中国文化翻译课件

Chapter1AnOverview(II)Whatiscoveredlasttime:1.1Definingculture1.2Europeanculture:abriefintroductionTodaywewilldealwith:1.3GeneralknowledgeofChineseculture1.3GeneralknowledgeofChinesecultureP.01Chinahasalonghistory.Itisamulti-ethnicnationwiththeworld’slargestpopulation.中国有悠久的历史。它是一个有着世界最多人口的多民族的国家。(EnglishwayofChinese)中国||历史悠久，民族众多，人口居世界第一。Contrast:Chinesefeatures:frequentuseofphraseswithvariantsubjects;frequentuseof4-characterphrases;topic-prominentlanguage.Englishfeatures:useoflongsentenceswiththesamesubject;subject-prominentlanguage[Ofthefouroldestrecordedcivilizationintheworld,]

theChinesecivilizationistheonlyonethathasanuninterruptedhistory.在全世界四个最古老的有文字记载的文明中，中国文明是唯一没有中断历史的一个。(EnglishwayofChinese)全世界有文字记载的最古老文明有四个，其中唯独中国文明在历史上从未中断过。Contrast:Chinesefeatures:2clauseswith2subjectsEnglishfeatures:1longsentencewith1subject千百年来，在这片广袤的土地上，中国人民耕耘、生活，创造并发展了其独特的文化。Formanycenturies,theChinesepeoplehavebeenfarmingandlivingonthisvastland,creatinganddevelopingheruniqueculture.Cf.星条旗，杰克旗StarsandStripes,UnionJack国徽nationalemblem第一届政协全国委员会theFirstCPPCCNationalCommittee公布promulgation天安门城楼theTian’anmenRostrum新民主主义革命（阶段）theNew-DemocraticRevolution(stage)五四运动theMay4thMovement人民民主专政thepeople’sdemocraticdictatorship工农联盟worker-peasantalliance反帝反封建革命运动revolutionarymovementagainstimperialismandfeudalism中国人民在十月一日庆祝国庆节，以纪念中华人民共和国成立。TheChinesecelebrateOctober1asNationalDayinhonorofthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonOctobre1,1949.四颗小星围绕着一颗大星的图案象征中国共产党领导下的中国人民大团结。ThedesignoffoursmallerstarssurroundingabiggeronesignifiestheunityoftheChinesepeopleundertheleadershipoftheCommunistPartyofChina.五四运动是指1919年5月4日爆发的中国人民反对帝国主义和封建主义的革命运动。TheMay4thMovementreferstotherevolutionarymovementwhichbrokeoutonMay4th,1919,inwhichtheChinesepeoplestruggledagainstimperialismandfeudalism.政治中心politicalcenter经济、科学和文化中心economic,scientificandculturalheart著名古都famousancientcapitalcity经历了巨大的变化gothroughgreatdevelopmentandchanges历史名胜placeofhistoricinterest风景胜地placeofscenicbeauty紫禁城ForbiddenCity故宫theImperialPalace保存最完好的古代建筑群best-preservedcollection

ofancientbuildings

义勇军进行曲MarchoftheVolunteers起来！不愿做奴隶的人们！Arise,yewhorefusetobeslaves!把我们的血肉，筑成我们新的长城！LetourfleshandbloodforgeintoournewGreatWall!中华民族到了最危险的时候，AstheChinesenationfacesitsgreatestperil,每个人被迫着发出最后的吼声。Everyoneisforcedtoexpendtheirverylastcry!起来！起来！起来！Arise!Arise!Arise!我们万众一心，Millionheartsofoursbeatasone!冒着敌人的炮火，前进！Bravetheenemy’sgunfire,marchon!冒着敌人的炮火，前进！Bravetheenemy’sgunfire,marchon!前进！前进！进！Marchon!Marchon!On!