北京理工大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解

北京理工大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解北京理工大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题PartⅠReadingComprehension(40points)Directions：Inthisparttherearefourpassagesforyoutoread.Aftereachpassagetherearefivequestions,beloweachofwhomtherearefouranswersmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestanswerandmarkthecorrespondingletterwithapencilontheMACHINE-SCORINGANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.PassageOneIwasintroducedtotheconceptofliteracyanimatorinOladumiArigbede's(1994)articleonhighilliteracyratesamongwomenandschooldropoutratesamonggirls.AccordingtoArigbede,literacyanimatorsviewtheirroleasassistingintheself-liberatingdevelopmentofpeopleintheworldwhoarestrugglingforamoremeaningfullife.Animatorsareafamilyofdeeplyconcernedandcommittedpeoplewhosegut-levelrejectionofmasshumanpauperizationcompelsthemtointerveneonthesideofthemarginalized.Theirmotivationisnotderivedfromaloveofliteracyasmerelyanothertechnicallifeskill,andtheyacceptthatliteracyisneverculturallyorideologicallyneutral.ArigbedewritesfromherexperiencesasananimatorworkingwithwomenandmeninNigeria.Shebelievesthatliteracyanimatorshavetomakeaclearchoiceaboutwhosecultureandwhoseideologywillbefosteredamongthosewithwhomtheywork.DoliteracyeducatorsintheUnitedStatesconsiderwhethertheinstructiontheypursueconflictswiththeirstudents'traditionalculturesorcommunity,orfostersilliteraciesinlearners'firstorhomelanguagesordialectsandintheirorality?Someapproachestoliteracyinstructionrepresentanideologyofindividualism,control,andcompetition.Consider,forexample,thedifferenceinvaluesconveyedandrepresentedwhenstudentsengageinchoralreadingversusthepracticeofhavingonestudentreadoutloudtothegroup.Toidentifyasaliteracyanimatoristochoosetheideologyof“sharing,solidarity,love,equity,co-operationwithandrespectofbothnatureandotherhumanbeings.”Literacypedagogythatmatchestheanimatorideologyworksonmaintainingthelanguagesandculturesofmillionsofminoritychildrenwhoatpresentarebeingforcedtoacceptthelanguageandcultureofthedominantgroup.Itmightleadtoassessmentthatexaminestheperformanceoutcomesofacommunityofliteracylearnersandthesocialsignificanceoftheirusesofliteracy,asopposedtomeasuringwhatanindividualcandoasareaderandwriteronastandardizedtest.Shor(1993)describesliteracyanimatorsasproblem-posing,community-based,dialogiceducators.Doourteacher-educationtextbooksonreadingandlanguageartspromotetheideathatteachersshouldexploreproblemsfromacommunity-baseddialogicperspective?1．Aliteracyanimatorisonewho______.A．strugglesforamoremeaningfullifeB．freespeoplefrompovertyandilliteracyC．iscommittedtomarginalizetheilliterateD．isconcernedwithwhatisbehindilliteracy2．TheauthorsuggeststhatliteracyeducatorsintheUSinaway______.A．promotestudents'homelanguagesB．forcestudentstoaccepttheircultureC．teachnothingbutreadingandwritingD．considerliteracyasofnon-neutralnature3．ArigbedeworkedwithNigeriansprobablyto______.A．