温因子的生态作用及生物的适应

第I部分个体生态学(autecology)Chap2.TemperatureasanecologicalfactorMacroclimateinteractswiththelocallandscapetoproducemicroclimate.MostspeciesperformbestinafairlynarrowrangeoftemperatureManyorganismshaveevolvewaystocompensateforvariationsinenvironmentbyregulatingbodytemperatureManyorganismssurviveextremetemeraturesbyenteringarestingstage本文档共49页；当前第1页；编辑于星期二\2点48分Case1.MicroclimatesMacroclimate

iswhatweatherstationsreport.

Microclimate

isclimatevariationonasmallscale.

Vegetationonnorth–andsouth-facingslopes本文档共49页；当前第2页；编辑于星期二\2点48分Plantheight,canopysize,andcoveraffectmicroclimate

Desertshrubsandmicroclimate本文档共49页；当前第3页；编辑于星期二\2点48分本文档共49页；当前第4页；编辑于星期二\2点48分WhitesandBlacksandColoroftheGround本文档共49页；当前第5页；编辑于星期二\2点48分PresenceofBouldersandBurrows

Microclimatesunderstones本文档共49页；当前第6页；编辑于星期二\2点48分AquaticTempPhysicsofwater,riparianvegetationMicroclimateinaquaticenvironmentsriffle:浅滩reed：芦苇本文档共49页；当前第7页；编辑于星期二\2点48分Case2：TemperatureandperformanceoforganismsEnzymeactivity(a)TemperatureandperformanceatthemolecularlevelEnzyme-substrateaffinity(亲和力）乙酰胆碱酯酶鲑鱼本文档共49页；当前第8页；编辑于星期二\2点48分(b)Extremetemperatureandphotosynthesis本文档共49页；当前第9页；编辑于星期二\2点48分（C）Developmentand

TemperatureAnlinearrelationshipisexhibitedbetweenratesofgrowth

and

developmentofwholeorganismsandtemperatureinmostofectotherms.AprotistEggofabeetle本文档共49页；当前第10页；编辑于星期二\2点48分Eggtoadultdevelopmentinamite24.22days8.18daysOrganismsrequireacombinationoftimeandtemperature–‘physiologicaltime’tocompleteacertainstageofdevelopment.K＝N（T–C）K－积温常数(daydegrees);N－Developmenttime(day);T－Temperature(℃);C－Threshold发育起点（阈值）温度(℃);

有效积温法则－变温动物完成一定发育时期所需热量是一个常数本文档共49页；当前第11页；编辑于星期二\2点48分公式假定：Assumptionsoftheequation（1）Thereisalinearrelationshipbetweendevelopmentrateandtemperature;（2）Developmentisonlyaffectedbytemperature；（3）Temperatureisconstant.Applicationsoftheequation:（1）Predictingpotentialdistributionoforganisms.（2）Predictingemergenceofacertainstageoforganisms本文档共49页；当前第12页；编辑于星期二\2点48分Temperature-sizeruleTheratesofgrowthanddevelopmentdeterminethefinalsizeofanorganism.Iftheresponsesofgrowthanddevelopmenttovariationsintemperaturearenotthesame,temperaturewillaffectfinalsize.Infact,developmentusuallyincreasesmorerapidlywithtemperaturethandoesgrowth,suchthatfinalsizetendstodecreasewithrearingtemperature,forawiderangeoforganisms.RatestemperatureDevelopmentGrowthsize本文档共49页；当前第13页；编辑于星期二\2点48分Blackbeanaphidat15℃Blackbeanaphidsat30℃本文档共49页；当前第14页；编辑于星期二\2点48分（D）AdaptationstotemperatureAcclimation:Physiologicalchangesinresponsetoenvironmentalconditions

