2023年考研考博-考博英语-中共中央党校考试历年高频考点真题荟萃带答案

2023年考研考博-考博英语-中共中央党校考试历年高频考点真题荟萃带答案第1卷一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题Thepressureofpopulationonavailableresourcesisthekeytounderstandinghistory;consequently,anyhistoricalwritingthattakesnocognizanceof（）factsis（）flawed.问题1选项A.ecological...marginallyB.rinsicallyC.cultural...substantivelyD.political...demonstratively2.单选题Becauseofalltheattentionwearegivingtoour"bigideas",wemaystartto（）someoftheotherthingsinlifethatareimportant.问题1选项A.losetouchwithB.getintouchwithC.loseourtouchwithD.keepintouchwith3.单选题TheMalaysiangovernmentannouncedinawrittenstatementlastweekthatthepolicytorestructuresociety（）in1970wouldcometoanendbytheendoftheyear.问题1选项A.toformulateB.tobeformulatedC.asformulatedD.soastoformulate4.单选题Inaworldfoodsystemthattheyhavedescribedinthebook,food（）transportedatreasonablecostandproducedanywhereintheworldisactuallyorpotentiallyavailabletoanypersonwiththemeanstopurchaseit.问题1选项A.canbeB.tobeC.thatcanbeD.being5.单选题Hehasawonderfulbrain,despotic,violent,andinexhaustible,meantforasoldier,bywhatchanceconvertedtoletters,（）thereisnotastylenoratintnotknowntohim,yetwithanEnglishappetiteforactionandheroes.问题1选项A.XB.inwhichC.fromwhichD.forwhich6.单选题Ms.Turklecansoundprimly（

）,complainingthatthesightatalocalcafeofpeoplefocusingontheircomputersastheydrinktheircoffeebothersher.问题1选项A.sanctimonyB.sanctityC.sanctimoniousD.sanctuary7.单选题Aroundtheworld,rumblesofcomplaintaboutglobalizationaregrowinglouder.InEastAsia,thefinancialcrisisof1997leftajaundicedsenseofwhatglobalizationentails,thoughrobusteconomicrecoveryhastemperedthat.Globalization’sstandinghasalsobeenbadlydamagedinLatinAmericabythemeltdownoftheArgentineeconomyin2000andfinancialcrisesinBrazilin1999and2001.NewfearsaboutglobalizationaresurfacinginEuropetoo.InFranceandGermany,workingpeoplelinkglobalizationwithpressurestodismantlethesocialdemocraticstate.Thesedevelopmentshaveraisedconcernsaboutthedurabilityofglobalizationevenamongitssupporters.InthefinalsectionofhisnewbookGlobalCapitalism:ItsFailandRiseinthe20thCentury，theHarvardprofessorJeffryFrieden—whoisinfavorofglobalization—ruminatesonthepossibilitythattoday’sglobalization,likethatofthe19thcentury,mightfalter.Itcanbehighlyinstructivetolookbackatwhatsomehistorianscall“thefirstglobalization”.Whenpeopledoso,however,theyoftentendtoidentifyitsendasthebeginningofWorldWarIin1914.Thisiswrong,andleadstomisunderstandingsabouttoday’sglobalization.ThefirstglobalizationendedwiththeWallStreetcrashof1929andtheensuingGreatDepression.Theworld'sresponsetothecrash,however,wasprofoundlyaffectedbythepoliticalconditionsthatWorldWarIhadcreated.IntheUnitedStates,BritainandFrance,thewarcreatedpoliticalandsocialconditionsthatfosteredaturntosocialdemocracy.InGermany,theonerouseconomicburdensofthe1919TreatyofVersaillesfosteredaturntoNazism.Thishistoryhasenormoussignificanceforunderstandingtoday'spredicament.Thefirstlessonisthattheeconomiccrisisof1929—notpolitics—broughtdownthefirstglobalization,suggestingthataneconomiccrisis,andnotpolitics,willbringdowntoday’sglobalization.Thesecondlessonisthatwhilepoliticaldevelopmentsbefore1929didnotcausethecrash,theymatteredenormouslyfortheinternationalresponse.AfterWorldWarI,governmentssubstantiallyrecreatedtheprewareconomicsystem,butthereconstructedsystemdistributedprosperityextremelyunevenly.IntheUnitedStates,wealthandincomeinequalitygrewduringthe"RoaringTwenties".InBritain,theindustrialmidlandsandthenorthsufferedfrompersistentstagnationbecauseofanovervaluedexchangerate.AndprosperitysimplybypassedGermany.Additionally,therewasapopularturntoisolationisminresponsetothecarnagewroughtbythewar.Theglobaleconomicsystemwasthereforeunpopular,andconsequentlyithadfewdefenderswhenthecrashcame.Thatlessonholdsforthecurrentglobalization,whichisalsounpopularandfeared.Afterthefirstglobalizationcrashedbecauseofinherentfinancialfragility,theensuingNewDealeracreatedasystemthatremediedthatfragility.TheNewDealeraalsocreatedasocialdemocratic,mass-consumptioneconomyinwhichincomewasmorebroadlysharedbecauseofunionization,minimumwagesandsocialsecurityprovisions.Butsuchaneconomyisexpensiveforindividualcapitalists,givingthemincentivetoevadeitscosts.Thathasbeenadrivingforcebehindglobalizationsince1980,andthatisthecontradictionintoday’ssystem.1.ThefinancialcriesinBrazilarementionedinthefirstparagraphto（）.2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutJeffryFrieden?3.Whydoestheauthoradvocatelookingbackatthefirstglobalization?4.Whichofthefollowingisthelessonlearntfromthehistoryofthefirstglobalization?5.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat（）.问题1选项A.showthetrendofglobalizationinrecentyearsB.analyzethecausesoffinancialcrisesintheworldC.illustratehowtoresolvefinancialcrisesintheworldD.showpeople’snegativeattitudestowardglobalization问题2选项A.HeisaprofessorinHarvardUniversity.B.Hemightbelievethatthedisadvantagesofglobalizationoutweighitsadvantages.C.HeistheauthorofthebookGlobalCapitalism:ItsFallandRiseinthe20thCenturyD.Hethinksthattoday'sglobalizationmightprobablycrash.问题3选项A.Becauseitcanmakeusidentifytheendofthefirstglobalizationcorrectlyandavoidmisunderstanding.B.BecauseitcanhelpusfindoutthecausesoftheWallStreetcrashof1929.C.BecauseitcanmakeusunderstandwhythewarfosteredaturntosocialdemocracyinBritain,whileaturntoNazisminGermany.D.Becauseitcanhelpusunderstandthecurrentglobalizationandgetsomeinstructiveexperience.问题4选项A.Itistheeconomiccrisisorinherentfinancialfragilitythatmaycontributetothecrashofglobalization.B.InBritain,wealthandincomeinequalitygrewduringthe“RoaringTwenties”，whichmatteredforglobalization.C.AfterWorldWarI,thereconstructedsystemdistributedprosperityextremelyunevenly,whichwasadrivingforcebehindthefirstglobalization.D.Thefirstglobalizationcrashedbecauseofinherentfinancialfragilityandthefollowingsocialdemocratic,mass-consumptioneconomy.问题5选项A.theNewDealcontributedtothecrashofthefirstglobalizationtosomeextent.B.unionization,minimumwagesandsocialsecurityprovisionscanrelievewealthandincomeinequalitytosomeextent.C.individualcapitalistswereoptimisticaboutasocialdemocratic,mass-consumptioneconomyD.since1980,therehasbeenacontroversialtrendaboutglobalization8.单选题TheexistingchildprotectionlawsinChinadoallowforabusiveparents（）oftheircustodyrights,buttheydonotincludedetailsonimplementation.问题1选项A.depriveB.tobedeprivedC.todepriveD.beingdeprived9.翻译题Thereareatleasttwowaysoftalkingaboutcontemporarycosmopolitancultures.Thefirstistosuggestthatcosmopolitanculturesarethedepthlesscommercialpleasuresoftheincreasinglyplacelesscapitalistelite.Inthisview,cosmopolitancultureisalignedwithapostmodernculturethatinvolvesthevisualandsensualpleasuresofglobalcities.Hollywoodcinema,MadonnaCDsandAustralianwine.Thisbuildsuponaprejudiceofcertainaspectsofleftthinkingthatpresumesthatifonemovesoutsidetheboundariesofthenationitisto‘wallowinaprivilegedandirresponsibledetachment’.Suchanotionofcosmopolitanismwouldtieafast-movingplacelesscultureintotheriseofanewmiddleandupperclassofcappuccinodrinkers.Herecosmopolitanismcanbecontrastedwiththemorelocalandnationalculturaldefinitionsthatareavailabletopoorandworkingpeople.Suchaviewsetsupasimplecontrastbetweencosmopolitansandlocals.Cosmopolitanism,onsuchaview,becomestheeverydaycurrencyofglobalcapitalism,whosemostobviouseffectisthereinforcementofsymbolicboundariesbetweensocialclasses.However,thesecondversionofcosmopolitanismhasamoreovertlyethicalvisionthanonemotivatedbythereproductionofclassprejudice.

