gre reading解读新GRE考试阅读理解部分的改革

GRE欢迎1部分GRE阅读简解解读新GRE考试阅读理解部国外考试部项目（教育考试服务中心（ETS）将在2011年8月推出新的院入学考试（GRE。新的考试在传统GRE的考试内容、考试形式和计分方法上进行了 考生的软肋按照ETS的（新GRE考试将，于语境的理解能力的如增加阅读理解题目”以期更加深入并且反（前提/假设条件和视角；理解语言文字的多层次含义，包括字面意涵，GRE考试语文部分的具体变化主要有哪些呢？随之而来的GRE考试将带给我们怎样的变化（1传统GRE考试 新GRE考试 每部分38 每部分约20每部分30分 每部分30分1新旧GRE仅从表面上看来新GRE考试似乎给了考生的解题时间，这一变化会让粗心大意者欣喜不已。这一理解偏差的根本原因在于没有同时GRE题型的GRE考试语文部分中的题型分布（2传统GRE考试题型 句子填 阅读理 2传统GRE2中我们可以看到，传统GRE考试语文部分中阅读理解和句子填空试题仅占语文考试题目的不到二分之一（18/38），而新GRE考试则主要由试的优胜；想要在新GRE考试中获得相对优势就必须夯实自己的“实力”。这GRE考试语文部分成倍地增加了英文语篇的阅读量，变相缩短了考试时间，实际上增加了考试难度。这将使绝大部分陆考生重负，甚至丧失已有面对这种情况，我们唯有两条解决策略。一是在新GRE考试登陆陆地区之前参加传统GRE考试；二是认真分析新GRE的变化规律并且切实提高GRE考试阅读理解部分的题型，以期对各位考生有所启发。新GRE考试阅读理解部分有三种题型组成（Multiple-choiceQuestions—SelectOneAnswerChoice:Thesearethemultiple-choicequestionswithfiveanswerchoicesofwhichtheexamineemustselect（5Multiple-choiceQuestions—SelectOneorMoreAnswerChoices:Theseprovidethreeanswerchoicesandasktheexamineetoselectallthatarecorrect;one,twoorallthreeoftheanswerchoicesmaybecorrect.Togaincreditforthesequestions,theexamineemustselectallthecorrectanswers,andonlythose;thereisnocreditforpartiallycorrect（313Select-in-Passage:Thequestionaskstheexamineetoclickonthesentenceinthepassagethatmeetsacertaindescription.Toanswerthequestion,theexamineechoosesoneofthesentencesandclicksonit;clickinganywhereonasentencewillhighlightit.3新GRE下面，我们举一个ETS样题题目来分析Samplequestions1to3belowarebasedonthismakersmustconfrontthedilemmathatfossilfuelscontinuetobeanindispensablesourceofenergyeventhoughburningthemproducesatmosphericaccumulationsofcarbondioxidethatincreasethelikelihoodofpotentiallydisastrousglobalclimatechange.Currently,technologythatwouldcapturecarbondioxideemittedbypowerntsandsequesteritharmlesslyundergroundorunderseainsteadofreleasingitintotheatmospheremightdoublethecostofgeneratingelectricity.Butbecausesequestrationdoesnotaffectthecostofelectricitytransmissionanddistribution,deliveredpriceswillriseless,bynomorethan50percent.Researchintobetterforcapturingcarbondioxidewillundoubtedlyleadtoloweredcosts.（第一种题型：多项选择题SampleMultiple-choiceQuestions—SelectOneAnswerThepassageimplieswhichofthefollowingaboutthecurrentcostofgeneratingItishigherthanitwouldbeifbetterforcapturingcarbondioxidewereItissomewhatlessthanthecostofelectricitytransmissionandItconstitutesatmosthalfofthedeliveredpriceofItisdweltonbymakerstotheexclusionofothercostsassociatedwithelectricityItisnotfullyrecoveredbythepriceschargeddirectlytoelectricityAnswer:electricity“Currently,technologythatwouldcapturecarbondioxideemittedbypowerntsandsequesteritharmlesslyundergroundorunderseainsteadofreleasingitintotheatmospheremightdoublethecostofgeneratingelectricity.”我们发现文章的下一句话当中出现了这样的比例关系。“Butbecausesequestrationdoesnotaffectthecostofelectricitytransmissionanddistribution,deliveredpriceswillriseless,bynomorethan50percent.”这说明“sequestration”所占的不超过总费Itconstitutesatmosthalfofthedeliveredpriceofelectricity.”ETSGREGRE考试的解题套路。