职称英语卫生类a级模拟41

职称英语卫生类A级模拟41

第1部分：词汇选项

1、Themusicwasalittleloud,butexceptthatitwasagreatconcert.

A.betterthanB.morethanC.otherthanD.rather

than

2、Foreignmilitaryaidwasprolongingthewar.

A.broadeningB.worseningC.extendingD.accelerating

3、WhatmakesamajorsuccessinLosAngelesisthestrengthofhispublicsupport.

A.concentrationB.intensityC.conservationD.stress

4、Itseemshighlyunlikelythatshewillpasstheexam.

A.veryB.completely

C.usuallyD.mostly

5、Thehigh-speedtrainscanhaveamajorimpactontravelpreferences.

A.influence

B.force

C.surprise

D,power

6、Heisahumorousman,especiallyhisexpressioninhisface.

A.rationallyB.obviouslyC.

particularlyD.traditionally

7、Gunpowderwasusedextensivelyinfirearmspriorto1990.

A.inB.around

C.fromD.before

8、Iamalwaysconsciousofmyownshortcomings.

A.awareB.ashamedC.anxiousD.surprised

9、Helackedthestrengthtodealwithalltheseproblems.

A.thinkofB.talkabout

C.copydownD.copewith

10>Agreatdealhasbeendonetobetterthesituation.

A.changeB.improveC.assessD.

harm

11>EverydayTomhadnothingtodobutpassawaytime.

A.catchupwithB.waste

C.killD.save

12、Theyhadafarbetteryieldthananyotherfarmmilesawayaroundthis

year.

A.goodsB.soilC.climateD.harvest

13>WederiveinformationmainlyfromtheInternet.

A.depriveB.obtainC.descendD.

trace

14>ThisplayissoboringthatIfeelabitsleepy.

A.interestingB.excitingC.lazyD.

dull

15>Theconstructionoftherailwayissaidtohavebeenterminated.

A.resumedB.putanendtoC.suspendedD.

re-scheduled

第2部分：阅读判断

UsingHIVVirustoCureCancer

Scientistsareplanningtousehumanimmunodeficiency（免疫缺陷）virus（HIV）,

oneofmankind1smostfearedviruses,asacarrierofgeneswhichcanfight

cancerandarangeofdiseasesthatcannotbecured.TheexpertssayHIVhas

analmostperfectabilitytoavoidthebody*simmune（免疫的）defenses,making

itidealforcarryingreplacementgenesintopatients1bodies,accordingto

theObserver.

AteamattheCalifornia-basedSalkInstitutezoneoftheworld'sleading

researchcentersonbiologicalsciences,hascreatedaspecialnewbreedof

HIVandhasstartednegotiationswiththeU.S.FoodandDrugAdministration

（FDA.tobeginclinicalgenetherapy（治疗）trialsthisyear.Thefirsttrials

areexpectedtoinvolvepatientssufferingfromcancersthatcannotbecured

bysurgeryalthoughprojectleaderProfessorInderVermasaidtheHIVtechnique

wouldhave"farwiderapplications".

Theplanremainsverylikelytocausecontroversysinceitinvolvesmaking

useofaviruswhichhascausedmorethan22milliondeathsaroundtheworld

inthepasttwodecades.VermasaidthattheideaofusingHIVforabeneficial

purposewas"shocking"butthefiercenatureofHIVhaddisappearedbyhaving

allsixofthepotentiallydeadlygenesremoved.

Illnessessuchasvariouscancersarecausedwhenageneinapatient1s

bodyfailstoworkproperly.Inthepasttwoyears,breakthroughsingenetics

（遗传学）haveledgenetherapyscientiststotryandreplacethegenesthat

donotfunctionnormally.

Unfortunately,thebody*simmunedefenseshavebeenknowntoattackthe

modifiedgenesandmakethemlosetheireffectsbeforetheycanstarttheir

taskandprogressinthefieldhasbeenheldupbythelackofasuitable

carrier.

TheHIVvirushastheabilitytoescapefrom,andthendestroy,theimmune

defensecellsdesignedtoprotectourbodiesandthismakesitattractive

toscientistsasawayofsecretlyconveyingreplacementgenesintopatients1

bodies.

