2023年考研考博-考博英语-同济大学考试历年高频考点真题荟萃带答案

2023年考研考博-考博英语-同济大学考试历年高频考点真题荟萃带答案第1卷一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题Noformofgovernmentintheworldis______;eachsystemreflectsthehistoryandpresentsneedsoftheregionandthenation.问题1选项A.dominantB.influentialC.integralD.drastic2.单选题Afterthedisasterofflood，peoplealloverthevillagemade_________efforttorebuildtheirhome.问题1选项A.superfluousB.tenuousC.strenuousD.fatuous3.单选题ThefieldofsociologyintheUnitedStatesdevelopedasaresultofasocialexperiencewhichhadverylittletodowiththepoliticalandideologicalcontroversiesthatstimulatedsociologyinFranceandGermany.Rather,thedisciplineevolvedasaresultoftheexperiencesassociatedwiththeproblemsofanimmigrantsocietycaughtintheturmoilofrapidindustrializationandurbangrowth.Indeed,itmustbeemphasizedthatfromitsbeginning,sociologyhashadaverypracticalinterest,whichwascharacterizedlessbypoliticaldivisivenessthanbysocialreformandsocialwork.Thispracticalemphasisinthedisciplinehascontinuedtopersisttothepresent.IthasonlybeensinceWorldWarⅡ，however,thattherehasexistedsomethinginAmericanhighereducationthatcouldbeproperlytermeda“sociologicalestablishment”orahighlyrespectedacademicfieldofstudy.Itsmajorstrengthasanacademicdisciplineresultedfromitsempiricalandsophisticatedapproachtotheidentificationandsolutionofpracticalbuthighlysignificantsocialproblems.Today，whatdoestheacademicsociologistdo?Professionalsociologistsareindividualswhostudyandteachaboutsocieties，socialinstitutions，andthepatternsofhumaninteractionandhumanbehavior.Asascientificdiscipline，sociologymaybedividedintothreebroad,analyticalfields:thestudyofgroups;institutionsanalysis;andthestudyofthesocialstructureingeneral.Thus,thecontentoftherapidlyexpandingdisciplineofsociologyisbaseduponcultureandsociety，withemphasisplaceduponthestudyofthevarioustypesofinteractionandrelationshipswhichexistamongindividualsandhumangroups.Inthestudyofsuchareasassocialorganizationanddisorganization,sociologistsattemptedtoexplaintheevolutionandchangeofsocialinstitutionsandthechangingnatureofhumanattitudinalandvaluesystems.Amongtheselectedtopicsofinvestigationincludedwithinthestudyofsociologyarethechangingnatureoffamilylife，institutionallife,sexualattitudes,crimeandviolence，religiousvalues,andtheentiregamutofinterpersonalrelationshipsinpoliticsandgovernment.Indeed，manyoftheareaswhichprofessionalsociologistsstudyare,bytheirverynature,relativelyfamiliartomanyofuseventhoughtheyarenotclearlyunderstood.Thebasichypothesesofthediscipline—thatsociallife(bothgroupandindividualbehavior)ispatterned；thatvalueandattitudesarelearned,reinforced,andshared;thatweasindividualsare,inmanyrespects，whatothersconsiderustobe—areideaswhichmostpeoplenowinstinctivelyacceptinordertoliveandfunctionasmembersofsociety.Thesetopics,whichemphasizeindividualandgroupbehaviorprocesses,then,compriseareasofconcernforsociologyasoneofthebehaviorsciencedisciplines.DuringtheselastdecadesofthetwentiethcenturyadvancedWesternsocietywillcontinuetobeconfrontedwithcrucialsocialissuesinthecontextofbothindividualandgroupbehaviorpatternsresultingfromcontinuedrapidtechnologicalexpansion.Thesolutiontotheproblemplaguingourcomplexsocietywillbecome，toamuchgreaterextent,theprimaryresponsibilityofsociology,socialpsychology,andculturalanthropology,thethreemajoracademicdisciplinescomprisingthebehavioralsciences.Thistrendisbeingwitnessedcurrentlybytheincreasingnumbersofbehavioralscientiststhatarebeingemployedbygovernment,bybusinessandindustry,byhospitalsandotheragenciesdevotedtoproblemsofhealthcare,bywelfareagencies,bypubliceducationalsystems,andbymanyothertypesoforganizationsinwhichsomesystematicknowledgeofhumanbehaviorisrequired.1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto________.2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutsociologywouldtheauthorbemostlikelytodisagreewith?3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatsocialpsychologyandculturalanthropology_________.4.Whichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostlikelyagreewith?5.Theword“empirical”inParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto_________.问题1选项A.distinguishsociologyintheUnitedStatesfromsociologyinFranceandGermanyB.comparesociologywithsocialpsychologyandculturalanthropologyC.provideageneraldiscussionofmodernWesternsociologyanditssignificanceD.showthatsociologyisthestudyofsocialinstitutions问题2选项A.Mostsociologistsareinterestedintheoreticalratherthanpracticalquestions.B.Thereisadiscernablestructuretoeveryone’sbehavior.C.Humanbehaviorcanbesystematicallystudied.D.One’sself-imageisnotencodedgenetically.问题3选项A.aresubareasofsociologyB.areothernamesforsociologyC.willachievetheacademicrespectabilityofsociologyD.maybeconsultedforsolutionstosociologyproblems问题4选项A.Sociologytheoryisrarelybasedonempiricalevidence.B.Theproblemsfacingsociologistsdonotchangeastimeschange.C.Theproblemsofimmigrantsinanewculturestimulatesociologicalresearch.D.Therearefactorsininterpersonalrelationshipsthatarenotofintereststothesociologist.问题5选项A.“relatingtoexperienceandobservation”B.“relatingtobehaviorandmanner”C.“concerningacademy”D.“relyingoneducation”4.单选题Itisadvisableto________anelectricwirewithrubberinordertosecuresafety.问题1选项A.desolateB.resoluteC.insolateD.insulate5.单选题Sincethetwocountriescouldn’t________theirdifferences,theydecidedtostoptheirnegotiations.问题1选项A.rectifyB.obligeC.reconcileD.obscure6.翻译题Onlinenewspapersarealookintothefutureandjustponderingitraisesthequestionofwhetheritisn’tnicergettingyourdailynewscurledupinyourfavoritechairwithyourballpointpenhandytocircleitemsofinterest,orscissorsreadytosnipoutarticlesyouwanttosave.TheGazetteCompanyisbettingitssubscriberswantbothelectronicandpaperoptions，andsofaritseemstoberight.TherestoftheworldismovingintocyberspacemoreslowlythantheUnitedStates,and,inthedevelopingworld，theInternethashardlypenetratedatall.U.N.SecretaryGeneralKofiAnnanisdeterminedtochangethisthroughtheUnitedNationsInformationTechnologyService,whichwilltrainlargenumbersofpeopletolapintotheincome-enhancingpoweroftheInternet.AnnanisalsoproposinganInternethealthnetworkthatwillprovidestate-of-the-artmedicalknowledgeto10,000clinicsandhospitalsinpoorcountries.TheonrushingCyberAgehasgivennewfoundpowertousall,asseeninJodyWilliams’sone-womanorganizationusinge-mailtopromoteaglobalbanonlandmines.Yet,thisisbutaglimpseofwhat’saheadinthemindsofthoseimmersedinthisgreatandacceleratingtransformation.AtMicrosoft,BillGatespredictsthatby2018majornewspaperswill“publishtheirlastpapereditionsandmovesolelytoelectronicdistribution,”andthatby2020dictionarieswillredefinebooksas“eBooktitlesreadonscreen”.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese7.单选题Veryfewpeoplecouldunderstandthelecturetheprofessordeliveredbecauseitssubjectwasvery（

