder（）youchangeyourmindwithinthreedays

A.asifB.whileC.sothatD.unless

6.Wehadto_____alotofnoisewhenthechildrenwereathome（）

A.comeupwithB.catchupwithC.putupwithD.keepupwith

7.—Doyouknow（）theygottoknoweachother?

—Itwaslastyear（）theybothtaughtChineseinScotland

A.whenitwasthat;when

B.whenwasitthat;while

C.whenitwasthat;that

D.whenwasitthat;as

8.Sheheardaterriblenoise,（）broughtherheartintohermouth

A.itB.thisC.whichD.that

9.Wewereaskedtoouressayinthreedays（）

A.handoverB.handoutC.handinD.handdown

10.Nearly________ofthe9,000speciesofbirdsfeedoninsects（）

A.thethreefifth

B.threefifths

C.threefifth

D.thethreefifths

11.Don’tletthechildplaywithscissors（）hecutshimself

A.incaseB.sothatC.nowthatD.onlyif

12.Thegovernmenthastakeneffectivemeasuresto______itselftothechangingworld（）

A.settleB.adoptC.changeD.adjust

13.ADreamoftheRedMansionissaidintodozensoflanguagesinthelastdecade（）

A.totranslate

B.tohavetranslated

C.tobetranslated

D.tohavebeentranslated

14.TheHRdepartmentisacriticalpartofemployees'well-beinginanybusiness,smallitis（）

A.nomatterhow

B.nomatterwhat

C.nomatterwhere

D.nomatterwhich

15.Ifyouhadtakenmyadvicelastweek,you_______introublenow（）

A.mustnotbe

B.mustnothavebeen

C.arenottobe

D.wouldnotbe

16.yourealizeyourtroublewithEnglishlearning,youcantakesomeeffectivesteps（）

A.NowthatB.FromnowonC.EversinceD.Bynow

17.IcontinuedtostudythediscouragementIhadreceived（）

A.despiteofB.despiteC.inspiteD.inspitethat

18.（）fromspace,ourearth,withwatercovering70%ofitssurface,appearsasablueplanet

A.SeeingB.TobeseenC.SeenD.Havingseen

19.Itwasyourrecommendationenabledmetobeanengineerinthisworld-famouscompany（）

A.whenB.whoC.whatD.that

20.Ienjoyedtheparty.Still,I’drather_____tothetheater（）

A.tobegoingB.goC.togoD.went

二、选词填空题(10题)21.3.____

22.Studentsatuniversitycanlearnandmakefriends1willlastalifetime.However,thecostofstudyingisontherise.Thisincreasemeansthatmoststudentscangetintomoneytrouble2theydonotknowhowtomanagetheirmoney.Itisnotjustthecoursefees.Studentsmustalso3forroomandboard.Inaddition,theymayspendmoney4clothes,travel,andotherthings.Thus,studentsneedtobudget5.Atmostuniversitiesteacherscangivestudentssuggestionsonhowtospendtheirmoney.Thefirstthingtheysuggestistowritedownyour6,forexample,themoneyyouwillgetfromyourfamilyorapart-timejob.Thenlistallofyourexpenses.Putyourexpensesintotwo7:thosethatchange(food,books,travel),andthosethatwillstaythesame(tuition,roomandboard).Addtogetherallofyourexpenses.Whenyoudothis,youfinditis8toplanoutyourbudget.Thismeansyoucansaveyourmoney,ratherthantryingto9fromothers.Asyoucansee,thereismoretolearnatuniversitythanjust10istaughtintheclassroom.____

23.Researchershavefoundthatpeoplewhogotoconcerts,showsandmuseumscanlivelongerthan1whodonot.ExpertsfromUniversityCollegeLondonhavebeenexaminingthelifestylesofover6,700Britishpeople215years.They3howoftenthepeoplewentoutandwhatkindsofeventstheyattended.Theyfoundthatpeopleover50yearsold4regularlywenttoconcertswereabout30percent5likelytodieoverthenext14years.Theresearcherssaidtheover50scouldextendtheirlife6engagingwiththearts.Inadditiontolivinglongerconcertgoerscouldalsohavemorefun.TheUKHealthSecretaryMattHancockbelievestherecouldbealotof7intheresearch.Hesaidartsandculturecould8thingslikementalhealth,agingandloneliness.He9announcedplansfortheUK’sNationalHealthServicetousetheartstohelppeopleliveahealthierlife.Oneresearchersaid,“Ourresultshighlighttheimportanceof10toexplorenewsocialfactorsthataffectourhealth.”1.____

三、情景对话(10题)24.Task1（每小题2分，共10分）

M:Whatwereyoudoingyesterdayafternoon?