16、FDAhasapprovedtheplanofusingHIVtocurecancerinhumans.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

17>TheideaofusingHIVforabeneficialpurposehasbeenwidelyaccepted.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

18>HIVcanbesafelyusedtocurecanceronlyifthedeadlygeneshavebeen

removed.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

19、TheHIVvirusisanexcellentwarriortofightthebody*simmunecells.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

20、Othercountriesarealsoexpectedtobeginclinicalgenetherapytrials

soon.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

21>Itisthelackofmoneythathashelduptheprogressinusingreplacement

genestocurecancer.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

22、TheHIVvirushascausedmoredeathsindevelopedcountries.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

第3部分：概括大意与完成句子

A.sellfleshvegetables

B.sellasmuchaspossible

C.offeravarietyofpreparedmeals

D.turnthemintosoup

E.fillagapinthemarket

F.promotehersoups

23、BobandClaraDarlingtonestablishedashopto.

24、Apartfromqualityfruitandvegetables,thecouple

25、Insteadofthrowingthedamagedvegetablesaway,thecouple

26、ClaraspentmuchofthesummergoingtoLondonto•

A.UndeniableMir*sachievements

B.RewardsfollowingtheU.S.financialinjection

C.Mir*sproblemyear

D.Mirregardedasacompletefailure

E.Mir*sfirstsinscientificexperimentsandspaceexploration

F.AgreatdebtownedtotheInternationalSpaceStation

27、Paragraph4_______

28>Paragraph5_______

29、Paragraph6_______

30、Paragraph8_______

第4部分：阅读理解

弟扁

ImmuneFunctions

Theimmunesystemisequalincomplexitytothecombinedintricaciesof

thebrainandnervoussystem.Thesuccessoftheimmunesystemindefending

thebodyreliesonadynamicregulatorycommunicationnetworkconsistingof

millionsandmillionsofcells.Organizedintosetsandsubsetszthesecells

passinformationbackandforthlikecloudsofbeesflyingaroundahive（蜂

巢）.Theresultisasensitivesystemofchecksandbalancesthatproduces

animmuneresponsethatispromptzappropriateeffective,andself-limiting.

Attheheartoftheimmunesystemistheabilitytodistinguishbetween

selfandnoself.Whenimmunedefendersencountercellsororganismscarrying

foreignornonselfmolecules,theimmunetroopsmovequicklytoeliminatethe

intruders（入侵者）.Virtuallyeverybodycellcarriesdistinctivemolecules

thatidentifyitasself.Thebody1simmunedefensesdonotnormallyattack

tissuesthatcarryaselfmarker.Rather,immunecellsandotherbodycells

coexistpeaceablyinsstateknownasself-toler-ance.Whenanormally

functioningimmunesystemattacksanonselfmolecule,thesystemhastheability

to"remember"thespecificsoftheforeignbody.Uponsubsequentencounters

withthesamespeciesofmoleculesztheimmunesystemreactsaccordingly.

Withthepossibleexceptionofantibodies（抗体）passedduringlactation（哺

乳期］）,thissocalledimmunesystemmemoryisnotinherited.Despitethe

occurrenceofavirusinyourfamily,yourimmunesystemmust11learn11from

experiencewiththemanymillionsofdistinctivenonselfmoleculesinthe

seaofmicrobes（微生物）inwhichwelive.Learningentailsproducingthe

appropriatemoleculesandcellstomatchupwithandcounteracteachnonself

invader.

Anysubstancecapableoftriggeringanimmuneresponseiscalledan

antigen（抗原）.Antigensarenottobeconfusedwithallergens（过敏原）,which

aremostoftenharmlesssubstancesthatprovoketheimmunesystemtosetoff

theinappropriateandharmfulresponseknownasallergy.Anantigencanbe

avirus,abacteriumorevenaportionorproductofoneoftheseorganisms.

Tissuesorcellsfromanotherindividualalsoactasantigens/becausethe

immunesystemrecognizestransplantedtissuesasforeign,itrejectsthem.