）.问题1选项A.obscureB.indefiniteC.dubiousD.intriguing8.单选题Theheavysnow_________travel,sohehadtostayhereformoredays.问题1选项A.impeachedB.impelledC.impededD.imparted9.单选题Behaviorsthatwedonotunderstandoftenbecomenearlyinvisible—evenwhen,inretrospect,weseehowtrulystrangetheyare.WhenIwasapsychiatricresident,wehadafacultymemberwhowasfamousforhismessyoffice:stacksofpapersandoldjournalscoveredeverychairandtableaswellasmuchofthefloor.Oneday,asIwalkedpasttheopenofficedoorwithoneofmysupervisors,hemurmuredmildly,“Oddduck.”Andthatwasasfarasanyoneseemedtoreflectonthispeculiarstateofaffairswithinaninstitutionstaffedbypsychiatrists.Eventually,thefacultymemberhadtobegivenanotherofficeinwhichtoseepatients.Notsurprisingly,thepsychiatricdiagnosticmanualdoesnotlist“messyroom”intheindex.Butitdoesmentionatantalizingsymptom:inability“todiscardworn-outorworthlessobjectsevenwhentheyhavenosentimentalvalue,”Itcomesunderthediagnosisobsessive-compulsivepersonalitydisorder，anobscurecousinofthemorefamousobsessive-compulsivedisorder.Iwasbarelyawareofthediagnosis.Everyerahasmentaldisordersthatforculturalorscientificreasonsbecomepopular.InFreud’sdayitwashysteria.Currently,depressionhasmovedtocenterstage.Butotherailmentsgorelativelyignored,andthisdisorderwasone.Itcamewithalistofadditionalsymptomsthatappearedtobepeculiar;anxietyaboutspendingmoney,excessivedevotiontoworktotheexclusionofleisureactivities,rigidityaboutfollowingrules,perfectionismindoingtasks—attimestothepointofinterferingwithfinishingthem.Inmoderation,thesymptomsseemedtofitrightinwithourworkaholicculture—perhapsexplainingthelowprofileofthediagnosis.Relentlessworkorientationandperfectionismmayevenbeassetsinrule-anddetail-orientedprofessionslikeaccountingorlaw.Butwhenthesymptomsaretoointenseorpervasive,theybecomecrippling.Beneaththeseeminglyadaptivebehaviorsliesacentraldisability.Peoplewiththisdiagnosishaveenormousdifficultymakingdecisions.Theylacktheinternalsenseofcompletionthatmostofusexperienceattheendofachoiceoratask,eyenoneassimpleasthrowingsomethingoutormakingapurchase.Inobsessive-compulsivepersonalitydisorder,thisfeelingoccursonlyafterendlessdeliberationandrevision,ifatall.Theneedtocomeupwiththe“correct”answer,thebestpurchaseortheperfectproposalleadstoexcessruminationovereachdecision.Itcanevenleadtocompleteparalysis.Forsuchpeople,rulesofallkindsareagodsend—theyrepresentpre-madedecisions.Open-endedassignments,likewritingpapers,arenightmares.Forsuchapatientorforapsychiatrist，understandingaclusterofdiagnosticsymptomscanbearevelation.Thepictureleapsoutfromthepreviouslydisorganizedbackground.Butundoubtedly,attimeswecanbecometooreductionistic,seeingpatternswherenoneexist:sometimesamessyroomisjustamessyroom.1.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribespeople’sattitudetowardsthefacultymember?2.Thepopularmentaldisorderofcurrenttime,accordingtotheauthor,is______.3.Thereasonwhysymptomsofthe“obsessive-compulsivedisorder”gounnoticedisthat_________.4.Rulesaregodsendtopersonswiththeobsessive-compulsivepersonalitydisorderbecause____________.5.Fromthelastparagraphwecanseethattheauthor’sviewisthat_________.问题1选项A.Theydislikedhim,andthat’swhyhegothisseparateroomtoseepatients.B.Theythoughtheisalittlestrange,butdidn’tpaymuchattentiontohisbehavior.C.Theywereinterestedinhisbehavior,astheywereallpsychiatrists.D.Theythoughthehadsomementalretardness.