（第二种题型：多项选择题SampleMultiple-choiceQuestions—SelectOneorMoreAnswerConsidereachofthethreechoicesseparayandselectallthatThepassagesuggeststhatextensiveuseofsequestrationwould,overtime,havewhichofthefollowingconsequences?Theburningoffossilfuelswouldeventuallyceasetoproduceatmosphericaccumulationsofcarbondioxide.TheproportionofthedeliveredpriceofelectricityduetogenerationwouldriseandthenPowerntswouldconsumeprogressivelylowertiesoffossilAnswer:A选项中所提到的“Theburningoffossilfuelswouldeventuallyceasetoproduceatmosphericaccumulationsofcarbondioxide.”显然是错误的。另外，整个文章中也并没有提供法“Butdistributiondeliveredpriceswillriselessbynomorethan50percentResearchintobetterforcapturingcarbondioxidewillundoubtedlyleadtoloweredcosts.”所以，随着化石使用量的增加，未来可以预期的发电成本将会先增加后减少。应该选择选项Ｂ（Theproportionofthedeliveredpriceofelectricityduetogenerationwouldriseandthendecline.）由此可以看出，尽管新GRE考试中出现了新的多项选择题型，但是并没有在实质上改变原有题思想。即是可能的，也是必要的应对新GRE考试的工具。（第三种题型：段中点选题SampleSelect-in-PassageSelectthesentencethatexinswhyan eofsequestrationthatmighthavebeenexpectedwouldnotoccur."Butbecausesequestrationdoesnotaffectthecostofelectricitytransmissionanddistribution,deliveredpriceswillriseless,bynomorethan50percent."除却传统GRE复习过程中对于语篇结构和句法的把握之外，段中点选题（Select-in-PassageQuestion）又为我们提出了新的要求。这种题型要求我们准确把握文章中各个句子之间的逻辑关系。由于传统GRE阅读理解考试当中很少涉及意到提干当中的“…exinswhyan eofsequestration…”，那么，就可以迅速而直接地定位到原文的表示原因的句式（…Butbecausesequestration…）当中。这种why和because之间的微妙对应关系可以泛化到广阔的同类命题当中去。笔者对在新GRE考试中可能出现的句际关系做了以下总结（请见表4），相信这些信号词的总结会给广大考生在应对新GRE考试阅读理解部分时带来帮 2 3123 first, 4 inthesame4 5 forthisattribute 5asa in 6 thetermisdefined thatwe7for for suchto8 8 4新GRE考试阅读理解中常见句际关系词总SixSixtypesofreadingcomprehensionThesetypesfocusthemainideaorprimarypurposeoftheinformationexplicitlystatedintheinformationorideasimpliedorsuggestedbythepossibleapplicationsoftheauthor’sideastoothersituations,includingtheidentificationofsituationsorprocesses ogoustothosedescribedinthepassage;theauthor’slogic,reasoning,orpersuasivetechniques;thetoneofthepassageortheauthor’sattitudeasitisrevealedinthelanguage题型分析报告）123456789推构推推推主主主态态态推构主主构推推构态构态主推主推态态主推构主态推构构构推推主构主推构推态主类推主构主态推推主推推主主态主推构主构类主主推构推主构构构主构主推主构推构推主主推主推主推类态类构态主构推构主态主推态构主主构推主推态态构主推推主主推推主态主推构态主推主类构主推推推主推态主推主推推构构主构主推类主推推推构推主推态主态推类态构推主推主构推主推主构推主推推类主推推构主推态推主主推构态推构构推推构主推推推主推推构主类主推构主类推推构推主推主推态构推主推态推主推构主推主主推推推主推推主构推构推推主推类构推构类推主类构主推类主推推推推构推推主推推主主推主构推主推推构主主类推推主推类构推主构类构构类推构推主构推主推主推构构推推构构主态类构类主构类构主推主类推构类推推推主推主推主推推主推推构构构主态推推态推推类态2部分例分ThecommonbeliefofsomelinguiststhateachlanguageisaperfectvehicleforthethoughtsofthenationspeakingitisinsomewaystheexactcounterpartoftheconvictionoftheManchesterschoolofeconomicsthatsupplyanddemandwillregulateeverythingforthebest.(02)Justaseconomistswereblindtothenumerouscasesinwhichthelawofsupplyanddemandleftactualwantsunsatisfied,soalsomanylinguistsaredeaftothoseinstancesinwhichtheverynatureofalanguagecallsforthmisunderstandingsineverydayconversation,andinwhich,consequently,awordhastobemodifiedordefinedinordertopresenttheideaintendedbythespeaker:“Hetookhisstick—no,notJohn’s,buthisown.”