Suchanotionofcosmopolitanismwouldnotpresumethattheglobe-trottingjournalistsareanymorecosmopolitanintheirorientationsthansomeonewhohasneverleftthecityoftheirbirth.Thisisbecausetoconceiveofcosmopolitanismethicallydetachesitfrommyabilitytoaccessexoticformsofconsumption,whileconnectingitfrommyabilitytolivewithdifferent.Whilecosmopolitanismcanindeedbeconnectedtoformsofculturalopenness,itismorecloselyconnectedtowhatJonathanRutherfordhascalled“theartoflife”thantomanicmobilityorhedonism.TheversionofcosmopolitanismIwishtodefendhasmoretodowithethicsandselfhoodthanexplicitconcernswithideology.

However,itdoesretainasociologicalpointofreferencethroughthemanynewclaimsandagendasthatarebeingopenedbyquestionsconnectedtothemobilityofcultures,multiculturalism,genderandsexuality.Yetthereareanumberofskepticsinthisregard.Forexample,Friedmanhasarguedthatintellectualsandeliteswhowishtotalkofhybridityandcosmopolitanismarelargelywritingfromthe‘particular’viewpointof‘de-territorialized’identities.

ThehybridityandculturalsophisticationofelitegroupsisinsharpdistinctiontotheprocessesofBalkanizationandtrivializationexperiencedatthebottomofthesystem.FriedmanmakesthesepointsagainstculturaltheoristslikeBhabha,whoseworkseekstoemphasizehowallformsofculturalandsymbolicproductionlacktheprimordialunityorfixityclaimedbyculturalnationalists.

Friedman’sviewisthatthisinsightislikelytobeoflittlehelpwhenfacedwithnationalistformsofculturalclosureandviolence.However,BhabhadoespointtoaconnectionbetweenquestionsofidentityandethicsmissedbyFriedman.WhatBhabhadescribesastheuncoveringofthe'contestationandflux’ofidentityhascontributedtothecosmopolitanproject.Manypost-colonialwritersinthisrespectpointtothepartialblindnessofnationalhabitsandtraditions,whichseeonlywhattheywanttosee.