Thebodywillevenrejectnourishingproteinsunlesstheyarefirstbrokendown

bythedigestivesystemintotheirprimary,nonantigenicbuildingblocks.

Anantigenannouncesitsforeignnessbymeansofintricateandcharacteristic

shapescalledepitopes（抗原表位）zwhichprotrude（突出）fromitssurface.Most

antigens,eventhesimplestmicrobes,carryseveraldifferentkindsofepitopes

ontheirsurface；somemayevencarryseveralhundreds.Someepitopeswill

bemoreeffectivethanothersatstimulatinganimmuneresponse.Onlyinabnormal

situationdoestheimmunesystemwronglyidentifyselfasnonselfandexecute

amisdirectedimmuneattack.

31>Whatisusedtodescribethecommunicationnetworkconsistingofcells

intheimmunesystem?

A.Theimmunesystem1smemory.

B.Immunetroopseliminatingintruders.

C.Beesflyingaroundahive.

D.Aseaofmicrobes.

32、Theimmunecellsandothercellsinthebodycoexistpeaceablyinastate

knownas

A.self-tolerance

B.balance

C.harmony

D.tolerance

33、HowdotheimmunecellsrecognizeanantigenasforeignHor"nonself11?

A.Throughanallergicresponse.

B.Throughbloodtype.

C.Throughcharacteristicshapesontheantigensurface.

D.Throughfinehairsprotrudingfromtheantigensurface.

34、Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

A.Allergensareusuallyharmfulsubstances.

B.Antigenscantriggeranimmuneresponse.

C.Peoplewithantigensdonotsufferfromobviousresponses.

D.Thereisnodifferencebetweenanantigenandanallergen.

35、Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofthispassage?

A.Anantigenisanysubstancethattriggersanimmuneresponse.

B.Oneoftheimmunesystem'sprimaryfunctionsistheallergicresponse.

C.Thehumanbodyisanappropriatehabitatformicrobes.

D.Thebasicfunctionoftheimmunesystemistodistinguishbetweenself

andnonself

弟一扁

ElectronicTeaching

Thepotentialofclosed-circuittelevisionandothernewelectronic

leachingtoolsissogreatthatitisfascinatingtovisualize11theschool

oftomorrow".

Televisedlessonswilloriginatefromacentralbuildinghavingperhaps

fourorfivemasterstudios.Thelessonswillbecarriedintoclassroomsall

overacity,orevenanentirecountry.

Afteratelevisedlessonhasbeengiven,theclassroomteacherwilltake

overfortireal1-importantnfollow-up"period.Thestudentswillaskany

troublesomequestionszanddifficultpointswillbeclearedupthrough

discussion.

Theteacherintheclassroomwillhaveadditionalelectronictools.On

theteacher1sdesk,thetraditionalchalkanderaserswillhavebeenreplaced

byamultiple-controlpanelandmagnetictapeplayers.Thetapemachineswill

runpre-recordedlessonswhichpupilswillfollowbyheadphones.Thelessons

willbespecificallygearedtothestudents1levelsofability.Forinstance,

whiletheclassasawholestudieshistory,eachstudentwillreceivean

individualhistorylesson,directedtohisparticularlevelofability.

Shouldquestionarise,thestudentswillbeabletotalkdirectlytothe

teacheronindividualintercomswithoutdisturbingtherestoftheclass.

Inthisway,theteacherwillheabletoconductasmanyasthreeclasses

atthesametime.

Withtherapiddevelopmentofcomputerscience,studentswillbeaided

withspeciallypreparedmulti-mediasoftwaretostudytheirsubjectsbetter.

Homeworkwillpossiblybeassignedandhandedinviaelectronicmailsystem.

Studentscaneventakeexaminationsontheircomputerlinkedwiththeteachers

andgetthescoreinstantly.Theywillgetcertificatesordiplomasifthey

passalltherequiredexaminations.Expertsbelievethatthistypeofeducation

willbeverypopularintheyearsahead.

36、Lessonsbroadcastbytelevisionwillcomefrom

A.theschooloftomorrow

B.classrooms

C.bigbuildings

D・masterstudios

37、Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthefunctionoftheteacherin

theteachingprocessistrue?