北京不但是国家的政治中心，而且是经济、科学和文化中心。Beijingisnotonlythenation’spoliticalcenter,butalsoservesasitseconomic,scientificandculturalheart.北京是中国著名古都之一。自1949年中华人民共和国建立以来，她发生了翻天覆地的变化。[BeingoneofthefamousancientcapitalcitiesinChina],BeijinghasgongthroughgreatdevelopmentandchangessincethefoundingofthePRCin1949.紫禁城，也称故宫，为中国最大、保存最完好的古代建筑群。ForbiddenCity,alsoknownastheImperialPalace,isthelargestandbest-preservedcollectionofancientbuildingsinChina.Page04天坛TempleofHeaven祭祀performsacrifices庄严仪式solemnrite颐和园SummerPalace古代园林ancientgardens十三陵MingTombs陵墓mausoleum明代皇帝MingDynastyemperors八达岭长城BadalingsectionoftheGreatWall中华人民共和国︱位于亚洲大陆东部，濒临太平洋西岸，面积九百六十万平方公里，为世界第三大国，仅次于俄罗斯和加拿大。(topic+comment1…comment2…comment3…comment4…comment5)[LocatedintheeastoftheAsiancontinent],[onthewesternshoreofthePacificOcean],theP.R.Chinahasalandareaofabout9.6millionsqkm,andisthethirdlargestcountryintheworld,[nextonlytoRussiaandCanada].(adv.1…adv.2+subj.+predicate1…predicate2+adv.3)中国︱东面与朝鲜人民民主共和国接壤，北面与蒙古接壤，东北与俄罗斯接壤。ChinaisborderedbytheDemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKoreatotheeast,Mongoliatothenorth,andRussiatothenorthwest.中国︱地形特征复杂多变，西部为高原，东部为平原。Chinaisacountryofvariedtopographicalfeatureswithhighlandsinthewestandplainsintheeast.俯瞰中国，地势自西向东逐渐降低，恰似四级台阶。Takingabird’s-eyeviewofChina(?),theterraingraduallydescendsfromwesttoeastlikefourstepsofastaircase.Page06黄土高原云贵高原theLoessPlateau,theYunnan-GuizhouPlateau塔里木盆地theTarimBasin大兴安岭theGreaterHinggan雪峰山脉Xuefengmountainranges东北平原华北平原长江中下游平原theNortheastPlain,theNorthChinaPlain,theMiddle-LowerYangtzePlain大陆架continentalshelf外流/内流水系exterior/interiorsystems长江theYangtzeRiver(metonymy)/theChangjiangRiver自治区autonomousregion直辖市municipality水运主干道mainarteryofwatertransportationPage07黄河theYellowRiver含沙量最多的河themostheavilysilt-ladenriver地上河raised-bedriver重要产粮基地importantproductionbase

forgrains淡水湖咸水湖freshwaterlake,saltwaterlake洞庭湖太湖DongtingLake,TaihuLake京杭大运河海河钱塘江theGrandCanal,theHaiheRiver,theQiantangjiangRiver黄河是中国第二大河，发源于青海省，流经5464公里，注入渤海。China’ssecondlongestriver,theYellowRiver,rises/startsin(takesitsrisein/takesitssourceat)QinghaiProvinceandflows5,464kmtotheBohaiSea.全中国遍布着约24800个自然湖泊，其中大多数位于长江中下游平原和青藏高原。ScatteredthroughChinaareapproximately24,800naturallakes,mostofwhicharefoundontheMiddle-LowerYangtzePlainandtheQinghai-TibetPlateau.京杭大运河早在一千多年前便开始航运，在促进南北贸易方面发挥了重要作用，被誉为铁路交通出现之前的交通和信息的高速公路。