Thediscursivesinofargumentsmadeinrespectofhybridityistopointtothewaycommonidentities(notjustelites)areforgedthroughtheunpredictableflowsofpeoplesandsymbols.10.单选题Lookingathistoryfromouruniqueperspective,we’llnaturally（）thepowerfulexamplesetbytheAmericanRevolution.问题1选项A.remindthatB.beremindedthatC.remindofD.beremindedof11.翻译题

WhenConAgraFoodscametoChinafiveyearsago,thecompanyhadhighhopesandbigworries.Previously,thecompanyenteredtheJapanesemarketandrepeatedlyranintoobstacleslikecommunicationbreakdowns,culturalmisstepsandmisseddeadlines.Whilethosewrinkleswereeventuallystraightenedout，ConAgraknewitcouldnotaffordtomakethesamemistakeinChina.Intentonfindingaguidewhocouldshortentheculturaldistance,JulieWilliams,whowasthenthecompany’shumanresourcesmanagerresponsibleforinternationalorganization,hiredCarlaKearns,founderofTLI-TheMandarinSchool,basedinToronto,toprovideitsexecutiveswithinterculturalbusinesstraining.Ms.KearnsteachescompaniestounderstandthefundamentalvaluesthatWesternandChineseculturesseedifferentlyandthatifignoredcanwreakhavocontheirbottomline.Theyincludeconceptsoftime,hierarchy,individualism,personalrelationshipsandsavingface.WesternexecutivesflyingintoChinaforaweekofback-to-backmeetingsbutgettingnowherewiththeirChinesebusinesspartners?Theymaybeinvestingmoneyinthetrip,butnotsomethingjustasvital:time.RushedschedulesleavenotimeforskillfulnegotiationandcanoffendChinese,whowanttobuildtrustanddeveloprelationships,orguanxi,oftenbysocializingoverdinnersanddrinks.AnotherpitfalliswhenWesternerslayalltheproblemsonthetable,whileChinesewillonlyaddresstwoatanygivenmeetingbecausecriticismorblamewillmakethemlookbadinfrontoftheirpeers.WesternexecutivesassumingtheirbusinesspracticesaresuccessfuliftheirChineseemployeesdon’tobject?Thinkagain.Chinesearetaughttoobeyauthorityandareoftenloathtodisagreewiththeirbosses.Ms.Kearnschargescorporationsabout$5,000foradayoftrainingfor5to100peopleandspeakstobothWesternersandChinese,focusingonthe“coregutreactions”eachaudiencehaswhenfacingculturalobstaclesattheoffice.Parttherapist,motivationalspeakerandmanagementconsultant,Ms.Kearns,whohasworkedacrossEastAsia,beginsbytellingclientslikeConAgratoleavetheirWesternassumptionsathome.“I’mabletoexplaintheseculturalissuestoWesternersbecauseI’vebeenthroughthatfrustration,too,”shesaid.“SomanytimesIseeWesternersgotoChinaandseesomethingdifferentthanwhathappensinNorthAmerica,anditbecomesthisjudgmentandcondemnation.”12.单选题TheSupremeCourtruledlastweekthatagroupofemployeessuingforagediscriminationshouldgettheirdayincourteventhoughtheyfiledtheircomplaintonthewrongform.Thedecisionisnoteworthybecauseitsuggeststhatthiscourtcouldbepullingbackfromwhathasoftenseemedlikeaknee-jerkinclinationtoruleforcorporationsoverworkersandcustomers.Groupofcouriersovertheageof40suedFederalExpress,claimingittriedtopushoutolderworkers.TheissuewaswhethertheysubmittedapropercomplainttotheEqualEmploymentOpportunityCommissionwithinthelegaltimelimit.FedExclaimedthecouriersfiledthewrongform,butthecourtruled,7to2,thatanintakequestionnaireandasignedaffidavit—whichtheE.E.O.C.consideredavalidcomplaint—metits"permissivestandard"forwhatwasacceptable.Itissurprisingandwelcometoseethecourtapplyanysortofpermissivestandard,consideringhowitruledinasimilarcasejustlastyear.Throughatorturedandillogicalreadingofthelaw,thecourtruled,5to4,thataGoodyearemployeemissedthedeadlineforfilingacomplaintthatshewaspaidlessthanmalecolleagues.Thatwasoneofaseriesofrulingsinrecentyearsthatstretchedthelawtocomeoutagainstlittle-guyparties.Inoneegregiousdecisionlastyear,thecourtignoreditsprecedentstoholdthataninmatelosttherighttochallengehismurderconvictionbecausehemissedadeadline—eventhoughhehadfiledtheappealbythedaythefederaldistrictjudge(mistakenly)toldhimto.TheFedExrulingcouldbeanaberration,oritcouldmarkanewdirection.ThejusticesmayhavebeenchastenedbytheenormouscriticismoftheGoodyearrulingfromCongressandthepublic.