最佳温度相差8℃Pearcy(1977)collectedcuttings(插条)ofaplantfromtheDeathValley,California,andplantedthemundertwodifferenttemperatures.Growingtemperatureandoptimaltempforphotosynthesis本文档共49页；当前第15页；编辑于星期二\2点48分TemperatureandBacterialactivityTemperatureandpopulationgrowthbyanantarcticbacterium（南极）（Morita，1975）Temperatureandpopulationgrowthbyahotspringbacterium（黄石公园温泉）（Brock(1978)本文档共49页；当前第16页；编辑于星期二\2点48分CaseIII：Regulatingbodytemperature(A)BodytemperatureequationK.Schmidt-Nielsen(1983)：Hs＝Hm±Hcd±Hcv±Hr－HeHs－storage总热量；Hm－metabolic新陈代谢；Hcd－conduct传导；Hcv－convection对流；Hr－radiation辐射；He－evaporation蒸发

Manyorganismshaveevolvewaystocompensateforvariationsinenvironmentbyregulatingbodytemperature本文档共49页；当前第17页；编辑于星期二\2点48分生物与环境的热交换传导对流代谢辐射辐射蒸发本文档共49页；当前第18页；编辑于星期二\2点48分(B)植物的温度调节

沙漠植物-如何降温？

HeatexchangebyadesertplantHs＝Hm±Hcd±Hcv±Hr－

He本文档共49页；当前第19页；编辑于星期二\2点48分北极和高山垫状植物的热交换北极和高山植物——如何保温？Hs=Hm+Hcd+Hcv+Hr－

He本文档共49页；当前第20页；编辑于星期二\2点48分本文档共49页；当前第21页；编辑于星期二\2点48分斯堪蒂纳维亚植物体热收支Growthformandtemperature(datafromFitterandHay,1987)本文档共49页；当前第22页；编辑于星期二\2点48分TropicalAlpinePlants

Littleannualvariationbutwidedailyfluctuationintemperature.Adaptation:1）Giantrosette(莲座)growthform；2）Retainingdeadleaves；3）Densepubescence(绒毛）4)Retainingalargeamountoffluid.a.非洲Kilimajaro山上的千里光，b.南美Andes山本文档共49页；当前第23页；编辑于星期二\2点48分(C）TemperatureregulationbyectothermicanimalsTemperatureregulationbyalizardinthehighAndesLizard蜥蜴

—Afteranhourofsunbasking,asairtemperaturerisestoabout1.5℃,thebodytemperaturerisestoabout33℃,over30℃abovethatofthesurroundingair.Thevastmajorityofanimalsuseexternalsourcesofenergytoregulatebodytemperature.本文档共49页；当前第24页；编辑于星期二\2点48分蝗虫Grasshopperstakethesunbaskingforheat,andprobablymore?

Bodytemperature(38-40℃)>airtemperature?透翅蝗CamnulapellucidaInArizonamountains本文档共49页；当前第25页；编辑于星期二\2点48分Currathurs’sstudy（续）Question：Canthegrasshopperincreasethebodytemperature?

Experiment:twogroupsofinsectswereraisedattwodifferenttemperatures.Thebodytemperaturewasmeasured,andcompared.本文档共49页；当前第26页；编辑于星期二\2点48分Currathurs’sstudy（续）温度与虫霉菌种群增长真菌数量（μlDoesthehighbodytemperaturesuppresspathogens?TemperatureandpopulationgrowthofEntomophagagrylli本文档共49页；当前第27页；编辑于星期二\2点48分Whatisthelimitationofthisstudy?

Howdoestemperatureaffectthepathogeninthefield?Exposureto40℃temperatureforasfewas4hourseachdaysignificantlyreducedthenumberofgrasshoppersdyingofEntomophagainfections.

本文档共49页；当前第28页；编辑于星期二\2点48分(e)TemperatureregulationbyendothermicanimalsEnvironmentaltemperatureandmetabolicrates

Whentheenvironmentaltemperatureisbeyondthethermalneutralzone,themetabolicratewillrapidlyincreasetotwo-threetimesrestingmetabolism.中温区（thermalneutralzone):therangeofenvironmentaltemperatureoverwhichthemetabolicrateofahomeothermic(恒温）animaldoesnotchange.指恒温动物代谢速率保持恒定时的温度范围。本文档共49页；当前第29页；编辑于星期二\2点48分温度与北极和热带哺乳动物的中温区Twogroupsofanimalsaredefinedbythedifferenceintheneutralthermalzones:tropicalspeciesandarcticspecies.