Thecanalwasopentonavigationoverl,000yearsago.Itplayedanimportantroleinfacilitatingtradebetweenthesouthandthenorthandwasregardedasthecountry’stransportationandinformation“highway”beforetheadventoftherailway.Page08水利设施waterconservancy北温带theNorthTemperateZone大陆季风气候continentalmonsoonclimate西伯利亚Siberia热带亚热带暖温带中温带寒温带tropicalzone,subtropicalzone,warm-temperatezone,temperatezone,cold-temperatezone这条古老的运河还在为南北航运、两岸农田灌溉和国内外游客旅游观光发挥作用。Thisoldcanalstillprovideswatertransportationfromnorthtosouth,irrigationwaterforthefarmlandsonbothofitssides,andcruisetourstothedelightoftravelersfromhomeandabroad.中国︱大部分地区处于北温带，气候温和，四季分明，非常适合人类居住。(topic+4comments)MostofChinaliesintheNorthTemperateZone,characterizedbyawarmclimateanddistinctiveseasons,aclimatewellsuitedforhabitation.中国有近四千年文字记载的历史，是世界上四个最早的文明发源地之一。Chinahasarecordedhistoryofnearly4,000yearsandisoneofthefourhomesoftheworld’searliestcivilizations.(literaltranslation)(metaphoricaluseof“home”:Thisplaceishometopandas.)中国历史起源于两个传说人物：黄帝和炎帝。他们率领其部落居住在黄河中游流域。Chinesehistorybeganwithtwolegendaryfigures—EmperorHuangandEmperorYan,[who,togetherwiththeirtribes,inhabitedthedrainageareaalong

themiddlereachesoftheYellowRiver].Backgroundknowledge:天干地支，简称“干支”。在中国古代的历法中，甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、己、庚、辛、壬、癸被称为“十天干”，子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戌、亥叫作“十二地支”。十干和十二支依次相配，组成六十个基本单位，两者按固定的顺序互相配合，组成了干支纪法。天干地支在我国古代主要用于纪日，此外还曾用来纪月、纪年、纪时等。十二生肖(Thetwelvesymbolicanimalsrepresentingthe12EarthlyBranchesandassociatedwitha12-yearcycle,usedtodenotetheyearofaperson’sbirth):子鼠、丑牛、寅虎、卯兔、辰龙、巳蛇、午马、未羊、申猴、酉鸡、戌狗、亥猪辛亥革命theRevolutionof1911甲午战争theSino-JapaneseWarof1894-1895戊戌变法theReformMovementof1898尧的接班人（继任）是舜，天生身体强壮，智慧超人，而且品德高尚。Yao’ssuccessor,Shun,wasphysicallyandintellectuallygiftedandwasamanwithgreatvirtues.传说大禹为治水极其繁忙，曾“三过家门而不入”。LegendhasitthatDaYuwassobusythat“thricehehadgonepasthisownhousewithoutevenlookingin”.公元前221年，才智过人、志向远大的秦王嬴政结束了战国时期诸侯爭斗、天下大乱的局面。In221BC,YingZheng,thehighlygifted,ambitiouskingoftheQinKingdomendedtheturmoilandchaosamongdukesandkingsintheWarringStatesPeriod.汉朝由刘邦建立，定都长安（今西安）。TheHanDynastywasestablishedbyLiuBang,withitscapitalatChang’an(nowXi’an).Page10三国时期theThreeKingdomsPeriod三国鼎立inatripartitebalance盛世gloriousperiod黄袍加身heyellowimperialgown登基ascendthethrone成吉思汗GenghisKhan鸦片战争theOpiumWar半封建、半殖民地国家countryofsemi-feudalandsemi-colonialstatus辛亥革命theRevolutionof1911孙中山SunYat-sen中华民国theRepublicofChina开国大总统thefirstpresident汉朝延续了426年。公元220年，中国进入三国时期，魏蜀吴三国鼎立。TheHanDynastysurvivedfor426years.ByAD220,ChinaevolvedintotheThreeKingdomsPeriod,inatripartitebalanceoftheWeiKingdom,theShuKingdomandtheWuKingdom.1209年，成吉思汗统一了分散的蒙古各部落，建立了蒙古国。