美国环境保护概论二

fromyourtext,PrinciplesofEnvironmentalScience:InquiryandApplications,3rded.WilliamandMaryAnnCunningham.(NewYork:McGraw-Hill,2006)ChapterTwo:PrinciplesofEcology:Matter,EnergyandLife1ChapterTwoKeyTerms

McGraw-HillCourseGlossaryAcidsAtomBasesBiologicalcommunityBiomassCarboncycleCarnivoresCellularrespirationChemicalcompoundsConservationofmatterConsumersDecomposersEcologyEcosystemEnergyFirstlawofthermodynamicsFoodwebHerbivoresIonsKineticenergyMatterMetabolismMoleculesNitrogencycleOmnivoresOrganiccompoundspHPhotosynthesisPopulationPotentialenergyPrimaryproducersProductivitySecondlawofthermodynamicsSpeciesTropiclevel2ChapterTwo-TopicsPrinciplesofMatter&EnergyTheBuildingBlocksofEarthandLifeSunlight:EnergyforLifeEnergyandMatterandtheEnvironmentBiochemicalCyclesandLifeProcesses3Part1:PrinciplesofMatterandEnergyTounderstandhowecosystemsfunction,itisimportanttofirstknowsomethingabouthowenergyandmatterbehave-intheuniverseandinlivingthings.Itisalsoimportanttounderstandthebasicbuildingblocksoflife,startingwithcellsandorganisms,andproceedingtocommunitiesandpopulations.4EcologyThescientificstudyofrelationshipsbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironmentExaminesthelifehistories,distribution,andbehaviorofindividualspecies,aswellasthestructureandfunctionofnaturalsystemsatthelevelofpopulations,communities,ecosystems,andlandscapesEncouragesustothinkholisticallyaboutinterconnectionsthatmakewholesystemsmorethanjustthesumoftheirindividualpartsExamineshowandwhymaterialscyclebetweenthelivingandnonlivingpartsofourenvironment5MatterandEnergyMatterandenergyareessentialconstituentsofboththeuniverseandlivingorganisms.Matter-everythingthattakesupspaceandhasmassEnergy-thecapacitytodowork6Potentialvs.KineticEnergyPotentialenergy-storedenergythatislatentbutavailableforuseKineticenergy-theenergycontainedinmovingobjectFigure2.1text7EnergyQualityLowQualityEnergy

Diffused,dispersed,orlowintemperatureDifficulttogatheranduseforproductivepurposesExample:heatstoredintheoceansHighQualityEnergyIntense,concentrated,orhighintemperatureUsefulincarryingoutworkExample:high-voltageelectricalenergyManyofourmostcommonenergysourcesarelow-qualityandmustbeconcentratedortransformedintohigh-qualitysourcesbeforetheyareusefultous.8ConservationofMatterUnderordinarycircumstances,matterisneithercreatednordestroyed.Itisrecycledendlessly.

Matteristransformedandcombinedindifferentways,butitdoesn'tdisappear.Everythinggoessomewhere.Theatomsandmoleculesinyourbodyhavepassedthroughmanyotherorganisms,overmillionsofyears.9PropertiesofEnergyEnergycannotberecycled.Energyisreused,butitisconstantlydegradedorlostfromthesystem.Mostenergyusedinecosystemsoriginatesassolarenergy.Greenplantsconvertsomeofthisenergytochemicalenergy,whichisthenconvertedtoheatorkineticenergybytheanimalthateatstheplant.10FirstLawofThermodynamics

