英语阅读完型匹配语法短改练习

2. 3. 4. 5. ❶Anycaraccidentisfrightening,butanaccidentinwhichyourvehicleisthrownintothewater,withyoutrappedinside,isabsoluyterrifying.1However,ostdeathsresultfrompanic,withoutanorunderstandingwhatishappeningtothecarinthewater.Byadoptingabrace(支撑positionactingdecisivelyandgettingoutfast，youcansaveyourselffromasinkingvehicle.Braceyourselfforimpact(撞击力)．Assoonasyou'reawarethatyou'regoingofftheroadandintoabodyofwater，adoptabraceposition.Theimpactcouldsetofftheairbagsysteminyourvehicle，soyoushouldcebothhandsonthesteeringwheelinthe“tenandtwo”position.Undoyourseatbelt. Unbucklethechildren，startingwiththeoldestfirst.Forgetthecall.Yourcarisn'tgoingtowaitforyoutomakethe3Leavethedooraloneatthisstageandconcentrateonthewindow.Acar'selectricalsystemshouldworkforuptothreeminutesinwater，sotrythemethodofopeningitelectronicallyfirst.Manypeopledon'tthinkaboutthewindowasanescapeoptioneitherbecauseofpanicormisinformationaboutdoorsandsinking.Breakthewindow.Ifyouaren'tabletoopenthewindow，oritonlyopenshalfway，you'llneedtobreakitwithanobjectoryourfoot.Itmayfeelcounter­intuitive(有悖常理的)toletwaterintothecar.4 Escapewhenthecarhasequalized.Ifithasreachedthedramaticstagewherethecarcabinhasbeenfilledwithwaterandithas ebalanced，youmustmovequicklyandeffectivelytoensureyoursurvival.5Whilethereisstillairinthecar，takeslow，deepbreathsandfocusonwhatyou'reng.Openthewindowassoonasyouhitthewater.B．Survivingasinkingcarisnotasdifficultasyouthink.Ittakes60to120secondsforacartofillupwithwaterSuchaccidentsareparticularlydangeroustotheriskofInconclusion，ifyouknowwhattodointhewater，youwillbeThisisthefirstthingtoattendto，yetitoftengetsforgottenintheButthesoonerthewindowisopen，thesooneryoucanescapedirectly❷Nuclearenergyhasalwaysbeencontroversial.ButsincethetsunamiandnucleardisasterinFukushima(Japan)in2011,theissueisbackintheheadlines.Andtheworldisdivided—somecountriesarenningmorenuclearnts,whileothershavepromisedtoshuttheirsdown.AfterFukushima,Germanydecidedtoswitchoffallitsnuclearntsby1Infact,almost80%ofFrance'selectricitycomesfromnuclearpower,thehighestpercentageintheworld.AndintheUS,theObamaadministrationsaidit“continuestosupporttheexpansionofnuclearpower,despitethecrisisinJapan.”Nuclearsupportersclaimnuclearpowercanhelptheenvironment.2So,pro­nuclearcountriesarguethatnuclearpowerallowsthemtogenerateenergywithoutcontributingtoclimatechange.Britain'schiefscientificadviser(JohnBeddington)supportsthisview.Nuclearpowerisalsorelativelycheap.Renewableenergysourcessuchassolar,hydroandwindpowermaybeclean,butthey'reexpensive;andrightnow,theyrequirealotofinvestment.3So,whilemanypeoplemayprefertheirenergytocomefromarenewablesource,notsomanyarepreparedtopayhigherenergybills.4Forastart,nuclearwasteisverydifficulttodisposeof,andremainstoxictohumansforthousandsofyears.AndevenbeforeFukushima,therewereseveralhigh­profilenucleardisasters.Themostfamousisprobablythe1986Chernobyldisaster,inthe.TheradiationfromthemeownspreadalloverEurope,affectingthousandsofpeople.Thenuclearenergyissueisverycomplex.5AsaJapanesecommentatorrecentlysaid,“It'sbeenabadyearforthe‘nuclearvillage’，butIdon'tthinkthey'redownandoutyet.”Thebattlecontinues.Anditdoesn'tlooklikeit'llberesolvedanytimeThemainargumentagainstnuclearenergyisthatitisn'tNuclearpowercouldonlyendtheworldinsteadofsavingManypeoplebelievethattheywillbenefitfromtheunclearUnlikefossilfuels,nuclearpowerdoesn'tcreategreenhouseButFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainloyalsupportersofatomicThishighercostofusing“greenenergy”isusuallypassedontothe 2. 3. 4. 5. ❸Someexpertsfeelthattheauto isto“die”.Theyseeadayinthenot­too­distantfuturewhenallautoswillbeabandonedandallowedto erottenironandsteelrubbish.1Theythinkthatthecarwillremainaleadingmeansofurbantravelinthenearfuture.2Itshould esmaller,safer,andmoremoney­saving,andshouldnotbepoweredbythepetrolengine.Thecarofthefutureshouldbefarmorepollution­thanpresenttypes.Regardlessofitspowersource,theautointhefuturewillstillbethemainprobleminurbantrafficjam.3Whentheautoentersthewaysystem,aretractablearm,whichcanbemovedinwardsorbackwards,willdropfromtheautoandtoucharailthatissimilartothesubwaytrainselectricallypoweredfromthesystem,andcontrolofthevehiclewillpasstoacentralcomputer.4Thedriverwilluseaephonetodialinstructionsabouthisdestinationintothesystem.Thecomputerwillcalculatethebestroute,andreservespaceforthecarallthewaytothecorrectexitfromtheway.5Itisguessedthatanautomatedwaywillbeabletohandle10,000vehiclesperhour,coparedwiththe1,500to2,000vehiclesthatcanbecarriedbyapresent­dayway. ,however,thinktheautoisheretoThecomputerwillthenmonitorallofthecar'sOneproposedsolutiontothisproblemistheautomatedwaysystem.D．ExpertshavedifferentviewsonwhatroleautoswillyinthenearThemotorcarwillundoubtedlychangesignificantlyoverthenext30DriversinthewaysystemcansitbackanddonothingbutcontroltheThedriverwillthenbetorelaxandwaitforthesoundspeakerthatwillwarnhimofhiscomingexit.❹Doyouhavetroublegettingstartedinthemorning?Doyouhaveproblemslearningearlyintheday?Ifyoudo,youarenotalone,1Theylearnbetteratnightthantheydointhemorning.Toinvestigatewhencockroaches蟑螂)learnbest,researchersatVanderbillUniversitytestedtheinsectsforwhichodor(peppermintorvanilla香草)theypreferred.Mostcockroachespreferredthesmellofvanillatothatofpeppermintatalltimes.