问题2选项A.hysteriaB.depressionC.messinessD.obsessive-compulsivedisorder问题3选项A.theyarehighlythoughtofinaccordingtolawB.someofthemildsymptomsfitinwithaworkaholiccultureC.theyhavealowprofileD.theytakealongtimetobecomeintenseorpervasive问题4选项A.theydonotinvolvedecisionmakingB.theyareopen-endedassignmentsC.theyleadtocompleteparalysisD.theyaremadebyother问题5选项A.amessyroomisjustamessyroomB.amessyroomisanindicationoftheobsessive-compulsivepersonalitydisorderC.psychiatristsshouldpayattentiontoamessyroomD.psychiatristsshouldseepatternsofseeminglydisorganizedbehaviors,butshouldn’tbetooreductionistic10.单选题

Tomwasaccusedof__________againstblackpersons,thatistosay,helooksdownuponthem.问题1选项A.discriminatingB.distinguishingC.distressingD.disguising11.单选题

Hedidn’tmentionyournamebutIwassurehewas________toyou.问题1选项A.intimatingB.inferringC.alludingD.suggesting12.单选题Eversinceitsdiscovery,Plutohasneverreallyfittedin.AfterthepaleandglowinggiantNeptune,itislittlemorethanacosmicdustmite,sweptthroughthefarthestreachesofthesolarsystemonaplanetwildlytiltedrelativetotherestoftheplanets.ItissmallerthanNeptune’slargestmoon,andthearcofitsorbitissoovalthatitoccasionallycrossesitsmassiveblueneighbor’spath.Foryears,ithasbeenseenasoursolarsystem’soddestplanet.Yesterday，however,scientistsreleasedperhapsthemostconvincingevidenceyetthatPluto,infact,isnotaplanetatall.Forthefirsttime,astronomershavepeeredintoabeltofrocksbeyondPlutounknownuntil10yearsago—andfoundaworldthatrivalsPlutoinsize.Thescientistspositthatlargerrocksmustbeoutthere，perhapsevenlargerthanPluto,meaningPlutoismorelikelythekingofthisdistantrealmofspacedetritusthanthetiniestofthenineplanets.Whendiscoveredin1930，“Plutoatthatpointwastheonlything(thatfar)outthere,sotherewasnothingelsetocallitbutaplanet,”saysMikeBrown,anastronomerattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinPasadena.“Nowitjustdoesn’tfit.”Inonesense,thequestionofPluto’splanetarystatusisarcane,theprovinceofpocket-protectedscientistsandsun-deprivedpenpushersdeterminedtodecidesomeofficialdesignationforaballofdustandice3billionmilesaway.Yetitisalsounquestionablysomethingmore.Fromsciencefairdioramastogovernmentfunding,planetsholdaspecialplaceinthepublicimagination,andhowPlutoiseventuallyseen—bykidsandCongressalike—couldshapewhatfuturegenerationslearnaboutthismysteriousoutpostontheedgeofthesolarsystem.Thedebatehassplittheastronomicalcommunityfordecades.EvenbeforethedistantbandofrocksknownastheKuiperBeltwasfound,Pluto’sunusualbehaviormadeitsuspicious.Elsewhere,thesolarsystemfitintonearfamilies:therockyinnerplanets，theasteroidbelt,thehugeandgaseousouterplanets.Pluto,though,waspeculiar.WiththediscoveryoftheKuiperBelt—countlessbitsofrockandiceleftunusedwhenthewheelofthesolarsystemfirstformed—Plutosuddenlyseemedtohavecousins.Yetuntilyesterday,itheldtoitsplanetarydistinctionbecauseitwasfarlargerthananythinglocatedthere.TherubnowisQuaoar(pronouncedKWAH-oar),1billionmilesbeyondPlutoandroughlyhalfaslarge.NamedafterthecreationforceofthetribethatoriginallyinhabitedtheLosAngelesbasin,Quaoarforecastsproblemsfortheerstwhileninthplanet,saysdiscovererDr.Brown:“ThecaseisgoingtogetalothardertodefendthedaysomebodyfindssomethinglargerthanPluto,”Tosome,theproblemisnotwithPluto,butthedefinitionof“planet.”Inshort，thereisnone.TotheGreeks,whocoinedtheterm,itmeant“wanderer,”describingthewaythattheplanetsmovedacrossthenightskydifferentlyfromthestarsbehindthem.Today,withourmorenuancedunderstandingoftheuniverse,thewordnolongerhasmuchscientificmeaning.NewYork’sHaydenPlanetariumcausedacommotiontwoyearsagobysupposedlydemotingPluto,lumpingitwiththeKuiperBeltobjectsinitshugemobileofthesolarsystem.Inreality,however,theplanetariumwasmakingamuchbroaderstatement,saysNellDegrasseTyson,anastrophysicistthere.Thetextbooksofthefutureshouldfocusmoreonfamiliesoflikeobjectsthan“planets.”ThediscoveryofQuaoarstrengthensthisidea:“Everyoneneedstorethinkthestructureofoursolarsystem,”hesays.“We’vejuststoppedcountingplanets.’’Still,manyareloathtopartwiththeplanetPluto.TheynotethatPluto,infact,isdistinctfrommanyKuiperBeltobjects.Ithasathinatmosphere,forone.Itreflectsagreatdealoflight,whilemostKuiperBeltobjectsareverydark.AndunlikeallbutahandfulofknownKuiperBeltobjects，ithasamoon.“MaybePluto，then,shouldberepresentativeofanewclassofplanets,”saysMarkSykes,anastronomerattheUniversityofArizonainTucson.“It’sthefirstexample,andwearejustbeginningtofindthiscategory.”1.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?2.FromwhenwasPlutoseriouslyquestionedaboutitsplanetarystatus?3.Thesentence“Inshort，thereisnone.”(Para.7)canbeparaphrasedaswhichofthefollowing?4.WhichofthefollowingdoesnotsupportthestatementthatPlutoisour“solarSystem’soddestplanet”?5.Theword“commotion”intheexpression“NewYork’sHaydenPlanetariumcausedacommotiontwoyearsago”(Para.8)canbereplacedby________.问题1选项A.RockslargerthanPlutohavebeenfoundintheKuiperBelt.B.TheKuiperBeltdidnotexistwhenPlutowasfirstdiscovered.C.TheastronomersaredividedwithregardtothestatusofPluto.D.ThereisalmostnodifferencebetweenPlutoandotherKuiperBeltobjects.问题2选项A.Asearlyas1930.B.Morethanadecadeago.C.WhentheKuiperBeltwasdiscovered.D.WhenQuaoarwasdiscovered.问题3选项A.ThereisnoproblemwithPluto’splanetarystatus.B.ThereisnotmuchdifferencebetweenPlutoandotherplanets.C.Thereisyetnoscientificdefinitionoftheterm“planet.”D.Thereisnocleardistinctionbetweenplanetsandstars.问题4选项A.Itisfarthestfromthesun.B.Itisunusuallysmall.C.Itsorbitistoooval.D.Itmainlyconsistsofdustandice.问题5选项A.exchangeofopinionsB.thoroughinvestigationC.wildimaginationD.agitatedconfusion13.单选题Beforewemove,weshould（

）someoftheoldfurniture,sothatwecanhavemoreroominthenewhouse.问题1选项A.cancelB.concealC.discardD.retain14.单选题Fortyyearsagonoonewasconcernedaboutthehealthoftheocean,inspiteofthefactthatmanyfisherieswerebeingover-harvested,toxicwasteswerebeingdumpedinthesea,anddeveloperswerebeginningtoseriouslydisruptcoastlines.Inthosedays，themagnitudeoftheproblemswassmall,eventhoughitwasobviousthatifthetrendscontinuedpeoplewouldfacesevereeconomicandpersonalhardshipinthefuture.Peoplejustdidn’tunderstand,nordidtheycare.Unfortunatelymanyofourconcernswererealized,butthesituationcouldhavebeenmuchworse,hadwe,andothers，nottakenactiontoinformpeopleabouttheoceanandtheneedtoprotectit.Duringourcampaigntosharethewondersoftheseaandalertthepublicabouttheneedtoprotectit,wehaveusedeverymediumavailable—personalappearances,theprintedword,andtelevision.Nowthereisanewmediumthatisevenmoreeffectivethanitspredecessors.ThankstotheInternetandcomputers,peoplecannotonlyreceivelinearstories,buttheycanactuallyparticipateinthem，exploringandlearningattheirownpaceandastheircuriositydictates.Iamtremendouslyimpressedwiththepersonalizationofwhathadbeenlabeledbyskepticsasthemostimpersonalmediumyetdeveloped.ForthesereasonsIhavemadeamajorcommitmentoftimeandresourcestodiveintothisseaofelectronicmarvels.I’mswimminghardtokeepup,butwhenIlookaroundIfindI’mnotalone.WearealllearningtogetheranditisanadventureIamfindingimmenselyrewarding.Ihavebeenencouragedbyourfirstmodestdunkinginthisnewworld:WerecentlycompletedaCD-ROM,Jean-MichelCousteau’sWorld:CitiesUndertheSea-CoralReefs.AcoupleofmonthsagoIwasinFijitocelebratethe1997InternationalYearoftheReefandpresentedourCitiesundertheSeaCD-ROMtoagroupofchildren.Iwasimpressedtoseehowquicklytheygraspedourconceptsandhowtheydirectedtheirownlearningprocess，thankstotheflexibilityofthemedium.Itwasparticularlyexcitingtoseekidssquealwithdelightastheyrespondedtoquestionsandthecomputerrewardedthemwhentheygotthecorrectanswers.Iwantyoungpeopletoexperiencethemysteryandwonderofouroceans.Iwantthemtounderstandhowpreciousandvulnerableourenvironmentis.Youngpeopleneedtobetaughttotakeresponsibilityforensuringthattheirheritagewillbeprotectedandusedwisely.Hopefullythenextgenerationwilldoabetterjobthanminehas.IbelieveindividualsmustbepersonallyinvolvedandIamcountingontheInternettobethemediumthroughwhichpeoplecanexperience,learn,andtakeactionIamcountingonyoungpeoplewiththeiridealismandenergytocreateabetterfuture—itistooimportanttobelefttobureaucratsandpoliticians.1.Fortyyearsagopeoplewereindifferenttothehealthoftheoceanbecause_________.2.Thelastsentenceofthe2ndparagraphtellsusthatthewriterbelievesthat__________.3.ThewriterwenttoFijito_________.4.Thewriter’sattitudetotheprospectoftheoceanis_________.5.Accordingtothepassage,whoshallwefallbackonforabetterfuturefortheenvironment?问题1选项A.theoceanwasimmunetoanypollutionthenB.theydidn’tknowwhatwouldcomeofiftheoceanwasdeadlydisruptedC.therewasnocomputerthenD.therewasn’tanyproblemwiththeoceanatthattime问题2选项A.thecomputerisassmartashumanbeingsB.thecomputerisfriendlywithhumanbeingsC.humanbeingscaninteractwiththecomputeranddowhattheywantattheirwillD.humanbeingshavenotusedthecomputertoitsfullestadvantage问题3选项A.participateinacelebrationB.teachchildrentherehowtousethecomputerC.makeanadventureintheseaD.spendtheholidayontheseashore问题4选项A.desperateB.unconcernedC.optimisticD.pragmatic问题5选项A.Ourpredecessors.B.Politicians.C.Computers.D.Youngpeople.15.单选题Mutualrespectforterritorial______isoneofthebasesuponwhichourtwocountriesdeveloprelationships.问题1选项A.unityB.integrityC.entirelyD.reliability16.单选题Afterfouryearsinthesamejobhisenthusiasmfinally（

）.问题1选项A.deterioratedB.dispersedC.dissipatedD.drained17.单选题Inhis1976studyofslaveryintheUnitedStates,HerbertGutman,likeFogel，Engerman,andGenovese,hasrightlystressedtheslaves，achievements.Butunlikethesehistorians,Gutmangivesplantationownerslittlecreditfortheseachievements.Rather,GutmanarguesthatonemustlooktotheBlackfamilyandtheslaves’extendedkinshipsystemtounderstandhowcrucialachievements,suchasthemaintenanceofaculturalheritageandthedevelopmentofacommunalconsciousness,werepossible.Hisfindingscompelattention.Gutmanrecreatesthefamilyandextendedkinshipstructuremainlythroughaningenioususeofwhatanyhistorianshoulddrawupon,quantifiabledata,derivedinthiscasemostlyfromplantationbirthregisters.Healsousesaccountsofex-slavestoprobethehumanrealitybehindhisstatistics.Thesesourcesindicatethatthetwo-parenthouseholdpredominatedinslavequartersjustasitdidamongfreedslavesafteremancipation.AlthoughGutmanadmitsthatforcedseparationbysalewasfrequent,heshowsthattheslaves’preference,revealedmostclearlyonplantationswheresalewasinfrequent,wasverymuchforstablemonogamy.InlessconclusivefashionFogel,Engerman,andGenovesehadalreadyindicatedthepredominanceoftwo-parenthouseholds;however,onlyGutmanemphasizesthepreferenceforstablemonogamyandpointsoutwhatstablemonogamymeantfortheslaves’culturalheritage.GutmanarguesconvincinglythatthestabilityoftheBlackfamilyencouragedthetransmissionof—andsowascrucialinsustaining—theBlackheritageoffolklore,music,andreligiousexpressionfromonegenerationtoanother,aheritagethatslaveswerecontinuallyfashioningoutoftheirAfricanandAmericanexperiences.Gutman’sexaminationofotherfacetsofkinshipalsoproducesimportantfindings.Gutmandiscoversthatcousinsrarelymarried,anexogamoustendencythatcontrastedsharplywiththeendogamypracticedbytheplantationowners.Thispreferenceforexogamy,Gutmansuggests,mayhavederivedfromWestAfricanrulesgoverningmarriage,which，thoughtheydifferedfromonetribalgrouptoanother,allinvolvedsomekindofprohibitionagainstunionswithclosekin.Thistabooagainstcousins’marryingisimportant,arguesGutman,becauseitisoneofmanyindicationsofastrongawarenessamongslavesofanextendedkinshipnetwork.Thefactthatdistantlyrelatedkinwouldcareforchildrenseparatedfromtheirfamiliesalsosuggeststhisawareness.Whenbloodrelationshipswerefew,asinnewlycreatedplantationsintheSouthwest,“fictive”kinshiparrangementstooktheirplaceuntilanewpatternofconsanguinitydeveloped.Gutmanpresentsconvincingevidencethatthisextendedkinshipstructure—whichhebelievesdevelopedbythemid-to-lateeighteenthcentury—providedthefoundationsforthestrongcommunalconsciousnessthatexistedamongslaves.Insum,Gutman’sstudyissignificantbecauseitoffersacloselyreasonedandoriginalexplanationofsomeoftheslaves’achievements，onethatcorrectlyemphasizestheresourcesthatslavesthemselvespossessed.1.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingtheresourcesthathistoriansoughttousewouldtheauthorofthepassagebemostlikelytoagree?2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheformationoftheBlackheritageoffolklore,music，andreligiousexpressionisbestsupportedbytheinformationpresentedinthepassage?3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningthemarriagepracticesofplantationownersduringtheperiodofBlackslaveintheUnitedStatescanmostlogicallybeinferredfromtheinformationinthepassage?4.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthepassage?5.Whichofthefollowingisthemostappropriatetitleforthepassagebasedonitscontent?问题1选项A.Historiansoughttomakeuseofwrittenratherthanoralaccounts.B.Historiansshouldrelyprimarilyonbirthregisters.C.Historiansshouldrelyexclusivelyondatathatcanbequantified.D.Historiansoughttomakeuseofdatathatcanbequantified.问题2选项A.Theheritagewasformedprimarilyoutoftheexperiencesofthoseslaveswhoattemptedtopreservethestabilityoftheirfamilies.B.Theheritagewasnotformedoutoftheexperienceofthoseslaveswhomarriedtheircousins.C.TheheritagewasformedmoreoutoftheAfricanthanoutoftheAmericanexperiencesofslaves.D.Theheritagewasnotformedoutoftheexperiencesofonlyasinglegenerationofslaves.问题3选项A.Thesepracticesbegantoaltersometimearoundthemid-eighteenthcentury.B.Thesepracticesvariedmarkedlyfromoneregionofthecountrytoanother.C.Plantationownersusuallybasedtheirchoiceofmarriagepartnersoneconomicconsiderat