W:66Itwasreallyinteresting.

M:67

W:Bytheriver.Alotofchildrenwereflyingkitesthere.

M:Itwaswindyyesterday,wasn'tit?

W:68

M:Whomdidyouflykiteswith?

W:69

M:Didyouenjoyyourselves?

W:Yes.70Afterthatwealsohadapicnictogether.

A.Wehadagoodtime.

B.Yes,thewindwasstrong.

C.Iwasflyingakiteyesterdayafternoon.

D.Wheredidyouflythekite?

E.WithLiLeiandTom

66.____（）

25.70.____（）

26.69.____（）

27.4（）

A.Pleaseholdonamoment

B.It’sNo.311onthesecondfloor

C.ThisisLeespeaking

D.I’mgladyoucalled

E.Allright,I’llbeexpectingyou

28.67.____（）

29.Peter:Goodafternoon.MynameisPeter.I’mthegeneralmanagerofthepersonneldepartment.I’llbeinterviewingyou.Pleasesitdown.

Jon:1Myname’sJonSmith.

Peter:Well,Jon,it’sapleasuretomeetyou.2

Jon:I’vebeenamanageratNikeforoverthreeyears.IwonManageroftheYearAwardtwoyearsago,andIgotpromotedlastAugust.

Peter:OK.Tellmeaboutyourself,suchasyourpersonality.

Jon:3IthinkbeforeIact,andifsomethinggoeswronginourcompanyIalwaysremaincalm.Inevershoutatmyemployees.AndI’veneverlostmytemper.

Peter:4

Jon:IthinkI’mgoodatsolvingproblems.5Ialsolovechallenges.Iworkwellunderpressure.Whenmybosspushesmetofinishaprojectearly,Ialwaysgetitdoneandnevercomplain.

Peter:Jon,youseemlikeaverygoodmanager.Ilikeyourambition.You’reveryconfidentandmotivated.Well,ourinterviewisover

1（）

A.Ienjoyapproachingproblemsdirectly

B.Nicetomeetyou

C.Whatareyourstrengths?

D.Tellmeaboutyourworkexperience

E.IthinkI’mverylevelheaded

30.68.____（）

31.75.____（）

32.5（）

A.Soundsgreat

B.What’swrong?

C.Isithelpfultome?

D.Idon’tknowhowtodealwithit

E.Butwhatifmyparentsdon’tletmedoit

33.2（）

A.Thatsuitsusverywellactually

B.Whydoyouwanttoleave?

C.Um,haveyouworkedasawaitressbefore?

D.Onwhatdaysareyoufree?

E.Isthefirstofnextmonthallrightwithyou

四、翻译(10题)34.据报道，那座大桥因洪水泛滥而停止修建

35.Whatreallymattersiswhatyoudoratherthanwhereyouwereborn

36.Whoeverhasdealtwithchildrenknowsthattoomuchprotectiondoesnogoodtotheirbeingindependent

37.Itis/hasbeenjustayearsincewelastsaweachother

38.他的邻居指责他每天晚上都发出噪音

39.我们应该摒弃那些对我们健康有害的习惯，如喝酒、吸烟等

40.Ifnomajorstepsaretakentoaddresstheproblem,thereefsmaybeheadedfortotalextinction

41.那首歌总是让我想起我们的第一次约会

42.我们应该尽快地找出事故的原因，而不是坐在这儿等

43.Inordertostartabusiness,amanmusthavemoneytobuyorrentafactoryorshop,tobuymachineryandgoodsandtopayhisworkpeople.Amanhimselfmaysometimesbeabletosupplyallthemoneyheneedsforthis；butoftenhecannotdoso,andthenhemayaskotherstohelphimbymakingcontributions.Moneysuppliedinthiswayiscalledcapital，andthepeoplewhosupplyittohimbecomemembersofthiscompany

五、阅读理解(10题)44.CrimeisaseriousprobleminBritain.Onesortofcrimewhichparticularlyworriespeopleisjuvenilecrime—thatis,crimescommittedbyyoungpeople.Forsomeyears,juvenilecrimehasbeenincreasing.Therearetwomainsortsofjuvenilecrime:stealingandviolence.Mostpeopledonotunderstandwhyyoungpeoplecommitthesecrimes.Thereare,Ithink,alargenumberofdifferentreasons.