teachAmericancustomsandideologyB．makeachoiceofculturetobefosteredC．rejectthevaluesofthedominantclassD．helpmaintainNigerianlanguageandculture4．Accordingtotheauthor,“choralreading”mayrepresent______.A．individualismB．collectivismC．competitionD．immersion5．Animatorideologyemphasizesmoreon______.A．thesocialfunctionofliteracyB．students'performanceintestsC．thedominantgroup’slanguageD．theattainmentoflifeskillsPassageTwoAccordingtoonesurveyof12,000people,about30percentofthosemakingNewYear'sresolutionssaytheydon'tevenkeepthemintoFebruary.Andonlyabout1in5actuallystaysontrackforsixmonthsormore,reportsediets．com,aconsumerdietandfitnessWebsite.Butdon'tletthoseoddsmakeyoureachforthenearestbagofpotatochips.Expertssayyoucankeepthoseresolutionslongterm,evenifyou'restrugglingnow.“Themotivationcomesfromwithin,andsowhenyoufindthatyou'redeclininginyourhealthyeatingprogram,andthenjustaskyourself,‘IsthisgoingtogetmetheresultsthatIwant?',”saysLeslieStewart,aregistereddietitianandlicensednutritionist．“Andifyou'redoingsomethingeverydaytoeathealthy,thenthat'sgoingtopayoffinthelongrun.”Stewartadvisestousewhatshecallsthe90-10eatingrule.“Ifyou'reeatinghealthy90percentofthetime,then10percentofthetime,youcancutyourselfsomeslackandeatpleasurably.”Shesaysshebelievesthat“healthyeatingisevolutioninsteadofresolution.”Thesameprinciplecanbeappliedtoalaggingexerciseresolution,too.Stayingmotivatediskeytolong-termsuccess,andreviewingoriginalgoalscanhelpstrengthenaweakeningworkoutprogram.Addingvarietytoafitnessregimealsocanpreventyoufromhangingupthoseexerciseshoes.Afterafewweeksofwell-intentionedworkouts,boredommaybecreepingyou'reyourroutine.Settinggoalstoohighisanothercommonmistake.“Ifyou'renotrunningamarathonattheendofthemonth,don'tworry,”sayMayoClinicexperts.Atoointenseworkout—andtheresultingpainandstiffness—isdiscouragingandmayforcemosttoabandonaprogram.Startingslowlyiskey.Butifyourgoalsalreadyhavefallenbythewayside，Uriasaystostartupagainimmediately.“AlittlesetbackisOK;getbackonthehorseandride...drivetowardthatgoal,”hesays.6．Accordingtotheauthor,onlyabout20%peoplekeepingtheirresolutionsdoesnotnecessarilymeanthat______.A．thefigureisratherdepressingandunexpectedaswellB．thosewhohavemadetheirresolutionshouldgiveuptheireffortC．whoeverkeeptheirresolutionsshouldstarteatingpotatochipsD．long-termresolutionsarenotimportantforthosefacingtroubles7．Whatistheideabehindthe90-10eatingruleaccordingtothepassage?A．Youshouldkeepeatinghealthy90%ofthetime.B．Youshouldfeelfreetoeat10％ofthetime.C．Youshouldlearntoeathealthygradually.D．Suddenchangewillbemoreefficientandeffective.8．Whichofthefollowingyoushouldavoidtokeepyourselfinterestedinexercise?A．Hangingupyourexerciseshoesifyoufeeltired.B．Keepingboredomawayfromyourdailyactivity.C．Makingaschedulewithtoohighgoalsinit.D．Runningamarathonatthebeginningofthemonth.9．Howmanysuggestionsatleasthavebeenintroducedconcerningtheexerciseresolution?A．Four.B．Five.C．Six.D．Seven.10．Whatiscriticallyimportantinmakinglong-termresolutionssuccessful?A．