时态和语态知识梳理高考英语一轮语法复习

时态和语态的概念：时态是谓语动词所表示的动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。语态是指主语与谓语动词之间的关系，分为主谓关系（主动）和动宾关系（被动）。在被动语态中，句子的主语是动作的承受者以work为例谓语动词在不同时态下的形式（主动语态）形态时间一般时进行时完成时完成进行时现在workworksam/is/areworkinghave/hasworkedhave/hasbeenworking过去workedwas/wereworkinghadworkedhadbeenworking将来willworkwillbeworkingwillhaveworkedwillhavebeenworking过去将来wouldworkwouldbeworkingwouldhaveworkedwouldhavebeenworking以work为例谓语动词在不同时态下的形式（被动语态）形态时间一般时进行时完成时完成进行时现在am/is/areworkedam/is/arebeingworkedhave/hasbeenworked\过去was/wereworkedwas/werebeingworkedhadbeenworked\将来willbeworked\willhavebeenworked\过去将来wouldbeworked\wouldhavebeenworked\一．一般时1.一般现在时(do/does)(1)表示经常性的、规律性、习惯性的动作或行为。常与often,usually,everyday等时间状语连用。Hegoestoschoolatsixeveryday.Heusuallyspendssummerinthemountains.表示现在所处的状态，一般性的事实，或普遍真理。MyparentsliveinavillageneartheSwissborder.EnglandandFranceareseparatedbytheEnglishChannel.Theearthmovesaroundthesun.(3)代替将来时(主将从现)=1\*GB3①由when,before,after,assoonas,once,until等引导的时间状语从句和由if,unless等引导的条件状语从句中，用现在时表将来。=2\*GB3②表示按计划、时间表要发生的动作，主语通常是事物，且句中常带有时间状语。WhenI_________(graduate),I’llgotothecountryside.Ifhe_________(come)thisafternoon,we’llhaveameeting.Thetrain___________(leave)atnineinthemorning.一般过去时(did)(1)某个特定时间发生且已完成的动作；HesawMr.Wangyesterday.(2)存在或持续了一段时间的某种状态；RomanEmpireexistedforcenturies.(3)经常发生，或多次反复，或一连串的动作或行为。Shesleptverybadlywhenevershestayedwithhergrandparents.(4)代替一般现在时。=1\*GB3①谈论过去，主句用过去时，为配合时态一致，即便所说情况现在依然存在，从句也用过去时。IfoundthatHarbinwasaverybeautifulcity.=2\*GB3②虚拟语气结构中，过去时表现在Iwishyoulivedclosertous.对已去世的人的情况描述Edisonwasagreatinventor.一般将来时(willdo/其它形式）(1)表“预测”，即根据分析判断认为某事肯定会发生，或某人肯定会做某事。Theweatherwillprobablybegoodtomorrow.(2)表“意愿和决心”，指个人的意愿，所作的承诺或强调所下的决心。Iwillgoandgetyousomefoodtoeat.(3)表示“必然的趋势或结果”，与安排或意愿无关。Iwillbe16yearsoldnextmonth.(4)其它形式am/is/aregoingtodoam/is/aretodoam/is/areabouttodo一般现在时现在进行时过去完成时（woulddo/其它形式）表示从过去的某时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于宾语从句Hesaidhewouldcallmeatsix.二．进行时1.现在进行时（am/is/aredoing）(1)表示说话时正在进行中的动作，或目前正在不断变化的情况。=1\*GB3①Pleasedon’tmakesomuchnoise.Iamworking.=2\*GB3②Morepeoplearemovingtothecities,sothecitiesaregettinglarger(2)表示某个特定时间段内正在进行或反复进行的事情，常与these/thosedays,this/thatweek等时间状语连用。=1\*GB3①Wearemakingmodelplanesthesedays.=2\*GB3②I’mhearingalotofgoodnewsaboutyou.表示赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪，常与always,continually,constantly,forever,allthetime等连用。Sheisalwayscomplaining.过去进行时（was/weredoing）表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正在进行的动作。=1\*GB3①Iwashavingameetingat9:00yesterday.=2\*GB3②In2011hewasstudyinginauniversity.常和一般过去时一起使用，描述一个动作进行过程中另一个动作发生。=1\*GB3①HewasreadinganovelwhenIcamein.=2\*GB3②Whenthetelephonerang,I_____________(watch)TV.也能与always,constantly,continually,forever等连用表达某种感情色彩。Mybrotherwasalwayslosinghiskeys.将来进行时（will/shallbedoing）(1)表示将来某个特定时间要进行的动作。Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrow?(2)表示早已安排将来要做的或预订会发生的事，往往指难以改变。Hewillbestayingwithusagainnextyear.下列动词不用于进行时间感觉类（look,smell,feel,taste,see,hear）情感类（like,love,prefer,admire,hate,fear,adore）心态类（wish,hope,want,need,believe,understand,forget,agree,know）状态类（appear,lie(位于),remain,belongto,have）完成时现在完成时表示一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在。常与for和since，sofar，uptonow，inthepast/lastfewdays/years，recently等连用。=1\*GB3①Inthepastfewyears,greatchanges___________(take)place.