Therefore,thescientiststrainedthecockroachestopreferpeppermintsmellbyrewardingtheinsectswithatasteofsugarwaterwhentheyapproachedapeppermintsmell.3Whenthecockroachesweretrainedatnight,theyrememberedthenewassociations(peppermint＝sugarwater;vanilla＝saltwater)forupto48hours.However,ifthecockroachesweretrainedinthemorning,theyquicklyforgotwhichsmellwentwithwhichwater.4So,cockroacheslearnbetteratnightthantheydointhemorning.5Becauseofthis,itislikelythatinformationtheygatheratnightwillbemoreusefultothem.Theseexperimentsprovidesomecluesabouttheinctionsbetweenbodyrhythms,learningandmemory.Whentheseinsectsmovedtowardavanillasmell,ontheotherhand,theywerepunishedwithatasteofsalt.Thisresultthusshowsthatthetimewhentheyweretraineddecidedtheeffectoftheirlearning.TheyareoftenmoreactiveandtendtosearchforfoodduringtheTheywerealsofoundtolikesugarwater,butnotsaltwater.E．Cockroacheshavethesameproblem!ButtheypreferwarmconditionsfoundwithinPestspeciesadapteasilytotheir❺A.AdultskeeppetswiththeirPet-keehasaverylongPet-keemaydoharmtoPeoplekeeppetsfortheiraestheticCaged eincreasinglyPet-keeishelpfulforchildren’sPet-keeisatime-honouredtradition.Oneofthereasonsforpeopletoraisedogsorcowswasusefulness.Whilepeopleinthepasthuntedanimalsandkeptthemintheirbackyards,thecivilisedmantodayislesscrueltowardsthemandislessexploitative(利用的).Wekeepanimalsaspetsbecausetheyareattractive.Weallhavetheurgetopossesssomethingthathasaesthetic(美学的)value,andthatiswhywetreasurepaintingsorfinefurniture.Keepetsisoneformofthisurge.ASiamesecatinthehousecanbeadecorativeobject.Petsareyfulanimalsandtheyamuseus.Alittlerabbitamusesusbyitsyfulandlivelyruns.Manyparentsfindithelpfultohavepetsinthehousefortheirchildren.Havingpetsisanexcellentwayofdeveloinchildrentheloveofanimalsandresponsibility.Childrengettheopportunitytotakeonfullresponsibilityforanothercreature’slife.Itwillbeaneducationalexperienceforachildtowatchthenaturallifecycleofananimal.Therearepsychological(心理的)benefitsforchildren.Petsare efriendsforchildrenwhoarelonely.Petsareexcellentcompanions.Keepetsmeansgivingloveandbeingloved.Wefindcomfortingivingcareandreceivingcareinreturn.Wegetpleasurefromtheirappearanceandtheirbehaviour.Asmorepeoplemoveintoapartments,therearelimitationsonkeeofanimalslikedogsandmonkeysTherefore,cagedanimalshaveincreasedinpopularityBirdsfallintothisgroup.Wekeepthemfortheirbeautifulsongsandfeathers.Fish-keeisawidespreadhobbyandthekeepercanobservetheirbehaviourintheglassandstudyitsentirelifecycle.Thecatisafinehousepetanditfitsneatlyintohumanhabitation(居住地)withoutrequiringitsowncage.Theyarewonderfulhunters,ifthereareratsaround.Petssatisfyman’sdesiretocareforabitofnature.Thepetownerhastheresponsibilityforsupplyingthoseneedsthatnatureprovides.Petsareamusingandentertaining,butweareinawaynganimalsharmbymakingthemliveinahumanenvironment.Arewenotenslaving()them?