Youshouldbestrugglingwithyourselfallthetime.B．Youshouldconstantlyevaluatetheresultsyouwant.C．Youshouldtrytokeepyourselfmotivated.D．Youshouldtryyourbesttodiversifyyourfitnesspractice.PassageThreeOurpresentgenerationofculturalcritics,arrivingaftertheassaultofpostmodernismandtheincreasinglywidespreadcommercializationofculture,hasbeencastadrift,withoutanyfirmbasisforjudgments.Publicationsandinstitutionstosupportseriouscriticism,inthisview,eithernolongerexistorarefewinnumber.Criticstoday,itisalsoclaimed,aretoocozybehindtheiviedwallsofacademe,contenttoemployaprosestylethatisdecipherableonlytoahandfulofthecognoscenti.Thedeadlydiveofuniversitycriticsintotheshallowdepthsofpopularculture,moreover,revealstheunwillingnessofthesecriticstoupholdstandards.Evenifthereasonsofferedarecontradictory,theseJeremiahshuddlearoundtheirsadconclusionthatseriousculturalcriticismhasfallenintoamorassofpettybickeringandbloatedreputations.Suchnarrativesofdeclension,astapleofAmericanintellectuallifesincethetimeofthePuritans,aremisplaced,self-serving,andhistoricallyinaccurateanddifficulttoprove.Hasthelevelofcriticismdeclinedinthelast50years?Ofcoursethelogicofsuchanopiniondependsonthefiguresthatarebeingcontrastedwithoneanother.Anynumberofculturalcriticsthrivingtodaycouldbeinvokedtodemonstratethatculturalcriticismisaliveandwell.Butmanynewandthrivingvenuesforcriticismanddebateexisttoday,andtheyarenotlimitedsolelytothediscussionofliteraryworks.Actually,theybecamesoencrustedwiththeirowncertitudeandpoliticaljudgmentsthattheybecamelargelyirrelevant.Todaythecomplaintisthatliteraryculturelackscivility.Weliveinanageofcommercialismandspectacle.Writersseekthelimelight,andonewaytobaskinitistopublishreviewsthatscorchthelandscape,withDalePeckasthefatuous,butnotatypical,caseinpoint.HeidiJulavits,inanessayinTheBeliever,lamentedthedownfallofseriousfictionandreviewing.Shesurveyedaliteraryculturethathadembraced“snark”,hertermforhostile,self-servingreviews.Thesnarkreview,accordingtoJulavits,eschewsaseriousengagementwithliteratureinfavorofasound-biteapproach,anattempttoturnthereviewintoaformofentertainmentakintofilmreviewsorrestaurantcritiques.Acriticfoundculturalcriticismtobein“criticalcondition.”Forhim,thepostmodernturnto,theory,initsquestioningofobjectivity,cutthecritical,independentgroundoutfromunderreviewers.Theriseofchainbookstoresandblockbusterbestsellersdemeanedliteraryculture,makingitpreytothecommercialvaluesofthemarketandentertainment.Thecriticismdoesnotseemdiscontinuous.NorshouldweforgetthatcivilityrarelyreignedinthecirclesofNewYorkintellectuals.TheartcriticClementGreenbergphysicallypummeledthetheatercriticLionelAbelafterAbelrejectedtheviewthatJeanWahl,theFrenchphilosopher,wasanti-Semitic.ThoughRobertPeckhasthereputationofaliteraryhatchetman,sofarasIknowhisblowsthusfarhaveallbeenconfinedtotheprintedpage.Culturalcriticismhascertainlychangedovertheyears.Theolddaysofthecriticwhowieldedunchallengedauthorityhavehappilypassed.Oursisamorepluralisticage,onenotbeholdentoanarrowliteraryculture.Thedemocratizationofcriticism—asintheAmazonsystemofreaders'evaluatingbooks—isamessyaffair,asdemocracymustbe.Butthesolutiontotheproblemsofcriticisminthepresentisbestnotdiscoveredinthemustybasementsofnostalgiaandsentimentfortheculturalcriticismofahalf-centurygone.Ratherthesolutionistorecognize,asJohnDeweydidalmostacenturyago,thattheproblemsofdemocracydemandmoredemocracy,lessnostalgiaforagoldenagethatneverwas,andaspiritofopennesstowhatisnewandinvigoratinginourculture.11．Whatisthepossibleconnectionbetweenculturalcriticsandpublicationsandinstitutions?A．Culturalcriticsattackpostmodernismandcommercializationcherishedbypublicationsandinstitutions.B．Postmodernismandcommercializationareattackedbytheseriouspublicationsandinstitutions.C．Culturalcriticismisshortofjudgmentsandwillnotexistwithoutthesupportofpublicationsandinstitutions.D．Publicationsandinstitutionsshowalmostnointerestinseriousculturalcriticism.12．Howdotheuniversitycriticsliketheseriousculturalcriticism?A．Culturalcriticismisnotseriousenoughwhenthearticlesarewritteninthecozyprosestyle.B．Popularcultureissoprevailingthatseriouscriticsarenotwillingtokeeptotheshallowstandards.C．Seriousculturalcriticismisfullofinsignificantquarrelsandthepublicdonotreallytrustit.D．CulturalcriticshavebecomesoseriousastotellthestoriesimbuedwithAmericanintellectualPuritanism.13．Whatistheauthor'sopinionofthecurrentcomplaintabouttheliteraryexpansionintotheotherfields?A．Whenliterarycriticsdiscussissueswithpoliticaljudgments,theirviewsarelikelytobemeaningless.B．Itisreasonableforwriterstoseeklimelightsincewearelivingintheageofcommercialism.C．Criticsshouldbeencouragedtowriteandpublishpoignantarticleswhichwouldscorchthelandscape.D．Itisthecritics'responsibilitytolamentthedownfallofseriousfictionandreviewing.14．Whatdoes“thesnarkreview”refertoaccordingtoHeidiJulavits?A．Culturalreviewswhichareunfriendlyandselfish.B．Literaryreviewsavoidingseriouscriticism.C．Entertainmentreviewsinthefilmindustry.D．Postmodernreviewsindependentofobjectivity.15．Inordertofindawayoutthecurrentdilemmafortheculturalcriticism,theauthorsuggeststhat______.A．weshouldreturntotheolddayswhenthecriticspassedtheirjudgmentswithoutchallengesB．pluralismshouldbeheldback,reinforcingtheunchallengedauthorityintheliterarycriticismC．democraticcriticismshouldnotbeadoptedbecauseitisrathermessyasprovedintheAmazonsystemD．weshouldencouragemoredemocracy,dismissnostalgiaandcultivateanopenattitudePassageFourInJuly,almostunnoticedbythenationalpress,adeadlybirdvirusarrivedonapheasantfarminSurrey.ExpertsfromtheDepartmentfortheEnvironment,FoodandRuralAffairs(Defra)identifiedNewcastledisease,avirususuallymortaltoturkeysandgeesebutnothumans,inaflockof9,000pheasantchicksimportedfromFranceaheadoftheshootingseason.Withinhoursofthediagnosis,veterinaryexpertshadswungintoaction,throwingupa3kmexclusionzonearoundthefarmnearCobhamandculling10,000birds.Thecarcasseswereburnedandpremisescleanedtostopthevirusescaping.ItwasfourweeksbeforeDefra'sVeterinaryExoticDiseasesDivisionfeltitwassafeforpoultrymovementsintheareatoresume．