=2\*GB3②He_______________(write)8bookssofar.（2）表示动作在说话之前已完成，但对现在有影响。句中常没有具体的时间状语。Ihavelostmywallet.（3）在“It/Thisis+the+序数词/最高级/only+名词”之后的从句中谓语动词常用现在完成时。=1\*GB3①ItisthebestfilmthatI____________(see)=2\*GB3②ItisthefirsttimethatI_________________(go)toBeijing=3\*GB3③Itistheonlybookthathe____________(write)（1）一件事情发生在过去，而另外一件事情先于它发生（即表“过去的过去”），那么发生在前的动作要用过去完成时。=1\*GB3①She_______________(learn)someEnglishbeforeshecametotheinstitute.=2\*GB3②Hesaidthathe_________________(be)abroadfor3years.表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作，常用的时间状语有：by/until/before/bytheendof+表过去的某一时间。=1\*GB3①Bythenhe_____________(learn)Englishfor3years.=2\*GB3②Untilthenhe_______________(know)nothingaboutityet.=3\*GB3③Bytheendoflastyear,they________________(treat)over10,000patients.（3）特殊句型=1\*GB3①Hardly/Scarcely/Barely+过去完成时（倒装）+when+句子（过去时）Nosooner+过去完成时（倒装）+than+句子（过去时）Hardly________wearrivedwhenshestartedcomplaining.=2\*GB3②Itwas/hadbeen+一段时间+since从句（过去完成时）Itwastenyearssincewe______________(have)suchawonderfultime.=3\*GB3③Itwas序数词timethat从句从句谓语用过去完成时ItwasthefirsttimethatI_____________(see)sobeautifulgirl.表示将来某时刻前某动作已完成，或预计将已完成。常用时间状语为“by+将来的某个时间”。Bythetimeofnextweek,theywill_____________(reach)thedestination.完成进行时现在完成进行时动作发生在过去，持续到现在且现在还在进行HehasbeenlearningEnglishfor6years.时态专练1.–Let’sdiscussthequestionraisedlastnight,shallwe?--Thereisnohurryforthat.Besides,I________（have）ameeting.2.Tonyisalawyernow,buthe_________(serve)inadeliverycompanyforsixyears.3.Teachersshouldbearinmindthateachstudent’simprovement___________(monitor)closely.4.ThetourismofLinyi_________(see)rapidgrowthoverthelastdecade.Nowit’sthesecondmostvisitedcityinShandongProvince.5.Look!ThestrangemanIsawyesterday__________(walk)aroundmyhouseagain.ShouldIcallthepolice?6.Leavemealone.I______________(write)anarticlealltheafternoonandhaven’tfinishedyet.7.Ineedn’thavebeeninthathurry.TheflighttoChongqing____________(cancel取消）duetothefoggyweather.8.Sometimelyhelp________________(offer)sincetheorganizationwasbuilt.9.Bythetimeyoucometoourcollegeagain,anewbuilding____________________(build).10.Ifcitynoises______________(keep)fromincreasing，people_________(have)toshouttobeheardevenatdinner．11.Thebookhasbeentranslatedintothirtylanguagessinceit_________(come)onthemarketin1973.12.Iwalkedslowlythroughthemarket,wherepeople________________(sell)allkindsoffruitsandvegetables.13.WhenIgotonthebus,IrealizedthatI___________(leave)mywalletathome.14.Hisfirstnovel_________________(receive)goodreviewssinceitcameoutlastmonth.15.Inthenearfuture,moreadvancesintherobottechnology___________________(achieve)byscientists.16.Planningsofarahead__________(make)nosense—somanythingswillhavechangedbynextyear.17.Iftheirmarketingplanssucceed,they________________(increase)theirsalesby20percent.18.He__________(play)footballregularlyformanyyearswhenhewasyoung.19.Theymadeuptheirmindthatthey_________(buy)anewhouseonceLarrychangedjobs.20.ThiswasthefirsttimeI________(experience)sandstormsandIdon'teverwanttobeinoneagain.21.Isaytohimwithacheerfulsmile，“Gotoexerciseandyou________(feel)better.”22.Thefamilyaswellastheirdog________(trap)ontheroofbythefloodyesterday.23.Thesportsmeeting________(hold)inourschoolnow.24.Thedaythathehadlookedforwardto____________（come）atlast.25.Afterschoolwewenttothereadingroomtodosomereading,onlyt