Thesecrimesarenotusuallycommittedbypeoplewhoarepoororinnee

Youngpeopleoftendislikeandhatetheadultworld.Theywilldothingstoshowthattheyarerebels.AlsoinBritaintodayitiseasierforyoungpeopletocommitcrimesbecausetheyhavemorefreedomtogowheretheylikeandmoremoneytodowhattheylike.

Therearetwootherpossiblecauseswhichareworthmentioning.MoreandmorepeopleinBritainliveinlargetowns.Inalargetownnooneknowswhoanyoneelseisorwheretheylive.ButinthevillageIcomefromcrimesarerarebecauseeveryoneknowseverybodyelse.

Althoughitisdifficulttoexplain,Ithinkthelastcauseisveryimportant.Perhapsthereissomethingwrongwithoursocietywhichencouragesviolenceandcrime.Itisafactthatallthecrimechildrenareexposedtofilmsandreportsaboutcrimeandviolence.Manypeopledonotagreethatthisinfluencestheyoungpeople,butIthinkthatyoungpeopleareverymuchinfluencedbythesocietytheygrowin.Ifeelthatthefaultmaybeasmuchwithourwholesocietyaswiththeseyoungpeople

FromthepassageweknowthatmanyBritishpeopleareconfusedabout________（）

A.thecausesofjuvenilecrimes

B.theriseofthecrimerate

C.theproblemofcrimesintheircountry

D.thevariouskindsofjuveniledelinquency

45.MISofficers’taskismoreurgenttodayinthat__________（）

A.terroristsaremoredifficulttofindthanspies

B.mostterroristattacksareaimedatkillingpeople

C.terroristattackshappenmorefrequentlythanbefore

D.ittakesonlyalittletimetoprepareaterroristattack

46.Accordingtothepassage,stayingatyouthhostelsis（）

A.cheapB.enjoyableC.comfortableD.convenient

47.Toimproveparent-childrelationships,teenagersareadvisedtobe（）

A.obedientB.responsibleC.independentD.co-operative

48.Whiledrunkendrivingmaybedecreasing,trafficsafetyexpertsremaintroubledoverhowtocopewithanotheralcohol-relatedproblem:drunkenpedestrian（行人）.Studieshaveshownthatpedestriansinjuredandkilledbycarsareoftenextremelydrunk.

SometypesofpedestrianaccidentshavebeendecreasingintheU.S.,especiallythoseinvolvingchildren,butthenumberofdrunkenadultpedestrianskilledintraffichasremainedrelativelyconstantat2500ayear.Thetotalnumberofpedestrianskilledannuallyintrafficaccidentsisatleast7000oroneofeverysevenhighwaydeaths.

Studieshaverevealedsomeofthecauses,includingalackofadultsupervision（监督）forchildren,longdelaysintrafficsignalsthatencouragejaywalking（无视交通规则任意行走）,lessattentionpaidtopedestrianaccidentsinthepast,andfewmethodstoregulatewalkinghabits.However,themostchallengingproblem,accordingtosomeexperts,isalcoholrelated,althoughpulled,researchersaremakinggreateffortstofindwaysagainstthedrunkenpedestrianaccidents

Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage（）

A.CausesforTrafficAccidents

B.DrunkenPedestrianAccidents

C.SevereHighwaySafetyProblems

D.ConsequencesofDrunkenDriving

49.PassageOneAlotofkidsaregettingonlinethesedays—sharingdata,talkingaboutsocialissues,meetingadultsaswellaskids,andlearningaboutothercultures.Thereseemstobeeverythingonthenetwork.Justlikeanyotherformofmedia,thequalityofthismassivecollectionofinformationisunequal,andthereisgoodinformationaswellasrubbish.Networksholdgreatpromise;however,it’salsohometopeoplewhomeantohurtothersorusetheirtechnicalknowledgetostealfromthem.AlthoughmanyWebpagescanteachkidsusefulthings,therearesomeothersiteswaitingtotemptyoungpeoplewhoareimmatureandeasilyaffected.Bynow,youmayshakeyourhead,butwait,let’strytoputtheproblemintoperspective.Generally,it’ssafeforkidstousetheInternet.Thenumberofsitesconsideredharmfulisbetween1%and3%,whichshowsabout4.5millionothersitesareinterestingandeducational.Besides,tostopchildrenfromusingtheseservicesjustbecausecrimesarebeingcommittedonlinewouldbeliketellingthemnottoattendcollegebecausestudentsmayhaveaccidentsoncampus.Whatcanparentsdotoprotecttheirchildrenfromthoseharmfulsites?Thesimplestsolutionistheuseofprogramswhichblockoffensivesites.Suchprogramsaresettoscreenoutcertainwordslikelytoappearon“unhealthy”sites.Butmanysitesinappropriatetoyoungpeoplearecleveratusingwordswithdoublemeaningsthatmayappearharmless.What’smore,notonlydotheprogramsfailtodothejobsatisfactorily,theyalsotakeawaythedecisiveroleofparentsinchildren’seducation.Achildwhodownloadsbadinformationorpicturescanonlybecorrectedbypositivefamilyinfluence.Nofilteringprogramisnecessaryforachildwhohaslearnedtosay“no”tositesheknowsareinappropriateforhim.Today,whenchildrenareexposedtotechnologyatayoungage,parentsoftenfindthemselveslaggingbehindincomputerskills.Surprisingly,thismaybethekeytoyourinvolvement.WhatisbetterwaytolearnabouttheInternetthantodosoalongsideyourchildren?They’llmostlikelypickitupmorequicklythanyoudo,ofcourse,butyou’llhavethechancetosee,andtakepridein,yourchildatwork.Youmaysearchforinformationthatinterestsyourchildtogetherwithhimandgettoknowthe“friends”hehasonline,justasyouwouldgettoknowhisotherfriends.Thoughtfulparentswouldcombinesupervisionwithcommunication,whichisthebestwaytotakeadvantageoftheInternetasaresourcewhileprotectingtheirchildren.FollowtheirexamplesandhavefunwithkidsontheNet!Accordingtothepassage,isitwiseforparentstokeeptheirchildrenawayfromthecomputer?Why?

A.No.Becausetherearealsomillionsofsiteswhichareinterestingandeducational.

B.No.Becausetheirchildrenhavetherighttousecomputer.

C.Yes.Becausetherearemanyrubbishsiteswhichmayhurtchildren.

D.Yes.Becausechildrenmaybecomeaddictedtocomputergames.

50.ChildmaltreatmentcanbringallthefollowingconsequencesEXCEPT_______（）

A.stressB.suicideC.heartdiseaseD.poormemory

51.Intheeyesoftheauthor,asuccessfulengineeringstudentisexpected______（）

A.tobeimaginativewithavaluesystemtoguidehim

B.tobeatechnicalgeniuswithawidevision

C.tohaveanexcellentacademicrecord

D.tobewiseandmature

52.Whenwemakefriends,weconsidersuchthingsasage,race,andbackground,because_____（）

A.itisnoteasytohaveafriendlyrelationshipwithpeoplewhenthereisamarkeddifferenceinageandbackground

B.thedegreeoffriendshipbetweentwopeopleandthereasonfortheirsharedinterestvarygreatly

C.friendsneedtoknowallthesethings

D.thesearethemostimportantfactorstomakefriends

53.Thesurveyshowsthat________havethebestunderstandingofhealthconcerns（）

A.seniorcitizens

B.middle–agedcitizens

C.youngerTaiwanese

D.Taiwanesesmokers

六、作文题(1题)54.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedtowriteALetterofComplaint.Youshouldwriteinatleast100wordsandbaseyourcompositionontheoutline（giveninChinese）below.