❻A.Timecanrun B.Tomorrowwon’tbeC.Ideasneedtimeto D.YourprofessorwillbeE.YoublowoffyourchancesforFYouareprobablyoverestimating高估theNeverPutoffTomorrowWhatYouCanDoWanttoputoffstudyingforthephysicstest?Orwritingthatthirty-fiveresearchpaperonfutureusesofbiotechnology?Sureyoudo?Andwhowouldn’t?Butit’sstillasillyideatoputoffngsomethinguntilafuturetime.Hereiswhy...Thetaskwillbestillthesame.Itwon’tbeanymorefunandyoustillwon’twanttodoit.Asthedeadlinegetscloserandcloser,thetaskseemsto largerandlargerifyouhaven’tstartedthework.Andthestressincreases.Nownotonlydoyouhavetowritethatpaper,youhavetodoitundergreatpressure.Beforeyoustart,itseemsthatthetaskisunlikelytobe Butyouknowwhat?You’reprobablymiscalculating.Getstarted—maybeonasmallpiece—andyouwilldiscoverthatyouhavemoreresourcesandknowmoreaboutthesubjectthanyouthought.Result?Youwon’texperiencenearlyasmuchsufferingasyouexpectedto.Thingsareguaranteed—100percent—togetbetter.Ifyouleaveyourworkbeforethenightbeforeit’sdue,yougiveupthepossibilityofgettinginputfromyourprofessor.Professorsregularlygiveadvice—oratleastafewusefultips—duringofficehours.Unfortunaythough,theydon’tusuallyholdofficehoursatmidnight,soyouwillbeoutofluckwhenyoudiscoverthenightbeforethemidtermthatyouhavenoideahowtodothequestionsthatwillcountfortwo-thirdsofyourgrade.Everwonderwhytheprofessorassignsthepapertwoweeksbeforeit’sdue?It’sbecauseheorsheexpectsyoutobethinkingabouttheissue,orngtheresearch,fortwoweeks.No,noteverywakingmoment,butatleastsomeofthetime.Afterall,theprofessorcouldjustaseasilyhavegiventheassignmentoneweekbeforeitwasdueifheorsheexpectedlessthinking.Mostcollegepapersrequireyoutohavesomekindofidea,thentospendsometimethinkingaboutit,revisingit,andpolishingit.Whenyouthrowtogetherapaperorareportatthelastminute,yourideasarehalf-baked.Andyourprofessorwillknowit.Ifyouputthingsoffatthelastminute,youmightfindthatyouhaven’tbudgetedenoughminutestofinishthenecessarytasksIt’stheeasiestthingintheworldtomiscalculatehowlongitwilltaketodoalltheworkespeciallywhennewissuesariselikeillnessfamilyproblemscomputerbreakdownstroubleatworkandalltheotherthings—asyouarethinkingthroughyourpaperargumentorpreparingyourselfforthecomingtest.Ifyoukeepdelaying,youdon’tallowyourselftimeforthosevariouslifeeventsthathaveanadverse(不利的)effectonyourabilitytocompleteyourassignment.❼PublicSpeakingandCriticalWhatiscriticalthinking?Toacertaindegree,it'samatteroflogic(逻辑),ofbeingabletospotweaknessesinotherpeople'sargumentsandtoavoidtheminyourown.Italsoincludesrelatedskillssuchasdistinguishingfactfromopinionandassessingthesoundnessofevidence.Inthebroadsense,criticalthinkingisfocused,organizedthinking—theabilitytoseeclearlytherelationshipsamongideas.1Thegreatestthinkers,scientists,andinventorshaveoftentakeninformationthatwasreadilyavailableandputittogetherdifferentlytoproducenewideas.That,too,iscriticalthinking.2Astheclassgoeson,forexample,youwillprobablyspendagooddealoftimeorganizingyourspeeches.Whilethismayseemlikeapurelymechanical(机械的)exercise,itiscloselyconnectedwithcriticalthinking.Ifthestructureofyourspeechislooseandconfused,chancesarethatyourthinkingisalsodisorderedandconfused.If,ontheotherhand,thestructureisclear,thereisagoodchanceyourthinkingistoo.Organizingaspeechisnotjustamatterofarrangingtheideasyoualreadyhave. Whatistrueoforganizationistrueofmanyaspectsofpublicspeaking. Asyouworkonexpressingyourideasinclear,accuratelanguage,youwillimporveyourabilitytothinkclearlyandaccuray.5 Asyoulearntolistencriticallytospeechesinclass,youwillbebetterabletoassesstheideasofspeakersinavarietyofsituations.Ifyoutakefulladvantageofyourspeechclass,youwillbeabletodevelopyourskillsasacriticalthinkerinmanycircumstances.ThisisonereasonpublicspeakingbeenregardedasavitalpartofeducationsincethedaysofancientRather,itisanimportantpartofshatheideasThismayseemlikealotoftime,buttherewardsarewellworthItmayalsohelpyoutoknowthatthereisnosuchthingasaperfectIthasoftenbeensaidthattherearefewnewideasintheworld,onlyreorganizedideas.Ifyouarewonderingwhatthishastodowithyourpublicspeakingclass,theanswerisquitealot.Theskillsyoulearninyour speechclasscanhelpyou eamoreeffectivethinkerinanumberofways.Asyoustudytheroleofevidenceandreasoninginspee aking，youwillseehowtheycanbeusedinotherformsofcommunicationaswell.