(TheHousehaspassedabillreversingit,andtheSenatemaysoonfollow.)Theymayalsobereacting—asthecourthasbeenknowntodo—toshiftingpoliticalwinds.Votersinthiselectionyeardonotappeartofavortheblinddeferencetocorporatepowerthathasbeenathemeofthelastsevenyears.Itwouldbeamistaketoreadtoomuchintoonedecision.Thereiscertainlyevidencethecourtwillnoteasilyshakeitsunduesolicitudefortheproblemsofcorporations.Oneexamplecamelastweek,inExxon'schallengetoa$2.5billionpunitivedamagesawardagainstitarisingoutoftheExxonValdezoilspill.ChiefJusticeJohnRoberts,whooncepracticedcorporatelaw,asked,"Sowhatcanacorporationdotoprotectitselfagainstpunitivedamagesawardssuchasthis?"Thecourthasbeenonacampaigntostrikedownlargeawardsofpunitivedamagesagainstcorporations,butthelawyerfortheoilspill'svictims,ProfessorJeffreyFisherofStanfordLawSchool,hadtheanswer:"Itcanhirefitandcompetentpeople."1.Whatcouldbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphofthispassage?2.Inthesecondparagraph,theauthorusestheexampleofFedExcouriers'caseto（）.3.Theword"egregious"inthefourthparagraphmostprobablymeans（）.4.Fromthelasttwoparagraphs,wecandrawtheconclusionthat（）.5.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthecourt'sverdictintheFedExcaseseemstobe（）问题1选项A.TheSupremeCourtseemedlikelytosupporttheemployees.B.Courtsseemedlikelytoruleforcompaniesoverworkersandconsumers.C.Agroupofemployeesfailedontheiraccusationbecausetheyfiledtheircomplaintonthewrongform.D.AgroupofworkersgottheirholidaysfromtheverdictoftheSupremeCourt.问题2选项A.showitissurprisingthatthecourtappliedanysortofpermissivestandardB.expressthatthepublicwelcometheapplicationofanysortofpermissivestandardbythecourt.C.showthatFedExtriedtopushoutoldworkersD.indicatethatthecourthaschangedsomeconventions问题3选项A.extremelybadB.verysimilarC.extravagantD.quitenoticeable问题4选项A.thecourthasbeenonacampaigntoprotectthecorporationsB.thecourthasbeenonacampaigntoverdictforworkersandconsumersC.thecourtwillnoteasilygiveupitssolicitudefortheproblemsofthecompaniesD.thecourtwillstillverdictforthecompaniesregardlessoftheFedExcase问题5选项A.cautiouslyoptimisticB.suspiciousC.dissatisfiedD.indifferent13.单选题Conversely,it（）thatapparentlysimilardomainsmakeradicallydifferentuseofthoseconstituentwordsandhencedemonstrateextremelydifferentcollocationalpatterns.问题1选项A.transpiredB.istranspiredC.maytranspireD.maybetranspired14.单选题Thecorespiritwasthatbusinessesshouldalwaysbepermittedtodevelopanyarea（）profitscouldbefound,and（）thiswasthemostefficientuseofresourcesforaneconomy.问题1选项A.when...whatB.that...whichC.where...thatD.forwhich...where15.单选题Thedesireforfriendshipisalwayswithusbutwedonotalwayshavefriends.Infact,thefirstthingthatourownexperiences,（1）manyofthegreatphilosophers,tellusabouttruefriendshipisthatitisveryrare.Alotofourassociationsseemlikefriendshipsatfirst,onlytoweakenanddisappear（2）.Theselackwhatmightbecalledthe“prerequisites”.Intryingto（3）whattheyare,wemustbeginbyclearlydistinguishingbetweenrelationshipsthatareaccidentalandtemporaryand（4）thatareessentialandenduring.Aristotleoffersussubstantialhelpherebypointingoutthattherearethreekindsoffriendshipbasedonutility,onpleasure,andonvirtue.Thefriendshipofutilityandpleasuregotogetherandare（5）themostcommon.Everyonehasexperiencedthem.Peopleare“friendly”totheirbusinessassociates,neighbors,themembersoftheircarpool,and（6）casualacquaintancesontrains,boatsandairplanes.Thiskindofcivilityis,（7）,aformoffriendship,thefriendshipofutility,ofmutualconvenience.