假设你是李明，你所在学校的食堂自三月初以来提供的饭菜质量明显下降，请你写一封投诉信给食堂相关人员，内容包括：

希望得到合理解释及解决办法

参考答案

1.C他们总是把空位让给第一个来的人。

［考点］名词性从句

【精析】Cwhoever相当于nomatterwho，引导宾语从句，意为无论谁，任何人。因引导词在从句中作主语，所以要用主格whoever,而不用宾格whomever。故选C

2.D一个技术娴熟的网球运动员知道如何利用对手的弱点以取得最后的胜利。

［考点］词义辨析

【精析】Dbeat：打败；takeriskof：冒……的风险；defeat：击败,战胜；takeadvantageof：利用。根据句意可知，选D

3.DD句意：我是在大学第一次见到霍普金斯的。强调句型。分析句子结构可知，若去掉itwas句意依然完整，所以本题应为强调句型，其基本结构为：Itis/was+被强调部分+that/who从句。本题强调地点状语atuniversity

4.B如果你再努力一些，你就能通过这场考试了。

［考点］虚拟语气

【精析】B根据句意并结合选项可知，逗号前面是一个非真实条件句。由主句中的couldhavepassed可知，从句是对过去情况的虚拟，其完整表达为Ifyouhadworkedharder，If可以省略，此时应将助动词had提至主语you之前。故选B

5.D句意：除非你在三天之内改变主意，否则订单将不能取消。状语从句题。分析前后句意可知，此处需要一个引导条件状语从句的连词，故选D（除非，如果不）。A选项（好像）后面常跟虚拟语气，B选项（当……时）后面常跟时间状语，C选项（以致……）后常引导结果状语

6.C孩子们在家时，我们不得不忍受很多噪音。

［考点］词组辨析

【精析】Ccomeupwith:想出，提出；catchupwith:赶上，追上；putupwith:忍受，容忍；keepupwith:赶得上，与……保持联系。故选C

7.A——你知道他们是什么时候认识彼此的吗？

——那是去年他们在苏格兰教汉语的时候认识的。

［考点］强调句型

【精析】A分析句子结构可知，know后面是宾语从句，从句要用陈述语序，所以排除B、D选项，根据语境可知答语是省略了thattheygottoknoweachother部分的强调句型，lastyear后是定语从句，从句主干完整，故lastyear在从句中做状语，使用关系副词when引导，故选A

8.C她听到了一声可怕的声响，这让她的心提到了嗓子眼。

［考点］定语从句

【精析】C分析句子结构可知，逗号后面为非限制性定语从句，引导词只能用which，指代前面整个句子的内容。故选C

9.C我们被要求在三天之内上交论文。

［考点］词义辨析

【精析】Chandover:移交，交给;handout:分发，取出;handin:上交，提交;handdown:把……传下去，宣布。根据句意可知，选C

10.B这9000种鸟类中，几乎五分之三的鸟以昆虫为食。

［考点］数词的用法

【精析】B分数由基数词和序数词构成，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子超过1时，分母用复数形式。故选B

11.A不要让孩子玩剪刀，以防他伤到自己。

［考点］词义辨析

【精析】Aincase：以防，免得；sothat：以便，所以；nowthat：既然，由于；onlyif：只要，只有。根据句意可知，选A

12.D

13.D据说在过去的十年里，《红楼梦》被翻译成了多种语言。

［考点］非谓语动词

【精析】Dbesaidtodosth.意为据说……。根据时间状语inthelastdecade（在过去的十年里）可知，空处应用不定式的完成式。根据句意可知，ADreamoftheRedMansion和translate为逻辑上的动宾关系，所以应用被动形式。综上所述，空处应用不定式的完成被动式，即tohavebeen+过去分词的形式。故选D

14.A不管规模有多小，人力资源部都是任何一家企业员工福利的重要组成部分。

［考点］状语从句

【精析】Anomatterhow：不管怎样，无论如何，其后常接形容词或副词；nomatterwhat:无论什么，其后常接名词或动词；nomatterwhere:无论在哪里；nomatterwhich:无论哪一个，有选择含义。根据空后的形容词small可知，空处应填入nomatterhow，引导让步状语从句。故选A

15.D如果你上周听了我的建议，现在就不会陷入麻烦中了。

［考点］虚拟语气

【精析】D根据句意并分析句子结构可知，句中包含了一个If引导的非真实条件句。由从句中的hadtaken和时间状语lastweek可知，从句表示对过去情况的虚拟；由主句中的now可知，主句表示对现在情况的虚拟，所以谓语动词应用would+动词原形的形式。故选D