A.Theteacherwillnotneedtobeinvolved.

B.Theteacherwillstillhavetoplayanimportantrole.

C.Theteacherwillonlyneedtopressbuttons.

D.Theteacherwillbecompletelyreplacedbyelectronictools.

38、Whenhavinglessonszthestudentswill.

A.alwayslistentothesamepre-recordedlessonstogether

B.usuallyhaveindividuallessonsaccordingtotheirabilitylevels

C.controlthemultiple-controlpanelandmagnetictapeplayers

D.receiveface-to-faceinstructionsfromtheteacherinthesameclassroom

39、Iftherearequestionszthestudentswill.

A.talktotheteacherthrough"intercomsn

B.raisetheirhandsandwaitfortheanswer

C.discussthemwiththerestoftheclass

D.solvetheproblemsallbythemselves

40、Computerteachingwillhelpthestudyinthefollowingwaysexceptthat

A.teacherscangiveandcollecthomeworkusingelectronicmailsystem

B.examinationscanbeconductedoncomputersbetterthanonpaper

C.testscorescanbeobtainedsoonafterthetestistaken

D.certificatesordiplomasarerequiredifthestudentswanttopassthe

tests

—^桐

AcceptanceofChronicIllness

Forchronicallyillpatientszgivingupthehopethattheywillgetbetter

mayactuallyleadtomorehappinesszU.S.researcherssuggest.

"Hopeisanimportantpartofhappinesszbutthere*sadarksideofhope.

Sometimes,ifhopemakespeopleputoffgettingonwiththeirlife,itcan

getinthewayofhappiness,"Dr.PeterA.UbelfromtheUniversityofMichigan

HealthSystemsaidinauniversitynewsrelease.

Heandhiscolleaguesstudiedpatientswho1djusthadacolostomy（结

肠造口术）,whichmeanstheircolons（结月勿）wereremovedandtheyhadtohave

howel（肠）movementsinapouch（小袋）outsidethebody.Atthetimeofthe

surgery,somepatientsweretoldtheprocedurewasreversibleandthey1dhave

asecondoperationinafewmonthstoreconnecttheirbowels.Otherpatients

weretoldthecolostomywaspermanent.

Thepatientswerefollowedforsixmonths,andtheresearchersfoundthat

thosewithouthopeofregainingnormalbowelfunctionwerehappierthanthose

withreversiblecolostomies.

"Wethinktheywerehappierbecausetheygotonwiththeirlife.They

realizedthecardstheyweredealt,andrecognizedthattheyhadnochoice

buttoplaywiththosecards,'*Ubelsaid."Theothergroupwaswaitingfor

theircolostomytobereversed.Theycontrastedtheircurrentlifewiththe

lifetheyhopedtolead,anddidn11makethebestoftheircurrentsituation.

（I

Thestudy,publishedintheNovembereditionofHealthPsychology,also

mayexplainwhypeoplewhosespousediesoftenrecoverbetteremotionally

overtimethanthosewhogetdivorced,theresearcherssaid.

That1sbecausepeoplewhosehusbandorwifedieshaveclosure（结束）,

whilethosewhogetdivorcedmaystillhavehopeforsomechanceofmaking

up,theyexplained.

41>Chronicallyillpatientsmaybehappier

A.iftheykeepthinkingoftheirpast.

B.iftheybelievethey,11recover.

C.iftheyputoffmovingon.

D.iftheymanagetogetonwiththeirlife.

42、Whathadhappenedtothepatientsunderstudy?

A.Theyhadjustsurvivedanaccident.

B.Theyhadjusthadanoperation.

C.Theyhadjustinjuredtheircolons.

D.Theyhadjustmadesomepouches.

43、Onegroupofthepatientswashappierbecause

A.theymadethebestoftheircurrentsituation.

B.theyweregoodatplayingcards.

C.theyregainednormalbowelfunction.

D.theywerepromisedanotheroperation.

44、Theothergroupwasnotashappybecause

A.theyacceptedtheircurrentsituation.

B.theywereanxioustogetbetter.

C.theymissedtheirpreviouslife.

