英文翻译原文

GRAVITYRETAINING−WALL1.INTRODUCTIONRetainingwallsarestructuresusedtoprovidestabilityforearthorothermaterialwhereconditionsdisallowthemasstoassumeitsnaturalslope,andarecommonlyusedtoholdbackorsupportsoilbanks,coalororepiles,andwater.Retainingwallsareclassified,basedonthemethodofachievingstability,intosixprincipaltypes(Fig.1).Thegravity-walldependsuponitsweight,asthenameimplies,forstability.Thecantileverwallisareinforced-concretewallthatutilizescantileveractiontoretainthemassbehindthewallfromassuminganaturalslope.Stabilityofthiswallispartiallyachievedfromtheweightofsoilontheheelportionofthebaseslab.Acounterfortretainingwallissimilartoacantileverretainingwall,exceptthatitisusedwherethecantileverislongorforveryhighpressuresbehindwallandhascounterforts,whichtiethewallandbasetogether,builtatintervalsalongthewalltoreducethebendingmomentsandsheers.AsindicatedinFig.1c,thecounterfortisbehindthewallandsubjectedtotensileforces.Abuttressedretainingwallissimilartoacounterfortwall,exceptthatthebracingisinfrontofthewallandisincompressioninsteadoftension.Twoothertypesofwallsnotconsideredfurtherarecribwalls,whicharebuilt-upmembersofpiecesofprecastconcrete,metal,ortimberandaresupportedbyanchorpiecesembeddedinthesoilforstability,andsemigravitywalls,whicharewallsintermediatebetweenatruegravityandacantileverwall.Figure.1Typesofretainingwalls:(a)Gravitywallsofstonemasonry,brick,orplainconcrete.Weightprovidesoverturningandslidingstability;(b)cantileverwall;(c)counterfort,orbuttressedwall.Ifbackfillcoverscounterforts,thewallistermedacounterfort;(d)cribwall;(e)semigravitywall(smallamountofsteelreinforcementisused);(f)bridgeabutment.Bridgeabutments(Fig.1f)areoftenretainingwallswithwingwallextensionstoretaintheapproachfillandprovideprotectionagainsterosion.Theydifferintwomajorrespectsfromtheusualretainingwallin:1.Theycarryendreactionfromthebridgespan.2.Theyarerestrainedatthetopsothatanactiveearthpressureisunlikelytodevelop.Foundationwallsofbuildingsincludingresidentialconstructionareretainingwallswhosefunctionistocontaintheearthoutofbasements.Retainingwallsmustbeofadequateproportionstoresistoverturningfor(orexcessivetilting)andslidingaswellasbeingstructurallyadequate.Termsusedinretaining-walldesignareshowninFig.2.Notethatthe“toe”isboththefrontbaseprojectionandtheforwardedge;similarlyforthe“heel”.2.COMMONPROPORTIONSOFGRAVITYWALLRetaining-walldesignproceedswiththeselectionoftentativedimensions,whicharethenanalyzedforstabilityandstructuralrequirementsandarerevisedasrequired.Sincethisatrialprocess,severalsolutionstotheproblemmaybeobtained,allofwhicharesatisfactory.Acomputersolutiongreatlysimplifiestheworkinretaining-walldesignandprovidestheonlypracticalmeanstooptimizethedesign.Gravity-walldimensionsmaybemaybetakenasshowninFig.3.Gravitywalls,generally,aretrapezoidal-shapedbutalsomaybebuiltwithbrokenbacks.Thebaseotherdimensionsshouldbesuchthattheresultantfallswithinthemiddleone-thirdofthebase.Thetopwidthofthestemshouldbeontheorderof0.30m.Iftheheelprojectionisonly100to150mm,theCoulombequationmaybeusedforevaluatingthelateralearthpressure,withthesurfaceofslidingtakenalongthebackfaceofthewall.TheRankinesolutionmayalsobeusedonasectiontakenthroughtheheel.Becauseofthemassiveproportionandresultinglowconcretestresses,low-strengthconcretecangenerallyusedforthewallconstruction.Acriticalsectionforanalysisoftensileflexurestresseswilloccurthroughthejunctionofthetoeportionatthefrontfaceofwall.3.GRAVITYWALLFORCETheforcesonagravitywallareasindicatedinFig.4.TheactiveearthpressureiscomputedbyeithertheRankineorCoulombmethods.IftheCoulombmethodisused,itisassumedthatthereisincipientslidingonthebackfaceofthewall,andthepressureactsattheangleofwallfrictionδtoanormalwiththewall.TheRankinesolutionappliestoPaactingattheangleβonaverticalplanethroughtheheel.ThevectorcanthenbeaddedtotheweightvectorofthewedgeofsoilWbetweentheverticalplaneandbackofthewalltogetthedirectionandmagnitudeoftheresultantPaonthewall.TheverticalresultantRactingonthebaseisequaltothesumoftheforcesactingdownward,andwillhaveaneccentricityewithrespecttothegeometricalcenterofthebase.Takingmomentsaboutthetoe,躲sum猴ofo捏vert呜urni驰ngm惹omen萌ts(n演et)/取R悠熊派Ift房hew养idth行of堆the烟base负is杰B,t就hee菌ccen哪tric洒ity杠oft勉heb贵ase斤can口then罗be毯comp盆uted想as肆浓欧附乏诉4.S如TABI午LITY虹OF悬GRAV伍ITY客WALL冒Reta擦inin棵gwa联lls悟must慰pro他vide刘ade戏quat孔est些abil萄ity牺agai朽nst壁slid法ing,何as面show粉nin孕Fig振.5.染The霜soil顾in埋fron商tof购贷the摧wal挑lpr销ovid杆esa洽pas蛾sive国-ear裳th-p菜ress非ure哈resi哨stan缩ce,阵as裁the是wall合ten醉dst味osl罚ide糖into小it.粘If佳the去soil允is订exca尊vate辟dor畏ero耳ded此afte埋rth见ewa侨lli嘴sbu洁ilt,疤the瓶pas熟sive秩-pre躺ssur泽eco蠢mpon游ent移isn壮ota舰vail图able腿and节sli戚ding蛾ins漂tabi活lity汽may视occ板ur.惊Ift产here谣is额cert愁aint头yof轮no坦loss抹of寺the舒toe夹soil岭,th还ede涝sign极erm刷ayu饺set灾hep优assi跃vep街ress旱ure源int蛛his辈zone莫as星part树of愈the乓slid阳ing奴resi韵stan隐ce.响Addi筛tion暴als驴lidi司ngs项tabi舍lity贞may充be库deri旨ved立from洒the饮use抛of封ake赠ybe芒neat刑hth吃eba歼se.更Unle冲sst炭hek琴eyi桥squ恰ite鸽deep归,ho岩weve勾r,t傍hes嘱lidi排ngz碧one足(Fig今.6)顺may掠brid疲geo之ver伴the陡key僻int捆akin葬gth纸atp覆ath乞ofl俭east纵躺resi漠stan锐ce翅.A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