Energycannotbecreatedordestroyed,onlychanged

SecondLawofThermodynamicsWitheachsuccessiveenergytransferortransformationinasystem,lessenergyisavailabletodowork.Eventhoughthethetotalamountofenergyremainsthesame,theenergy'sintensityandusefulnessdeteriorate.Thesecondlawrecognizestheprincipleofentropy,thetendencyofallnaturalsystemstomovetowardsastateofincreasingdisorder.LawsofThermodynamics11TheBuildingBlocksofEarthandLifeThebasicunitsofmatterarecalled“elements”,whichcan’tbesubdividedchemicallyintosmallerunits.Elementsmakeupmoleculesandcompounds.ItisimportanttounderstandbasicchemistryinordertounderstandthecriticalroleofchemistryinEnvironmentalScience.12Atoms,Molecules,andCompoundsMostmaterialsubstancescanexistinthreeinterchangeablestates:solid,liquid,orgas.Element-substancethatcannotbebrokendownintosimplersubstancesbyordinarychemicalreactionsAtom-thesmallestparticlethatexhibitsthecharacteristicsofanelementMolecule-acombinationoftwoormoreatomsCompound-amoleculemadeupoftwoormorekindsofatomsheldtogetherbychemicalbonds13Fig.2.314PeriodicTableoftheElements15Justfourelements-carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,andnitrogen-makeupover96%ofthemassofmostorganisms.ElementsandEnvironmentalScience16Ch穴em杰ic济al网B巨on地di娇ngIo者ni还c艳Bo观nd-讽Fo盖rm陷ed省w斑he垫n被on创e会at星om屈g幸iv米es观u透p绒an袍e施le万ct准ro年n贡to摘a残no弊th姑er驴a世to异m.Co旋va程le弓nt石B夺on肆d-彼Fo钻rm抱ed源w解he性n搁tw床o缴or苗m嫩or观e仆at蛙om拔s而sh以ar弄e客el浑ec菊tr尿on捞s.En叶er什gy伤i亚s蚂ne顺ed冬ed变t哗o星br塔ea吉k便ch猴em思ic甚al早b呢on吓ds社.En兽er窝gy慕i邻s教re愧le膀as翻ed激w霞he份n富bo兵nd聋s僻ar痰e大fo刃rm职ed疑.17Fi太g.洞2码.418Ac援id强s渔an西d铸Ba悠se短sAc眯id酱sar返e说co继mp因ou言nd杆s症th滤at稼r借ea头di钟ly仆r做el匆ea栋se刊h蓄yd必ro犬ge着n先io窗ns易(蜘H+)警in元w笨at震er裳.Ba拜se的sar亮e逃su侄bs独ta挡nc勺es投t闪ha脾t防re怕ad相il绕y困ta业ke占u药p刺h镇yd端ro观ge殿n奴io阶ns库(麻H+)眠an攻d怨re氧le女as许e妻hy咬dr组ox枣id贫e尚io佣ns闹(浊OH-)植in鬼s之ol纹ut客io铺n.St计re间ng靠th树m列ea韵su督re防d版by叉c俱on扣ce扑nt趟ra挪ti爪on瓶o坝f惰H+.pH络s寺ca辈le0-锁1419Fi凑g.笔2乌.520Wa浮te侨r灯Mo钢le眼cu宝le21Wa跪te浇r:苦A谎U歇ni掌qu风e乐Co益mp放ou热ndSi陪xt惠y园to倡7剃0禁pe圾rc擦en怎t块of使t撕he晚w祖ei饰gh叉t竞of唯l得iv蜂in阳g谨or罚ga间ni摆sm玻sMe肾di住um房诚i傻n信wh链ic柿h旁al伶l葡of吧l咬if父e'推s皮ch企em旅ic寸al董r仓ea诱ct亦io辱ns爆o苦cc委urGo血od独e驶le泉ct躬ri到ca击l慨co牢nd粥uc菜to声rHi赠gh替es耐t滔su肆rf纪ac名e饲te汉ns既io寄n熟of痕a趴ny僚c壶om茂mo帮n,帐n惯at抢ur领al唱l衡iq伶ui妄dLi摧qu延id裹o泊ve铺r袜a伤wi寨de挽t临em股pe勾ra沉tu扛re梯r身an黑geEx椅pa槽nd容s鸣wh音en康i藏t吼cr没ys核ta占ll泥iz剩es刘,饥un辩li胆ke小m飞os润t冷su强bs叨ta画nc垦esHi扩gh闸h我ea谱t幻玉of节v福ap街or良iz糖at投io赤nHi机gh子s千pe凶ci汇fi删c粉he猎at2223Ce早ll湿s:庭T循he派F命un婚da他me蕉nt懂al绘U哥ni跃ts恒o响f川Li首feMi肠cr伪os肺co于pi茅c皆or目ga稼ni卷sm泉s,裁s滚uc级h烦as混b争ac烧te借ri砖a劫an沟d首pr悲ot泼oz银oa哭,毙ar抵e逝co娃mp转os肯ed掠o婚f暮si氧ng住le辞c细el普ls逼.Th沉e紧hu盛ma墨n屯bo责dy访c召on辩ta歇in没s叙se赌ve概ra选l袖tr惧il怒li鸡on兵c谢el膝ls朗o蓝f饶ab佩ou辱t陡tw悦o药hu差nd恐re绒d数di舰st全in贴ct展t泪yp狂es良.En阅zy劫me悼s–萝ca哗ta兼ly划st赢s美th橡at箱s肢pe子ed珠u惠p勤th扒e煎ra射te怀o膝f营ch陈em法ic漂al瓜r洲ea搏ct盲io缸ns玩i哄n奏li阀vi炎ng惯s朴ys摩te佛msMe川ta绕bo达li坊sm-查al匀l丹th艘e衔en榴er沫gy价a金nd吉m数at元te幕r篮ex燥ch闹an猜ge急s浴th雷at叫o太cc甲ur味w猎it闹hi精n筹a碌li愁vi蛋ng乖c征el绵l渠or统o策rg丑an朱is恨m24Th目e累wa院ve达le己ng猎th跳s税of士v忌is生ib激leli余gh络t沾dr辨iv比e陶ph嚼ot烂os速yn夜th烧es转is允.Th提e各El得ec场tr值om辉ag昌ne食ti载c鼻Sp榆ec蹲tr浆um25Ph界ot四os厚yn抵th咬es辰is26Li虚gh梢t溜an石d份Da槐rk边R葱ea准ct股io玩ns挤o蚕f糕Ph辨ot朵os皆yn青th凭es缺is27En新er嗽gy个E趋xc恢ha笼ng品e久in航a住n滥Ec成os惕ys唐te忽m28Or吸ga腾ni奏sm即(固sp泄ec绘ie巡寿s)Po竹pu我la进ti色onBi镰ol驾og继ic吉alCo级mm肉un旺it屯yEc立os唱ys盏te阀mBi持os渠ph吨er死eEn飘er介gy健&页M毅at改te铺r捧in解t判he绳E提nv啦ir胀on沟me柔nt29Fo泰od各W巩eb志:新Cr拦os挑s-核co雨nn检ec甜te响d喝Fo膏od馆C俯ha欠in蹈s3031Mo独st排e万ne丛rg慌y恰in果m晌os孩t