考研国际贸易第2章模型

Assignmentforchapter1Thefollowingtableshowsthenumbersofdaysoflaborrequiredtoproduce1unitofoutputofcomputersandwheatinFranceandGermany:computerswheatFrance100days4daysGermany60days3daysCalculatethepretradepriceratios.Whichcountryhasacomparativeadvantageincomputers?Why?Whichhasacomparativeadvantageinwheat?Why?Ifthetermsoftradeare1computer:22wheat,howmanydaysoflabordoesFrancesaveperunitofitsimportgoodbyengagingintrade?HowmanydaysdoesGermanysaveperunitofitsimportgood?WhatcanbesaidaboutthecomparativedistributionofthegainsfromtradebetweenFranceandGermany?Why?Chapter2Thestandardtheoryofinternationaltrade

新古典国际贸易理论：标准贸易模型MaincontentsofneoclassicaltradetheoryThestandardtheoryofinternationaltradeOffercurvesandthetermsoftradeFactorendowmentstheoryTheEmpiricaltestsoftheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel

1Thestandardtheoryofinternationaltrade

（标准贸易模型）1)BasicconceptsATheproductionpossibilitiesfrontierwithincreasingcosts.机会成本递增Increasingopportunitycosts:thenationmustgiveupmoreandmoreofonecommunitytoreleasejustenoughresourcestoproduceeachadditionalunitofanothercommodity.Figure；MRT（themarginalrateoftransformation）BCommunityindifferencecurvesShowsthevariouscombinationsoftwocommoditiesthatyieldequalsatisfactiontothecommunityornation.Figure.（MRS）TheMarginalrateofsubstitution2）封闭和开放经济下的一般均衡

A.EquilibriuminIsolationFigure.Theequilibriumrelativecommoditypriceinisolationisgivenbytheslopeofthecommontangenttothenation’sproductionfrontierandindifferencecurveattheautarkypointofproductionandconsumption.I1PX/PYE商品Xx10商品Yy1图2-2封闭经济下的一般均衡B.开放经济下的一般均衡

EquilibriuminopeneconomyFigureE’(PX/PY)2FC’I1E商品X0商品Yy2y1y3x1x2(PX/PY)1I2图2-.3开放经济下的一般均衡x3

3）贸易利益ThebasisforandthegainsfromtradewithincreasingcostsFigure.Theequilibriumrelativepricewithtrade.Thegainsfromexchangeandfromspecialization.(figure)CC’图2-4消费利益与生产利益E’(PX/PY)2I1E商品X0商品YAˊA(PX/PY)1I2I1ˊBˊB2提供曲线与贸易条件Offercurveandthetermsoftrade1）TheoryofreciprocalDemand

相互需求原理,约翰穆勒JohnStuartMill(1806-1873),《政治经济学原理》theactualpriceatwhichtradetakesplacedependsonthetradingpartner’sinteractingdemands.商品Y10201510商品X德国不交换区X/Y英国不交换区X/Y0图2-7相互需求原理结论：在由比较利益决定的两国交换比例上下限内，实际的、唯一的均衡贸易条件是由两国对于各自交易对手的商品的需求强度所决定的。2）OfferCurve提供曲线(orreciprocaldemandcurves)Marshall马歇尔Theoffercurveofanationshowshowmuchofitsimportcommoditythenationdemandsforittobewillingtosupplyvariousamountsofitsexportcommodity.表示一国在不同的相对价格下愿意进口与出口的商品数量。

1)Derivationandshapeoftheoffercurve2)Theequilibriumrelativecommoditypricewithtrade

国际相对价格的确定

figure.PB0BXPFHECFAGY图2-8A国提供曲线的推导0XPBHEY图2-9A国提供曲线PFPETEX0Y00XYBA图2-10均衡贸易条件的决定SRB图2-11均衡的恢复Y1X1X0X2T′TEY2Y00XYA3）ThetermsoftradeTradeterms贸易条件--definedastheratioofthepriceofitsexportcommoditytothepriceofitsimportcommodity.Termsoftrade=(exportpriceindex/importpriceindex)100

Commoditytermsoftrade

商品贸易条件

T=Px/Pm*100Px—出口产品的价格指数

Pm—进口产品的价格指数

T>100,TOT改善

T<100,TOT恶化etermsoftrade

收入贸易条件

I=Px/Pm*QxI>100,TOT改善

I<100,T