（8）,peopleare“friendly”totheirgolfingpartners,toothersatacocktailparty,andtoacquaintanceswhoentertainthem.Thisisalsoaformoffriendship,thefriendshipof（9）,ofmutualenjoyment.Itcouldbearguedthatthesesortsoffriendshipappeartobebaseduponsomething（10）reciprocalaltruism:wearefriendly（11）becausecooperatingintheofficeismutuallybeneficialintermsof（12）:weliketoshopwithfriendsbecauseitismutuallybeneficialintermsofincreasingthepleasure.Theselowformsoffriendshiparenotnecessarilybad,（13）theyare（14）.Oneoftheirdefects（15）thefactthattheydependonandvarywithcircumstances.Thisiswhytheyquicklyariseandjustasquicklydisappear.（16）,whentheBookofProverbssays,“Afriendlovesatalltimes”,itisreferringto（17）formoffriendshipthatdoesnotdependoncircumstances.Inordertogobeyondtheeffectoftimeandaccident,itmustbebasedontheinherentqualitiesoftheindividualsinvolved.Afriendship（18）cannotbeapassingfriendship.Truefriendship,then,（19）(althoughitoftenincludes)bothutilityandpleasure.ForAristotle,suchafriendshipmustbebasedonagoodmoralcharacter.Onlyinthatwaycanitlast.Further,itmustdevelop（20）,sinceitfirstdependsonfamiliarity,knowledge,andthen—eventually—mutualtrust.问题1选项A.inspiteofB.exceptC.aswellasD.besides问题2选项A.intimeB.ontimeC.innotimeD.atonetime问题3选项A.setdownB.setupC.setonD.setagainst问题4选项A.theseB.thoseC.thingsD.others问题5选项A.indoubtB.nodoubtC.fordoubtD.atdoubt问题6选项A.suchB.theirC.evenD.the问题7选项A.inequaldegreeB.toanextremedegreeC.bydegreesD.tosomedegree问题8选项A.SecondlyB.LikelyC.EventuallyD.Similarly问题9选项A.utilityB.pleasureC.virtueD.trust问题10选项A.ratherthanB.ratherlikeC.suchasD.assuch问题11选项A.inworkB.intheworksC.atworkD.offwork问题12选项A.havingdonethingsB.gettingthingsdoneC.doingthingsD.gettingthingstodo问题13选项A.thoughB.sinceC.butD.therefore问题14选项A.inadequateB.accidentalC.essentialD.temporary问题15选项A.resultsfromB.resultsinC.resultstoD.resultsby问题16选项A.BythesametokenB.ByaccidentC.BycomparisonD.Bycontrast问题17选项A.ahighB.ahigherC.thehighestD.the问题18选项A.havinganchoredB.anchoredC.soanchoringD.soanchored问题19选项A.excludesB.includesC.possessesD.surpasses问题20选项A.quicklyB.slowlyC.moderatelyD.continually16.单选题TheaudiencecheeredasNumberthreehadrowedhimselfoutandwasslumpedoverhisoaratthe（）.问题1选项A.deadlineB.finishedlineC.finishinglineD.finishline17.单选题

Hehadaclearpictureofasadandlonelyman,deeplyconcernedabouthishealthwhichseemedtopromiseonlyafairlyrapiddeclineinto（）.问题1选项A.convalesceB.recoveryC.senilityD.relapse18.单选题Thatthematerialintheadsmaynotbepertinenttotherealissuesthecandidatewillbeaddressingonceinofficeorwhattheymightdoontherealissuestheymightfaceis（）.问题1选项A.atallpointsB.besidethepointC.uptoapointD.tothepoint19.单选题Sellertakestheviewthatwomenwhouncriticallyadoptphilosophicalconceptionsofknowledgemayfindthemselvessaddledwithconsequencesthatare（）theirperceptionsoftheworldandtheirpolitics.问题1选项A.atoddswithB.overtheoddsforC.againstalloddswithD.withintheoddsfor20.