(03)Nolanguageisperfect,andifweadmitthistruth,wemustalsoadmitthatitisnotunreasonabletoinvestigatetherelativemeritsofdifferentlanguagesorofdifferentdetailsinlanguages.TheprimarypurposeofthepassageisyzeaninterestingfeatureoftheEnglishrefuteabeliefheldbysomeshowthateconomictheoryisrelevanttolinguisticillustratetheconfusionthatcanresultfromtheimproperuseofsuggestawayinwhichlanguagescanbemademorenearlyThemisunderstandingpresentedbytheauthorissimilartowhichoftheXusestheword“you”torefertoagroup,butYthinksthatXisreferringtooneXmistakenlyusestheword“anomaly”torefertoatypicalexample,butYknowsthat“anomaly”means“exception.”Xusestheword“bachelor”tomean“unmarriedman,”butYmistakenlythatbachelormeans“unmarriedIIIIIIIandIIIIandIIIInpresentingtheargument,theauthordoesallofthefollowinggiveandrawamakeamakeapresentaWhichofthefollowingcontributestothemisunderstandingdescribedbytheItisunclearwhomthespeakerofthesentenceisItisuncleartowhomtheword“his”refersthefirsttimeitisItisuncleartowhomtheword“his”refersthesecondtimeitisThemeaningof“took”isItisuncleartowhom“He”AsGilbertWhite,Darwin,andothersobservedlongago,allspeciesappeartohavetheinnatecapacitytoincreasetheirnumbersfromgenerationtogeneration.Thetaskforecologistsistountangletheenvironmentalandbiologicalfactorsthatholdthisintrinsiccapacityforpopulationgrowthincheckoverthelongrun.Thegreatvarietyofdynamicbehaviorsexhibitedbydifferentpopulationsmakesthistaskmoredifficult:somepopulationsremainroughlyconstantfromyeartoyear;othersexhibitregularcyclesofabundanceandscarcity;stillothersvarywildly,withoutbreaksandcrashesthatareinsomecasesinlycorrelatedwiththeweather,andinothercasesnot.Toimposesomeorderonthiskaleidoscopeofpatterns,oneschoolofthoughtproposesdividingpopulationsintotwogroups.Theseecologistspositthattherelativelysteadypopulationshave“density-dependent”growthparameters;thatis,ratesofbirth,death,andmigrationwhichdependstronglyonpopulationdensity.Thehighlyvaryingpopulationshave“density-independent”growthparameters,withvitalratesbuffetedbyenvironmentalevents;theseratesfluctuateinawaythatiswhollyindependentofpopulationdensity.Thisdichotomyhasitsuses,butitcancauseproblemsiftakentoo lly.Forthing,nopopulationcanbedrivenentirelybydensity-independentfactorsallthetime.Nomatterhowseverelyorunpredictablybirth,deathandmigrationratesmaybefluctuatingaroundtheirlong-termaverages,iftherewerenodensity-dependenteffects,thepopulationwould,inthelongrun,eitherincreaseordecreasewithoutbound(barringamiraclebywhichgainsandlossescanceledexactly).Putanotherway,itmaybethatonaverage99percentofalldeathsinapopulationarisefromdensity-independentcauses,andonlyonepercentfromfactorsvaryingwithdensity.Thefactorsmakinguptheonepercentmayseemunimportant,andtheircausemaybecorrespondinglyhardtodetermine.Yet,whetherrecognizedornot,theywillusuallydeterminethelong-termaveragepopulationdensity.Inordertounderstandthenatureoftheecologist’sinvestigation,wemaythinkofthedensity-dependenteffectsongrowthparametersasthe“signal”ecologistsaretryingtoisolateandinterpret,onethattendstomakethepopulationincreasefromrelativelylowvaluesordecreasefromrelativelyhighones,whilethedensity-independenteffectsacttoproduce“noise”inthepopulationdynamics.Forpopulationsthatremainrelativelyconstant,orthatoscillatearoundrepeatedcycles,thesignalcanbefairlyeasilycharacterizedanditseffectsdescribed,eventhoughthecausativebiologicalmechanismmayremainunknown.Forirregularlyfluctuatingpopulations,wearelikelytohavetoofewobservationstohaveanyhopeofextractingthesignalfromtheoverwhelmingnoise.Butitnowseemsclearthatallpopulationsareregulatedbyamixtureofdensity-dependentanddensity-independenteffectsinvaryingproportions.TheauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcerneddiscussingtwocategoriesoffactorsthatcontrolpopulationgrowthandassessingtheirrelativeimportancedescribinghowgrowthratesinnaturalpopulationsfluctuateovertimeandexiningwhythesechangesoccurproposingahypothesisconcerningpopulationsizesandsuggestingwaystotestitposingafundamentalquestionaboutenvironmentalfactorsinpopulationgrowthandpresentingsomecurrentlyacceptedanswersrefutingacommonlyacceptedtheoryaboutpopulationdensityandofferinganewalternativeItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorconsidersthedichotomydiscussedinthesecondparagraphtobeapplicableonlytoerraticallyfluctuatinguseful,butonlyifitslimitationsaredangerouslymisleadinginmostacompleteandsufficientwaytoaccountforobservedconceptuallyvalid,buttooconfusingtoapplyonapracticalWhichofthefollowingstatementscanbeinferredfromthelastForirregularlyfluctuatingpopulations,doublingthenumberofmadewillprobablyresultintheisolationofdensity-dependentDensity-dependenteffectsonpopulationdynamicsdonotoccurasfrequentlyasdodensity-independenteffects.Atpresent,ecologistsdonotunderstandanyoftheunderlyingcausesofthedensity-dependenteffectstheyobserveinpopulationdynamics.Density-dependenteffectsongrowthparametersarethoughttobecausedbysomesortofbiochemical“signaling”thatecologistshopeeventuallytoItissometimespossibletoinfertheexistenceofadensity-dependentfactorcontrollingpopulationgrowthwithoutunderstandingitscausativeAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisatruestatementaboutdensity-dependentfactorsinpopulationgrowth?They yaccountforlong-termpopulationTheyhavelittletodowithlong-termpopulationTheyarealwaysmoreeasilyisolatedanddescribedthanthosethatareTheyincluderandomenvironmentalTheycontradictcurrentecologicalassumptionsaboutpopulationAccordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingbehaviorshavebeenexhibitedbydifferentpopulationsEXCEPT:roughlyconstantpopulationlevelsfromyeartoregularcyclesofincreasesanddecreasesinerraticincreasesinnumberscorrelatedwiththeuncheckedincreasesinnumbersovermanysuddendeclinesinnumbersfromtimetoThediscussionconcerningpopulationinparagraph3servesprimarilydemonstratethedifficultiesecologistsfaceinstudyingdensity-dependentfactorslimitingpopulationgrowthadvocatemorerigorousstudyofdensity-dependentfactorsinpopulationprovethatthedeathratesofanypopulationareneverentirelydensity-giveanexampleofhowdeathratesfunctiontolimitpopulationdensitiesintypicalpopulationsunderlinetheimportanceofevensmalldensity-dependentfactorsinregulatinglong-termpopulationdensitiesInthepassage,theauthordoesallofthefollowingcitetheviewsofotherdefineabasicproblemthatthepassagepresentconceptualcategoriesusedbyotherdescribetheresultsofaparticulardrawaTheageatwhichyoungchildrenbegintomakemoraldiscriminationsaboutharmfulactionscommittedagainstthemselvesorothershasbeenthefocusofrecentresearchintothemoraldevelopmentofchildren.Untilrecently,childpsychologistssupportedpioneer