Thisweekend,withthenewsthatH5N1,afarmoredeadlybirdvirus,hasreachedTurkey,similaremergencyplansarebeingreadiedbyofficialsfromDefraandotheragencies.ThescenariotheyarepreparingforisthattheH5N1virus,whichsofarhasledtothecullingofbillionsofchickensinsouth-eastAsiaand60humandeaths,willsoonarriveontheseshores.Whathappensnextdependsonwheretheoutbreakoccurs,whetheritcanbecontainedand—mostimportantofall—whetheritmutatestobecomeinfectiousbetweenpeople.Sofar,onlypoultryworkersorthosedirectlyexposedtochickenfaecesorbloodarethoughttobeatrisk,thoughdirecthuman-to-humantransmissioncannotberuledout.“Everytimeanewpersongetsinfectedwiththevirusthereisasmallchancethatpersonwilltriggerapandemic,”saidNeilFerguson,ascientistatImperialCollege,whohasbeenrunningsimulationsonwhatmighthappenwereH5N1toreachBritain.“It'saverysmallchance,probably1ina1,000,1in10,000orless.”ShoulddiseasedbirdsreachBritain,thefirststepforveterinaryofficialswouldbetocontaintheoutbreakastheydidwithNewcastledisease.AnamberalertwouldbesoundedandsamplessenttotheVeterinaryLaboratoryAgency(VLA)inWeybridge,Surrey.IfIanBrown,theheadofavianvirologythere,confirmsthecauseofdeathasH5N1,thealertlevelwillberaisedtoredandawholeseriesofemergencyprocedures,fromquarantine,restrictionofpoultrymovementstoculling,willswingintoaction.Otheragencies,suchastheDepartmentofHealth,theHealthProtectionAgencyandtheMinistryofDefence,wouldbebroughtintotheloop.Intheeventthattheoutbreakcannotbecontained,Deframayhavetoconsidermasscullingprogrammesandthepossibilityofvaccination.Atthispoint,withtheriskofthevirusspreadingtohumanpopulations,theDepartmentofHealthwouldappointaUKnationalinfluenzapandemiccommitteetocoordinatetheresponseofhospitaltrustsandlocalauthorities.TheCivilContingencySecretariat(CCS)oftheCabinetwillalsobealertedandCobra,theemergencycommitteewhichcoordinatesWhitehall'sresponsetoterrorism,readiedforapossiblebreakdownincivilorder.TheDepartmentofHealth'spandemicpreparednessplanpublishedinMarchenvisagesasmanyas54,000Britonsdyinginthefirstfewmonthsofaflupandemic.ButinJune,CCSofficialswarnedthatthatcouldbeanunderestimate.Themorelikelyfigure,theysaid,was700,000—projectiontheDepartmentofHealthisexpectedtotakeonboardwhenitupdatesitspandemicpreparednessplanlaterthismonth.Inthemostseriouscase,officialsestimatetherewouldbeasmanydeathsinthe12weeksofanepidemicasthereusuallyareinayear.Atthepeakofthepandemic,19,000peoplewouldrequitehospitalbeds,promptingcouncilstorequisitionschoolstoaccommodatethesick.Totreatthedying,thegovernmentwouldbegindrawingdownitsstockpilesofTamiflu(药名),ananti-viraldrugthattreatsflu.Butwithonly14courses,enoughforaquarterofthepopulation,likelytobeavailable,soonerorlaterrationingwouldhavetobeimposed,withhealthprofessionalsandessentialcivilservantsthefirstinline.Thegovernmentwouldalsocomeunderpressuretoreleasestoresofitspreciousfluvaccine.Atpresenttherearecontingencyplansforjusttwotothreemilliondoses.ButthereisnoguaranteethatvaccineswhichprotectagainstannualhumanflustrainswillalsoworkagainstH5N1．