D.theyrefusedtoplaycards.

45、Whatcouldbethemessageofthepassage?

A.Givinguphopemeansgivinguphappiness.

B.Lettinggoofhopeisattimesabetterchoice.

C.Hopeiswhatmakespeoplemoveon.

D.Hopefrequentlygetsinthewayofhappiness.

第5部分：补全对话

LoweringtheRiskofHeartDisease

LikemillionsofotherAmericans,工comefromafamilywithahistoryof

heartdisease.Myfatherhadhisfirstthreeheartattackswhenhewasonly

thirty-one46Igrewupwithheartdisease.Itwasthere,butIdidn1t

takeitseriously.

WhenIwasthirty-one,mybloodcholesterol（胆固醇）levelwasmeasured

forthefirsttime.Itwas311mg/dlzthedoctortoldme—anextremelyhigh

levelthatputmeataveryhighriskofheartdisease,especiallywithmy

familyhistory.HesentmetotheNationalInstitutesofHealth（NIH）tobe

screenedforparticipationinaclinicaltrial47AtNIH,physicians

explainedthedegreeofriskassociatedwithmybloodcholesterolleveland

thenatureoftheexperiment.Thistestinvolvesputtingatubethrougha

legartery（动脉）uptotheheart.48Learningabouttherisksoftheexperiment

aswellastheriskassociatedwithmyraisedbloodcholesterollevelscared

thelifeoutofme.AlthoughIwasexcludedfromparticipatinginthestudy,

theexperiencemaywellhavesavedmylife.

Forthefirsttime,Ibegantorealizetheseriousnessofhighblood

cholesterol49ButequallyimportantzIgotatasteofwhatitislike

tobeapatient,tohavetestsdoneonmeandtothinkofmyselfassick.

Thiswashardtotake.

Thisexperiencetaughtmetwolifesavinglessons.FirstzalthoughIfelt

fitandstrong,Iwasactuallyathighriskforheartdiseasebecauseofmy

highbloodcholesterollevel.Andwithmyfamilyhistory,itcouldnotbe

ignored.50

A.Thedeathrateforthetestwasonly1in100,Iwasassured.

B.Second,Icouldlowermybloodcholesterollevelsimplybychangingwhat

Iate.

C.Iwasthreeyearsoldatthattime.

D.Thereisnotenoughoxygenintheblood.

E.Itwasaheartattackjustwaitingtohappen.

F.Thetrialwasdesignedtotesttheeffectofloweringbloodcholesterol

ontheriskofheartdisease.

第6部分：完形填空

BetterControlofTB

SeenIfaFasterCureIsFound

TheWorldHealthOrganizationestimatesthataboutone-thirdofallpeople

areinfectedwithbacteriathatcausetuberculosis.Mosttimesztheinfection

remainsinactive.Buteachyearabouteightmillionpeopledevelopactive

casesofTBZusuallyintheir51.Twomillionpeopledie52it.Thedisease

has53withthespreadofAIDSanddrug-resistantformsoftuberculosis.

Currenttreatmentstakeatleastsixmonths.Patientshaveto54a

combinationofseveralantibioticdrugsdaily.Butmanypeoplestop65they

feelbetter.Doingthatcan55toaninfectionthatresiststreatment.Public

healthexpertsagreethatafaster-actingcurefortuberculosiswouldbemore

effective.Nowastudyestimatesjusthow56itmightbe.Aprofessorof

internationalhealthatHarvardUniversityledthestudy.JoshuaSalomonsays

ashortertreatmentprogramwouldlikelymeannotjustmorepatients57.

Itwouldalsomean58infectiouspatientswhocanpassontheirinfection

toothers.

Theresearchersdevelopedamathematicalmodeltoexaminetheeffectsof

atwo-monthtreatmentplan.They59themodelwithcurrentTBconditionsin

SoutheastAsia.Thescientistsfoundthatatwo-monthtreatmentcouldprevent

abouttwentypercentofnewcases.Anditmight60abouttwenty-fivepercent

ofTBdeaths.Themodelshowsthatthese61wou1dtakeplacebetweentwothousand

twelve