In1209,GenghisKhanfoundedtheMongolEmpireuponhisunificationofthescatteredMongoltribes.鸦片战争是中国历史的转折点，标志着古代时期结束，近现代时期开始。TheOpiumWarwastheturningpointinChinesehistorywhichmarkedthecloseoftheancientperiodandthebeginningofthemodernhistory.孙中山领导的辛亥革命，推翻了中国最后一个封建王朝——清朝。TheQingDynasty,thelastofChina’sfeudaldynasties,wasfinallyoverthrownbytheRevolutionof1911ledbySunYat-sen.(Whyfromactivevoicetopassivevoice?)Page11五四运动theMay4thMovement抗日战争theanti-JapaneseWar解放战争theLiberationWar行政单位administrativeunit直辖市municipalitydirectlyundertheCentralGovernment1919年五四运动爆发，1921年中国共产党成立，由此开始了中国历史的新时期。TheMay4thMovementbrokeoutin1919,andin1921theChineseCommunistPartywasfounded,thusbeginninganewperiodinChinesehistory.Page12山西，陕西，内蒙古自治区，维吾尔，西藏，香港，澳门Shanxi,Shaanxi,theInnerMongoliaAutonomousRegion,Uygur,Tibet,HongKong,Macao（新疆维吾尔自治区：UygurAutonomousRegionofXinjiang）特别行政区specialadministrativeregion(SAR)一国两制onecountry,twosystems国家统计局theNationalBureauofStatistics中国是世界上人口最多的国家，2010年人口总数为13.7053亿。China,themostpopulouscountryintheworld,hadatotalpopulationof1,370.53millionin2010.由于社会稳定，生产发展，医疗条件改善，加上人们对节育重要性的认识不足，到1969年中国人口快速增加到8.0671亿。Withastablesociety,productiondevelopment,improvementofmedicalconditions,andalackofawarenessontheimportanceofbirthcontrol,Chinawitnessedarapidpopulationincreaseto806.71millionin1969.计划生育政策已经取得了显著的成就。Thefamilyplanningpolicyhasseenremarkableachievements.Page13民族分布distributionoftheethnicgroups汉文化Hanculture少数民族minorityethnicgroups国家人口普查nationalcensus少数民族为中国的文化和科学做出了重大贡献。GreatcontributionshavebeenmadebytheminorityethnicgroupstoChina’scultureandscience.(fromactivetopassive)[atopicforyourBAthesis!]据2000年第五次全国人口普查统计，全部55个少数民族人口总数达1.0643亿，占中国总人口的百分之八点四一。Accordingtothesixthnationalcensusconductedin2010,thepopulationofallthe55minorityethnicgroupstotaled11379million,accountingfor(addingupto/makingup)8.49percentofthetotalpopulationofChina.The55minoritygroups:壮族Zhuang满族Manchu回族Hui苗族Miao维吾尔族Uygur土家族Tujia彝族Yi蒙古族Mongolian藏族Tibetan布依族Bouyei侗族Dong瑶族Yao朝鲜族Korean白族Bai哈尼族Hani哈萨克族Kazak黎族Li傣族Dai畲族She傈僳族Lisu仡佬族Gelo东乡族Dongxiang拉祜族Lahu水族Shui佤族Va纳西族Naxi羌族Qiang土族Tu仫佬族Mulam锡伯族Xibe柯尔克孜族Kirgiz达斡尔族Daur景颇族Jingpo毛南族Maonan撒拉族Salar布朗族Blang塔吉克族Tajik阿昌族Achang普米族Pumi鄂温克族Ewenki怒族Nu京族Jing基诺族Jino德昂族De'ang保安族Bonan俄罗斯族Russian裕固族Yugur乌兹别克族Ozbek巴族Moinba鄂伦春族Oroqen独龙族Drung塔塔尔族Tartar赫哲族Hezhe高山族Gaoshan珞巴族LhobaPage14牧区pastoralarea宪法constitution国家基本大法thefundamentallawofthestate执政党partyinpower民主党派democraticparty多党合作与政治协商multi-partycooperationandpoliticalconsultation统一战线unitedfront少数民族分布很广，多居住在战略位置重要的边界地区。Theminoritygroupsarewidelydispersed/scattered,ofteni