单选题Fromtheearliestdecadesofcolonizationtothe20thcentury,Americanshavecelebratedandlargelytakenforgrantedtheseeminglyendlessbountyoftheirland.NotuntiltheearlytwentiethcenturydidasignificantconservationmovementdevelopbeforetheproddingofprofessionalresourcemanagersliketheforesterGiffordPinchot,andpoliticianslikeTheodoreRoosevelt.Themovementwasaresponsetoanevidentdwindlingofknowmineralresources,thedecimationofvirginforests,andadeclineinthefishandgameavailabletosportsmen.Itwasalsoanintegralexpressionofthepoliticalmovementknownasprogressivism,whichstressed,amongotherthings,theuseofgovernmentpower,guidedbyscientificknowledgeanddemocraticprinciples,tosolvenational,social,andeconomicproblems.Theprogressiveconservationistspushedintoexistenceasubstantialbodyoflegislationatstateandnationallevelsthataimedattherationalmanagementofresources.Forthemostpart,however,theselawshadmoreformthansubstance,andinpracticetheexploitationofnaturecontinuedandlargelyunchecked.Bythe1920’sprogressivismhadfadedaway,butitsenthusiasmforscientificmanagementandresearchremainedactiveinthebusinesscommunity.Boththecommitmenttoresourcemanagementresearchbyindustryandtheallocationoffundstoseekoutuntappedresourcesgrewrapidly.Scienceandtechnologylinkedupmorecloselythanbeforetodevisemeansfortheirexploitation.Theamalgamofscience,technology,andbusinessinterestsnotonlyfosteredthecontinuedgrowthofolderindustries,butalsospawnednewindustriesthatfosteredeconomicexpansionatgreatenvironmentalcost.Thedevelopmentofelectricpowerraisedmanufacturingproductivityandthematerialstandardofliving,butalsopollutedtheairthroughthecombustionoffossilfuelsinhugeamounts.Thespreadofautomotivetransportationentailedmobilityandproductivity,butexactedthepriceoflong-termenvironmentalcosts,voraciousenergyconsumption,andexpropriationoflandforrailways.Themultifacetedpetrochemicalindustrylistedamongitsbenefitsbetteragriculturalproductivityfromtheuseofchemicalfertilizersandpesticides,butcontributedheavilytoair,water,andsoilpollution.TheaviationindustrypromotedmobilityandcohesionwithinthenationandhelpedtoendAmericanisolationfromtherestoftheworld,butpromotedanewdimensionofairandnoisepollution,energydemands,andpressureonscarcelandinurbanareasforairports.AmericanurbanizationandindustrializationcontinuedtoacceleratebetweenWorldWarIandthe1970's,withonlyatemporaryslumpinthedepressionera.Demandforiron,steel,coal,oil,gas,water,andfoodrockedaheadduringtheseyears,stimulatedparticularlybytheeconomicgrowthassociatedwithWorldWarII.Bythe1970'stheindustrialmightoftheUnitedStateswasanoverpoweringnationalandglobalreality.Withsixpercentoftheworld'speople,itconsumesannuallysomethirty-fivepercentoftheworld'savailableresources,whilegeneratingproportionateburdensofharmfulwastes.WhileAmericanshavebeenproudoftheirtechnicalandindustrialpreeminence,itwasonlyinthe1950’sthatpersuasiveenvironmentalthinkingbegantoremindthemthatbeinganeconomicsuperpowerisamixedblessingwithprofoundecologicalconsequences.1.TheAmericanshavealwaysbelievedthattheUnitedStates（）.2.ProgressinenvironmentalprotectionintheUnitedStateswouldnothavebeenpossibleifithadnotbeenfor（）.3.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsenvironmentallawsandregulationsintheUnitedStatesis（

）.4.Inparagraph3,theauthortriestoaccountfor（）intheUnitedStates.5.Thelastsentenceofthepassagemeansthat（

）.问题1选项A.hasthelargestlandareaintheworldB.enjoysinexhaustibleresourcesC.isademocracythatiscelebratedbyothercountriesD.willdevelopaconservationmovementbeforetheproddingofprofessionalresourcemanagersandpoliticians问题2选项A.thecommitmentsofkeyprofessionalsandpoliticiansB.hardevidencesofenvironmentaldegradationC.theprevalentpoliticalideologyD.alltheabove问题3选项A.criticalB.misleadingC.positiveD.neutral问题4选项A.thedeclineofprogressivismB.continuedtechnologicalandeconomicadvancesC.worseningecologicalconditionsD.thecontributionsofresourcesinindustrialgrowth问题5选项A.economicprogresshastakenaserioustollonecologyinthe