Theconsequenceshardlybearthinkingabout.Earlierthisyear,inadressrehearsalintheEastMidlandscodenamed,OperationArcticCircle,officialsquicklyconcludedthatmassmortuarieswouldbeneededtoburythedead.Butnooneknowswhether,intheeventofapandemic,anyofthesemeasureswillproveeffective.JohnAvizienius,seniorscientificofficerattheRSPCAandamemberofDefra'savianinfluenzastakeholdergroup,said:“Allyoucandoisplanfortheworstcasescenario.”ThefearisthatwildgeesemovingfromwesternChinatoSiberiamayhavespreadthevirustoseveralspeciesofducksandgullsthatbrieflyvisitBritishshoresontheirannualmigrationnorth.Theseducks,manyofwhichmaynotshowsignsofillness,maybepassingonthevirustopoultryonBritishfarms.Inthehopethattheyarenot,DefraandtheWildfowlandWetlandannouncedlastweekthattheywouldbeconductingtestson11,000wildbirds—threetimesthenormallevel.“TheriskofavianinfluenzaspreadingfromeasternRussiatotheUKviamigratingbirdsisstilllow,”saidDefra'schiefvet,DebbyReynolds.“However,wehavesaidallalongthatwemustremainonthelookout.”16．Whatdoesthe“scenario”inParagraph2meantoTurkey?A．Turkeywillbeexposedtothenationwideaggressionofthedeadlyvirusasthemostseverelyattackedcountryontheseshores.B．Turkeymustkillbillionsofchickenandotherkindsofpoultry.C．TurkeyhastoberesponsibleforthearrivalofH5N1ontheseshores.D．AlltheveterinaryexpertsinTurkeywillsoonswingintoaction.17．Whatis,accordingtoNeilFerguson,thepossibleriskofbirdfluifonegetsinfected?A．Anyone'sinfectionwilltriggerpandemicthoughitisprobablyoneintenthousand.B．Eachtimeapersongetsinfectedwiththeviruswillcauseanenormouspandemicbirdflu.C．Thepersoninfectedwiththeviruswilldogreatharmtopeoplearoundhim.D．Itisimpossiblethatthevirusinfectionofacertainpersonswillcauseanationalbirdvirusspreading.18．Thechangeofalertcolorsfromambertoredimpliesthat__.A．allpoultryworkersmustleavetheirworkingplacesassoonaspossibleB．theofficialsintheDepartmentofHealthmustcallformuchmoreofinternationalassistanceC．themostserioussituationofbirdfluhasappearedD．thechangeofthecolorfunctionsgreatlyastheweatherreportsdo19．WhatarethestepstakenbytheDepartmentofHealthofUKwiththeriskofthevirusspreadingtohumanpopulation?A．TheDepartmentofHealthrequiredCivilContingencySecretariattopublishdocumentsforthepandemicpreparedness.B．TheDepartmentofHealthrequiredtheUKnationalcommitteetoco-workwithhospitaltrustsandlocalauthorities.C．TheDepartmentofHealthrequiredCivilContingencySecretariattomakeapandemicplanassoonaspossible.D．TheDepartmentofHealthrequireseveryhospitaltostoreTamiflu,thepreciousfluvaccine.20．Britishgovernment'sfearofthewildgeesefromwesternChinatoSiberiaisdueto______.A．thedomesticducksandgullsinfectedbytheimportedgeesetoBritainB．thepoultryonBritishfarmshasbeeninfectedbytheimmigratedwildgeeseC．themigrationofthewildgeeseeverywinterD．BritishshoresinfectedbythegeesevirusPartⅡTranslation(40points)SectionADirections:TranslatethefollowingshortparagraphsintoChinese.(20points)21．