n.Piagetinhishypothesisthatbecauseoftheirimmaturity,childrenunderagesevendonottakeintoaccounttheintentionsofa committingaccidentalordeliberateharm,butrathersimplyassignpunishmentfortransgressionsonthebasisofthemagnitudeofthenegativeconsequencescaused.AccordingtoPiaget,childrenunderagesevenoccupythefirststageofmoraldevelopment,whichischaracterizedbymoralabsolutism(rulesmadeby mustbeobeyed)andimminentjustice(ifrulesarebroken,punishmentwillbemetedout).Untilyoungchildrenmature,theirmoraljudgmentsarebasedentirelyontheeffectratherthanthecauseofatransgression.However,inrecentresearch,Keaseyfoundthatsix-year-oldchildrennotonlydistinguishbetweenaccidentalandintentionalharm,butalsojudgeintentionalharmasnaughtier,regardlessoftheamountofdamageproduced.Bothofthesefindingsseemtoindicatethatchildren,atanearlieragethanPiagetclaimed,advanceintothesecondstageofmoraldevelopment,moralautonomy,inwhichtheyacceptsocialrulesbutviewthemasmorearbitrarythandochildreninthefirstKeasey’sresearchraisestwokeyquestionsfordevelopmentalpsychologistsaboutchildrenunderageseven:dotheyrecognizejustificationsforharmfulactions,anddotheymakedistinctionsbetweenharmfulactsthatarepreventableandthoseactsthathaveunforeseenharmfulconsequences?Studiesindicatethatjustificationsexcusingharmfulactionsmightincludepublicduty,self-defense,andprovocation.Forexample,NesdaleandRuleconcludedthatchildrenwerecapableofconsideringwhetherornotanaggressor’sactionwasjustifiedbypublicduty:fiveyearoldsreactedverydifferentlyto“BonniewrecksAnn’spretendhouse”dependingonwhetherBonniedidit“sosomebodywon’tfalloverit”orbecauseBonniewanted“tomakeAnnfeelbad.”Thus,achildoffivebeginstounderstandthatcertainharmfulactions,thoughintentional,canbejustified;theconstraintsofmoralabsolutismnolongersolelyguidetheirPsychologistshavedeterminedthatduringkindergartenchildrenlearntomakesubtledistinctionsinvolvingharm.Darleyobservedthatamongactsinvolvingunintentionalharm,six-year-oldchildrenjustenteringkindergartencouldnotdifferentiatebetweenforeseeable,andthuspreventable,harmandunforeseeableharmforwhichtheperpetratorcannotbeblamed.Sevenmonthslater,however,Darleyfoundthatthesesamechildrencouldmakebothdistinctions,thusdemonstratingthattheyhad emorallyautonomous.