❽TheFirstTherewasatimelongagowhenalandbridgeconnectedAsiaandNorthAmerica.ThefirstsettlersinNorthAmericacrossedthislandbridgefromwhatisnowSiberiatoAlaska.Thepeoplewhomadethisinitialcrossingwereprobablyfollowingtheanimalstheyusedforfood.Eventually,theoceansroseandthelandbridgebetweenthecontinentsdisappeared.Thesettlers,whoIshallcallthe“FirstAmericans”，couldnotreturntotheirhomeland.1Forthenextfewthousandyears,theFirstAmericansmigratedsouthandeastthroughoutNorthandSouthAmerica.TheymadethejourneyallthewayfromAlaskatothesoutherntipofSouthAmerica,adistanceofmorethan10,000.2Inthefarnorth,abovetheArcticCircle,theFirstAmericansbecamehuntersof 3 Inthebriefsummer，theygatheredberriesandothernts.Inthewinter,theystayedinlodgesmuchofthetimepreparingforthenextsummer.Itwasahardlife，buttheylearnedtosurviveintheseharshconditions.Farthersouth,inwhatisnowArizona,Utah,Colorado,andNewMexico,theFirstAmericansbecamecliffdwellers(悬崖居民).Theybeganbylivingincavesthatalreadyexistedinthecliffs.4Thedwellingstheyconstructedinmanywaysresembledtoday'sapartmentbuildings.5Theybuiltasystemofdamsandcssotheycouldstoreandusewateralmostanytimeoftheyear.Theyweresosuccessfulthattheycouldraisefruitsandvegetablesthatwerenotfoundnaturallyinthedesert.InMexicoandSouthAmerica,theFirstAmericansfoundedcivilizationsthatwereamongthegreatestintheworld.Theybuilthugepyramids,livedinfabulouscities,andmadegreatadvancesinscienceandmathematicslongbeforetheEuropeansarrived.TheyalsodiscoveredfoodslikecornandAlongtheway，theyestablishedmanydifferentTheFirstAmericansoftheSouthwestlearnedtoirrigatetheTheywouldhavetosurviveintheNewWorldtheyhadTheybuiltboatsofanimalskinsandhuntedorfishedfortheirPeoplelivingneareachothertendedtosharesimilarenvironmentsandTheydiscoveredhowtoaddtothecavesbybuildingstructuresofwoodand❾Maybeyouareanaveragestudent.Youprobablythinkyouwillneverbeatopstudent.Thisisnotnecessarilyso，however.1Here'show：nyourtimecarefully.Whennningyourwork,youshouldmakealistofthingsthatyouhavetodo.Aftermakingthislist,youshouldmakeascheduleofyourtime.Firstarrangeyourtimeforeating，slee,dressing,etc.Thendecideagood,regulartimeforstudying.2Aweeklyschedulemaynotsolveallyourproblems，butitwillyoutorlizewhatishappeningtoyourtim.Findagoodcetostudy.Lookaroundthehouseforagoodstudyarea.Keepthisspace，whichmaybeadeskorsimplyacornerofyourroom,ofeverythingbutstudymaterials.Nogames,radios,orevisions.Whenyousitdowntostudy,concentrateonthesubject.Makegooduseofyourtimeinclass.3Listeningcarefullyinclassmeanslessworklater.Takingnoteswillhelpyourememberwhattheteachersays.Studyregularly.Whenyougethomefromschool,gooveryournotes,reviewtheimportantpointsthatyourteacherisgoingtodiscussthenextday,readthatmaterial.4Ifyoudothesethingsregularly,thematerialwill emoremeaningful,andyou'llrememberitlonger.Developagoodattitudetowardstests.5Theyhelpyourememberyournewknowledge.Thewor