Everyonehassomethingtheyareashamedof,afraidoforthattheyfeelguiltyabout.Eachofus,inourownway,hasdevisedaneatlittlemethodofhandlingourdarkside.Wemayknowhowtohideit.Fewofusknowhowtohealit.Whenwerefusetoadmitwhatwehavedoneinthepast,weblockourpathtothefuture.Nomatterhowterriblewethinkweare,howbadwebelievewehavebeen,howlowwethinkwehavefallen,wecancleanourmindsandbeginagain.22．Weexpendsomuchenergytryingtofixwhoweare,werarelygettoknowourselves.Ifwerealizedhowpreciousthegiftoflifeis,wewouldnotwasteamomenttryingtoimproveit.Ifwereallyunderstoodhowpreciouswearetothegiftoflife,wewouldnotwastetimetryingtofixourselves.23．Wecannotdrawtousmorethanwebelieveweareworth.Everythingthathappenstousandeverychoicewemakeisareflectionofwhatwebelieveaboutwhoweare.Ourinspirationcomesfromourself-acceptance.Ourmotivationcomesfromourself-reliance.Whenweacceptourselvesandrelyonourselves,wefeelgoodaboutourselves.Whenyoufeelgoodaboutsomething,youbelieveinit.Whenyoubelieveinit,itwillworkforyou!24．Itisoflittleconsequencewhatyourpasthasbeen.Whatmatterstoyouandforyouisrightnow.Itisnotyourconcernwhatothersmaybesayingordoing.Whenyouaretakingcareofyourself,youhaveverylittletimetopayattentiontoothers.Peoplecanloveyouorhateyou,ignoreyouordoteonyoureveryword.Nomatterwhatanyoneelsemaythinkordoorsay,ithasverylittleimpactonwhoyoureallyare.Itisonlyinyourmindthatyoubuildordestroytheesteemforyour“self”.Self-esteembeginsandendswithyou,theself.Whenyouhaveit,youhaveitandnoonecantakeitawayfromyou.SectionBDirections：TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish．(20points)现在，成千上万的美国人沉湎于对身材苗条的追求之中。他们着迷于节食和锻炼，这不仅仅是因为他们对年轻外表的追求，最近的一项研究表明节食和体育锻炼对身体健康的极端重要性。如同在许多工业技术发达的国家中一样，北美人的生活方式发生了显著的变化。现代化的机器完成了人们曾被迫用手工来完成的体力劳动。小汽车、公共汽车运载着我们飞快地从一地来到另一地。由于无所事事，人们的身体变得十分虚弱并易于生病。为了避免这种状况的发生，成千上万的美国人把更多的时间投入到体育锻炼之中。这种对体育锻炼重要性的认识所产生的结果是显而易见的：公园里到处都是散步和骑自行车的人，体育节目又重新树立了威望，许多公司都为自己的员工提供特殊的运动器材供他们在工作日当中锻炼身体。PartⅢWriting(20points)Directions：Youaretowriteacompositionofnolessthan250wordsanddoyourcompositionneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingtopic：WhatShouldHumanDotoPreservetheNature?北京理工大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析PartIReadingComprehensionPassageOne1．B【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有B项为正确答案。这可从文中第一段的第二句“…literacyanimatorsviewtheirroleasassistingintheself-liberatingdevelopmentofpeople…”推知，即literacyanimators认为他们的职责是帮助人们自我解放。A选项是literacyanimators帮助的对象所追求的事情；C选项中iscommittedto意为“致力于，献身于”，C选项的意思是他们致力于把文盲边缘化，与文章意思相反；D项的意思文章没有提及。2．A【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有A项为正确答案。这可从文中第二段的最后一句话推知。本句的结构是：literacyeducators(主语)+consider(谓语)+whether(从句引导词)+theinstruction(从句主语)+conflicts(从句谓语)…，orfosters(从句谓语)illiteraciesinlearners’firstorhomelanguagesordialectsandintheirorality?可见fosters的主语是instruction“教育、指导”，另外fosterssb．insth．意为“促进某人在什么方面的发展”，在这里意为“教育是否有利于文盲的本族语或方言的发展”。3．D【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有D项为正确答案。这可从文中第二段的内容推知，即第二段提到Arigbede描述了她在Nigeria作为扫盲志士与当地人一起工作的经历。她认为扫盲志士在进行教育的时候，必须选择一种与受教育者相适应的文化和意识形态。