16.AAnowthat意为既然，引导原因状语从句，表示说话双方都知道的原因。其他三个选项都引导时间状语从句，均不符合题意。故选A

17.B尽管受到了阻拦，但我要继续搞研究。

［考点］词语搭配

【精析】Bdespite相当于inspiteof，意为尽管……，后面常接名词、代词或动名词作宾语

18.C从太空望去，表面70%是水的地球像是一个蓝色的行星。

［考点］非谓语动词

【精析】C因see和ourearth为逻辑上的动宾关系，所以要用过去分词形式。过去分词短语seenfromthespace在句中作状语，相当于whenourearthisseenfromspace。故选C

19.D正是你的推荐使我成为这家世界知名公司的工程师。

［考点］强调句

【精析】D分析句子结构可知，本句是一个强调句。强调句型的基本结构为Itis/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他。本句强调的是主语yourrecommendation，所以应用that连接。故选D

20.B我喜欢这个聚会，尽管如此，我更想去看戏。

［考点］固定搭配

【精析】Bwouldrather+dosth.是固定搭配，表示更想做某事，宁愿做某事

21.FK根据空后的名词短语15years可知，空处应填介词。符合要求的选项有C、K。句意：15年来，来自伦敦大学学院的专家们一直在调查超过6,700名英国人的生活方式。故选K。

22.HH分析句子结构可知，空处应填引导词，引导一个定语从句，修饰指人的先行词friends。符合要求的选项只有H。句意：学生在上大学时可以学习并交到将持续一生的朋友。故选H。

23.JA.studied（v.学习，研究）B.continuing（v.继续，持续）C.by（prep.通过）D.who（pron.引导定语从句）E.whose（pron.引导定语从句）F.improve（v.改进，改善）G.truth（n.事实，真相）H.ignored（v.忽视，不予理睬）I.recently（adv.最近，不久前）J.those（pron.那些）K.for（prep.表示一段时间）L.less（adv.更少，较少）J分析句子结构可知，空后的who引导一个定语从句，空处为其先行词，所以空处应填指人的名词或代词。符合要求的选项只有J。those在此处指代上文中的people，此处表达的是“不去（音乐会、演出和博物馆）的那些人”。故选J。

24.C

25.B

26.E

27.E

28.E

29.B

30.D

31.E

32.A

33.B

34.Itwasreportedthattheconstructionofthebridgehadbeenheldupbytheflood

35.真正重要的是你做了什么而不是你的出身

36.凡是与孩子们打过交道的人都知道，过分的保护对孩子的独立是无益的

37.我们已经有一年没见面了

38.Hisneighboraccusedhimofthenoisehemadeeverynight.【精析】指责某人某事应译为accusesb.ofsth.。可将他每天晚上都发出噪音译为that引导的定语从句。发出可译为made。根据句意可知，此处是在陈述过去发生的事情，所以应用一般过去时

39.Weshouldgetridofthosebadhabitsthatdamageourhealth,suchasdrinking,smokingandsoon

40.如果不采取重要措施来解决这个问题，珊瑚礁将面临完全灭绝的境地

41.Thatsongalwaysremindsmeofourfirstdate

42.Weshouldfindoutthecauseoftheaccidentassoonaspossibleratherthansitherewaiting

43.某个人要开办企业，就必须有钱来购买或租用工厂或商店，购买机器和货物，并支付工作人员薪金。一个人有时可以独自提供需要的这笔资金，但是常常做不到这一点，因此他就会请求别人也尽一份力来帮助他。用这种方式提供的款项称为资本，而提供款项的人则称为该公司的股东。【精析】startabusiness意为开办企业。machinery意为机器，makingcontributions意为尽一份力，做贡献。最后一句应译为用这种方式提供的款项称为资本，而提供款项的人则称为该公司的股东。本段话整体上难度不是太大，没有过于复杂的句型和结构

44.A［考点］事实细节题

根据第一段倒数第二句Mostpeopledonotunderstandwhyyoungpeoplecommitthesecrimes.可知，在英国，很多人不明白青少年犯罪的原因。故选A

45.B［考点］事实细节题

根据最后一段