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthepassageasaAnoutlineforfutureAnexpandeddefinitionofcommonlymisunderstoodAnysisofadisputebetweentwoAdiscussionofresearchfindingsinanongoingAconfirmationofanestablishedauthority’sAccordingtothepassage,Darleyfoundthataftersevenmonthsofkindergartensixyearoldsacquiredwhichofthefollowingabilities?DifferentiatingbetweenforeseeableandunforeseeableIdentifyingwiththeperpetratorofaharmfulJustifyingharmfulactionsthatresultfromEvaluatingthemagnitudeofnegativeconsequencesresultingfromthebreakingofrulesRecognizingthedifferencebetweenmoralabsolutismandmoralAccordingtothepassage,PiagetandKeaseywouldnothaveagreedonwhichofthefollowingpoints?ThekindsofexcuseschildrengiveforharmfulactstheyTheageatwhichchildrenbegintodiscriminatebetweenintentionalandunintentionalharmTheintentionschildrenhaveinperpetratingThecircumstancesunderwhichchildrenpunishharmfulThejustificationschildrenrecognizeformitigatingpunishmentforharmfulItcanbeinferredthattheterm“publicduty”inthecontextofthepassagemeanswhichofthefollowing?ThenecessitytoapprehendTheresponsibilitytopunishAnobligationtopreventharmtoTheassignmentofpunishmentforharmfulAjustificationforpunishingAccordingtothepassage,Keasey’sfindingssupportwhichoftheconclusionsaboutsix-year-oldTheyhavetheabilitytomakeautonomousmoralTheyregardmoralabsolutismasathreattotheirmoralTheydonotunderstandtheconceptofpublicTheyacceptmoraljudgmentmadebytheirpeersmoreeasilythandoolderTheymakearbitrarymoralItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatPiagetwouldbelikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthepunishmentthatchildrenundersevenassignto Theseverityoftheassignedpunishmentisdeterminedbytheperceivedmagnitudeofnegativeconsequencesmorethanbyanyotherfactor.ThepunishmentistobeadministeredimmediayfollowingtheThechildrenassignpunishmentlessarbitrarilythantheydowhentheyreachtheageofmoralautonomy.Thepunishmentforactsofunintentionalharmislessseverethanitisforactsinvolvingaccidentalharm.Themoredevelopmentallyimmatureachild,themoreseverethepunishmentthatthechildwillassign.Accordingtothepassage,theresearchofNesdaleandRulesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutfive-year-oldchildren?Theirreactionstointentionalandaccidentalharmdeterminetheseverityofthepunishmentstheyassign.They,asperpetratorsofharmfulacts,disregardthefeelingsofthechildrentheyharm.Theytakeintoaccountthemotivationsofactionswhenjudgingthebehaviorofotherchildren.Theyviewpublicdutyasajustificationforaccidental,butnotintentional,Theyjustifyanyactionthatprotectsthemfrom(01)ItisnowestablishedthattheMilkyWayisfarmoreextendedandofmuchgreatermassthanwashithertothought.(02)However,allthatisvisibleoftheconstituentsoftheMilkyWay’scorona(outeredge),wheremuchofthegalaxy’smassmustbelocated,isatinyfractionofthecorona’smass.(03)Thus,mostoftheMilkyWay’soutlyingmattermustbedark.(04)Why?(05)Threefactsaresalient.(06)First,dwarfgalaxiesandglobularclusters,intowhichmostofthestarsoftheMilkyWay’scoronaareprobablybound,consistmainlyofoldstars.(07)Second,oldstarsarenothighlyluminous.(08)Third,noonehasdetectedinthecoronathecloudsofgaseousmattersuchashydrogenandcarbonmonoxidethatarecharacteristicofthebrightpartsofagalaxy.