Sharedrange本文档共49页；当前第30页；编辑于星期二\2点48分AquaticbirdsandMammals水生鸟和水生哺乳动物

So,howtokeepheataswellasgetoxygenforendotherms?1）Usingair-breathingtogetoxygen,insteadofgill-breathing2）Bearingathicklayeroffatorfur.Appendages(附肢）areoutfittedwithcountercurrentheatexchangers(逆流交换系统)

toreduceheatloss。1）Thecapacityofwatertoabsorbheatwithoutchangingtemperatureisca.3000timesthatofair；2）Butconductiveandconvectiveheatlosstowateraremuchmorerapidthantoair:over20timesfasterinstillwaterandupto100timesfasterinmovingwater.本文档共49页；当前第31页；编辑于星期二\2点48分Countercurrentheatexchanger本文档共49页；当前第32页；编辑于星期二\2点48分金枪鱼体侧肌肉中的逆流交换器WarmingtheSwimmingMusclesoflargemarineFish动脉静脉本文档共49页；当前第33页；编辑于星期二\2点48分Watertemperatureandbodytemperatureofabluefintuna本文档共49页；当前第34页；编辑于星期二\2点48分WarmingInsectFlightMuscles昆虫飞行肌加热机制Doessphinxmothsregulationbodytemperaturethroughchangingmetabolicrate?(Adams&Heath,1964)本文档共49页；当前第35页；编辑于星期二\2点48分HawkmothHeinrichdidnotfindchangingofthemetabolicrateinresponsetovariationsintemperature.So,heproposedahypothesisthatsphinxmothsregulatebodytemperaturebychangingtheirratesofheatlosstotheenvironment.

本文档共49页；当前第36页；编辑于星期二\2点48分烟草天蛾的体温调节和血液循环本文档共49页；当前第37页；编辑于星期二\2点48分思考题1蝴蝶是变温动物，白天活动，从赤道雨林到北极都有分布，它们以晒太阳的方式提高体温。那么，随纬度的不同，它们用于晒太阳和飞行的时间比例会如何变化？蝴蝶晒太阳的时间会随着每天温度的变化而改变吗？2有人在新疆塔城的严冬雪地里发现一种会飞的蛾子，你分析它的体色是什么颜色？为什么？为什么能在零下20多度的冬天飞翔？本文档共49页；当前第38页；编辑于星期二\2点48分东方臭甘蓝－恒温植物肉穗花序苞片主根(D)Temperatureregulationbythermogenicplants产热植物

本文档共49页；当前第39页；编辑于星期二\2点48分气温与东方臭甘蓝的代谢速率代谢率（用耗氧率表示）本文档共49页；当前第40页；编辑于星期二\2点48分ManyorganismssurviveextremetemperaturesbyenteringarestingstageCaseIV：SurvivingExtremetemperature(a)InactivityTigerbeetle本文档共49页；当前第41页；编辑于星期二\2点48分（B)ReducingMetabolicRateWhentouseTorpor蛰伏?Torporisastateoflowmetabolicrateandloweredbodytemperature.“Routinehypothesis”or“Emergency-onlyHypo”Howtotestthehypotheses?Hummingbird本文档共49页；当前第42页；编辑于星期二\2点48分Howtoknowwhetherhummingbirdsgointotorporatnight?Byweightinghummingbirdsjustbeforetheywenttotheirnightroosts(鸟窝),andthenagainintheearlymorning.本文档共49页；当前第43页；编辑于星期二\2点48分花蜜食物量与蛰伏状态的关系Calder’sobservationsupportedthe‘Emergency-onlyHypothesis’.Hummingbirdsgointotorporwhen:(1)flowersarenotabundant；(2)foodintakeisre