扫盲志士的美国式意识形态是否会和学生的传统文化相矛盾，是否能促进学生的本族语言的发展。由此可以推出Arigbede在教Nigerians的时候，可能是在帮助他们保持自己的语言文化。A、C选项意思明显与文章意思相反，B选项意为选择一种需要发展的文化，虽然意思与文章相符，但是与本题题意不符，所以不选。4．B【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有B项为正确答案。这可从文中第三段的内容推知。作者说有些教学方法体现的是个人主义、控制性和竞争性这样的理念。然后还举例说让学生一起朗读和让一个学生大声地朗读体现的是不同的教学理念。由此可以推出“choralreading”肯定体现的不是individualism和competition。因为大家一起朗读正好体现了集体主义。5．A【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有A项为正确答案。这可从文中的“Itmightleadtoassessmentthatexaminestheperformanceoutcomesofacommunityofliteracylearnersandthesocialsignificanceoftheirusesofliteracy，asopposedto…”推知，即这里的it指的就是animatorideology，这种教学理念强调的是一个社团里文字学习者的学习效果以及他们会使用文字的社会意义，而不是强调考试。全文参考译文我在奥拉杜米·阿吉戈贝德的文章上接触到了扫盲志士这个概念，这篇文章发表于1994年。该文章描述了女人中的高文盲率和女孩中的高辍学率。根据阿吉戈贝德的观点，扫盲志士以帮助世界各地那些为更有意义生活而奋斗人们的自我解放为己任。这些扫盲志士非常热心也很敬业，他们真切地拒绝集体赤贫化，这驱使他们积极参与到对边缘化人们的帮扶工作中。他们的动力不是来自视识字仅仅是人们的一种技术性生活技巧意义上的热爱。他们认为识字水平在文化和意识形态意义上从来不是中性的。阿吉戈贝德基于她在尼日利亚以扫盲志士身份跟男女一起工作的经历进行写作。她确信，扫盲志士必须在如下方面做出明确选择：在跟自己工作的人们中间培养什么样的文化和意识形态。美国的文化教育工作者们是否想到过，他们实行的教育是否跟学生的传统文化或共性相冲突；是否在学习者的第一语言或母语或方言，以及其口语形态方面对文盲者有所促进?有些文化教育手段饱含个体主义、控制和竞争这样的理念。例如，让学生参加合唱班和让一个学生面对群体大声朗诵，其传达和表现的价值是不同的。成为一个合格的扫盲志士就是选择了“分享、团结、爱、平等、尊重并与自然和其他人合作”等思想意识。适合扫盲志士思想意识的文化教学法，会存续几百万少数民族孩子的语言和文化，而目前这些孩子被迫接受统治者群体的语言和文化。这样可以评估一个扫盲地区的总体成效和使用文字的社会意义，而不是在一个标准化考试中对某一个体作为读者和作者的所做所为进行测评。肖(1993)将扫盲志士描述为问题启发式、基于共性式、对话式的教育者。我们关于阅读和语言艺术的教师教育教材，提升了教师应从一种基于共性的对话或视角来探讨问题的理念吗?长难例句分析【难句1解析】Animatorsareafamilyofdeeplyconcernedandcommittedpeoplewhosegut-levelrejectionofmasshumanpauperizationcompelsthemtointerveneonthesideofthemarginalized．句中的主体结构是animatorsarefamilywhoserejectioncompelsthem，其余的都是修饰成分。【难句2解析】DoliteracyeducatorsintheUnitedStatesconsiderwhethertheinstructiontheypursueconflictswiththeirstudents’traditionalculturesorcommunity，orfostersilliteraciesinlearners’firstorhomelanguagesordialectsandintheirorality?句中的主体结构是educatorsconsiderthatwhethertheinstructionconflictsorfosters，其余的都是修饰成分。第一个or连接cultures和community，第二个or连接conflicts和fosters，第三个or连接的是first和home，第四个or连接的是languages和dialects，这四个or地位不同。【难句3解析】Literacypedagogythatmatchestheanimatorideologyworksonmaintainingthelanguagesandculturesofmillionsofminoritychildrenwhoatpresentarebeingforcedtoacceptthelanguageandcultureofthedominantgroup．句中主句是pedagogyworkson，后面是动名词短语做宾语。动名词短语里还有个复杂的定语从句修饰minoritychildren。PassageTwo6．D【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有D项为正确答案。这可从文中的内容推知，即本文为那些想成功地坚持长期的减肥方案，却又苦于无法实现的人提出了几种建议。7．C【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有C项为正确答案。这可从文中第7段的“Shesaysshebelievesthat‘healthyeatingisevolutioninsteadofresolution．’”推知，即作者的意思是说健康的饮食习惯是逐渐养成的，evolution本来是进化的意思，在这里是逐步发展的意思。A、B选项是90-10eatingrule的字面意思，不是隐含意义，D选项与文章的意思正好相反。8．C【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有C项为正确答案。这可从文中第十一段的开头推知，即C选项与题目所问的“为了保持你对运动的兴趣，你应该避免出现以下哪一种情况?”相符。A、D都是作者为了说明问题举出的例子，不具有概括性，首先排除。B选项说应该使你的日常活动变得有意思，题目问的是应该避免出现什么情况，所以B选项不对。9．A【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有A项为正确答案。这可从文中作者提出的建议推知，即“①Thesameprinciplecanbeappliedtoalaggingexerciseresolution，