(09)Atpresent,therefore,thebestexnation—thoughstillquitetentative—forthedarknessofthecoronaisthatthecoronaiscomposedmainlyofold,burned-outThepassageasawholeisprimarilyconcernedyzingacurrentcriticizingawell-establishedshowinghownewfactssupportapreviouslydismissedstatingaconclusionandadducingevidencethatmayjustifycontrastingtwotypesofphenomenaandshowinghowtheyareAccordingtothepassage,abrightpartofagalaxytypicallydwarfgalaxiesandclustersofabalancedmixtureofoldandnewalargeportionofthegalaxy’spartofthecoronaofthegasessuchashydrogenandcarbonItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,comparedwithwhattheynowthink,untilfairlyrecentlyastronomersbelievedthattheMilkyWaywasmuchwasmuchwasmovingmuchmorehadamuchlargerhadmuchlessgaseousThepassagepresentswhichofthefollowingasThelowluminosityofoldTheabsenceofcloudsofgaseousmatterfromthecoronaoftheMilkyThepredominanceofglobularclustersanddwarfgalaxiesinthecoronaoftheMilkyWayIIIIIandIIIIandIIII,II,and yzingthephysicsofdancecanaddfundamentallytoadancer’sskill.(02)Althoughdancersseldomseethemselvestotallyinphysicalterms—asbodymassmovingthroughspaceundertheinfluenceofwell-known sandobeyingphysicallaws—neithercantheyaffordtoignorethephysicsofmovement.(03)Forexample,nomatterhowmuchadancerwishestoleapoffthefloorandthenstartturning,thelawofconservationofangularmomentumabsolu preventssuchamovement.(04)Somemovementsinvolvingprimarilyverticalorhorizontalmotionsofthebodyasawhole,inwhichrotationscanbeignored,canbestudiedusingsimpleequationsoflinearmotioninthreedimensions.(05)However,rotationalmotionsrequiremorecomplexapproachesthatinvolveysesofthewaythebody’smassisdistributed,theaxesofrotationinvolvedindifferenttypesofmovement,andthesourcesofthesthatproducetherotationalmovement.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisinitiateadebateovertwoapproaches yzingafieldofdescribehowonefieldofknowledgecanbeappliedtoanotherpointoutthecontradictionsbetweentwodistinctdefineandelaborateonanacceptedscientificdiscusstheapplicationofanewtheorywithinanewTheauthormentionsallofthefollowingascontributingtoanunderstandingofthephysicsofdanceEXCEPT:thelawofconservationofangularysesofthewayinwhichthebody’smassisequationsoflinearmotioninthreeysesofthesourcesthatproducerotationalthetechnicaltermsformovementssuchasleapsandTheauthorimpliesthatdancerscan emoreskilledby ngwhichoftheIgnoringrotationalUnderstanding sthatpermitvariousSolvingsimplelinearLearningthetechnicaltermsutilizedbyCircumventingthelawofconservationofangularysisofwhichofthefollowingwouldrequirethekindofcomplexAlongleapacrossAshortjumpupwardwithareturntothesameAsustainedandcontrolledturninShort,rapidstepsforwardandthenbackwardwithoutQuicksidestepsinadiagonalAlthoughthedevelopmentofnewinfrastructure(suchpublicfacilitiesaspowernts,schools,andbridges)isusuallydeterminedbyernmentalnning,sometimesthisdevelopmentcanbennedmoreflexiblyandrealisticallybyprivateinvestorswhoanticipateprofitfromthecollectionofuserfees.(02)Suchprofitscancontributetothefinancingofmoreinfrastructureifdemandprovesgreatenough,whereasthereluctanceofdeveloperstoinvestinsuchprojectscansignalthatadditionalinfrastructureisnotneeded.(03)Duringtheeconomicboomofthe1980’s,forexample,thestateofVirginiaauthorizedprivatedeveloperstobuild