学术英语写作Unit-8Results课件

学术英语写作Unit-8.Results学术英语写作Unit-8.Results学术英语写作Unit-8.Results2Option1Option2Option3Option4ResultsorDataAnalysisResultsorDataAnalysisResultsandDiscussionResultsorDataAnalysisDiscussionDiscussionDiscussionandConclusion(s)Conclusion(s)Conclusion(s)2FunctionContentGrammarandWritingSkills3FunctionoftheResultsSectionThefunctionoftheResultssectionistopresenttheresults,inanorderlyandlogicalsequenceusingbothillustrativematerials(TablesandFigures)andtext.4Whyisitnecessarytousetexttodescribetheresultssincedetaileddatausuallyappearintablesorfigures?Youmustcommunicateyourownunderstandingandinterpretationoftheresultstoyourreaders.5Wordshavesurprisingpower,andcanencouragepeopletoformstrongimpressions.Ascanbeseeninthefigure,thetwocurvesareverysimilar.Ascanbeseeninthefigure,thetwocurvesarenoticeablydifferent.6ContentoftheResultsSectionThissectioncontainssomecommentsonwhatyoufoundorobservedratherthanjustadescriptionofyourfindingsandobservations.7IntheResultssection,donotjustpresentdata,butsummarizeandinterprettheirmeaningforthereaderbypresentingthemasresults.Onlydatathathavebeeninterpretedwillbemeaningfulforyourreaders.Dataarevaluesderivedfromscientificexperiments(concentration,absorbance,mean,percentincrease).Resultsinterpretdata(e.g.,“Absorbanceincreasedwhensampleswereincubatedat25℃insteadofat15℃).8Examplea)Heartratewas100beatsperminuteafterdigitaliswasadded(Fig.3).b)Heartrateincreasedto100beatsperminuteafterdigitaliswasadded(Fig.3)c)Heartrateincreasedfrom60to100beatsperminuteafterdigitaliswasadded(Fig.3).9GrammarandWritingSkills1.Tensea)Presentsimpleb)Pastsimple101)ThevariationinthetemperatureofthesamplesovertimeisshowninFigure2.2)Figure2showsthevariationinthetemperatureofthesamplesovertime.3)AsFigure2shows,thetemperatureincreasedrapidly.(Thetemperatureincreasedrapidly,asshowninFigure2.)4)Thetemperatureincreasedrapidly(seeFigure2)115)Wefoundthatthepressureincreasedasthetemperaturerose,whichindicatedthattemperatureplayedasignificantroleintheprocess.6)Wefoundthatthepressureincreasesasthetemperaturerises,whichindicatesthattemperatureplaysasignificantroleintheprocess.122.Vocabulary

a)Sequenceb)Frequencyc)Quantityd)Causality13a)SequenceTimesequencemeanshowlongeachsteptookandwhereitoccurredinthesequence.Youcannotuseonlythenornext.14Atthebeginningthetemperaturewasstable,aspredicted.Thetemperatureincreasedto49℃andthendroppedto30℃.Thetemperatureincreasedto49℃butsoondroppedto30℃.Thetemperatureincreasedto49℃andlaterdroppedto30℃.Thetemperaturedroppedsharplywhenwereducedthepressure.Attheendtherewasanoticeabledropintemperature.15Thewordsandphrasesthatcommunicatesequencecanbedividedintoeightgroups.1)Thefirstgroupcontainswordsandphraseswhichrefertoeventsthatoccurredbeforeyoubeganyourexperiment/simulationorbeforeyoubeganobservingyourresults:Itwasapparentbeforehandthatareductionintemperaturewouldbeadesirableoutcome.162)Thesecondgroupmarksthebeginningoftheexperiment/simulationorthefirstresultyouaredescribing:Atthebeginningthetemperaturewasstable,aspredicted.3)Thethirdgroupobtainswords/phraseswhichtellyoutheorderinwhicheventsoccurredbutdonotgiveanyinformationaboutthetimesequence:Thetemperatureincreasedto49℃andthendroppedto30℃.174)Thefourthgroupisusedtocommunicatethattherewasashortperiodoftimebetweentwoevents:Thetemperatureincreasedto49℃butsoondroppedto30℃.5)

Thefifthgroupcommunicatesthattheperiodoftimebetweeneventswaslong,orthattheeventoccurredneartheendofthesequence:Thetemperatureincreasedto49℃andlaterdroppedto30℃.186)Thesixthgroupisextremelyusefulandimportant.Itcontainswordsandphrasesthatareusedtocommunicatethateventsoccurredatthesametimeoralmostatthesametime,orduringthesameperiod,andthereforetheitemsinthisgrouparesometimesusedtocommunicateapossiblecausalrelationshipbetweenevents:Thetemperaturedroppedsharplywhenwereducedthepressure.197)Theseventhgroupmarkstheendofthesequenceofevents:Attheendtherewasanoticeabledropintemperature.8)Thelastgroupreferstoeventsthatoccurredafteryoufinishedyourexperiment/simulationorafteryoufinishedobservingtheresults:Attheendtherewasanoticeabledropintemperaturebutitwasdecidedafterwardstoomititfromtheinputdata.20afterafterwardsasassoonasatfirstatthatpointatthebeginningattheendatthesametimeatthestartbeforehandbeforelongearliereventuallyfinallyfirstlyformerlyimmediatelyinadvanceinthebeginninginthemeantimeintheendinitiallyjustthenlastlylaterlateronmeanwhilenextoriginallypreviouslypriortosecondlyshortlyaftersimultaneouslysoonstraightawaysubsequentlythentobeginwithtostartwithtowardstheenduponwhenwhile21b)FrequencyItisimportanttocommunicateclearlyhowoftenaparticulareventorresultoccurred.Notethatfrequencylanguageisoftenusedinasubjectiveway:ifsomethingissaidtooccurfrequently,thiscouldbeinrelationtohowoftenitwasexpectedtooccur.22AscanbeseeninFig.1,theeffectoccurredin23%ofcases.Theeffectwasseenfrequently.Theeffectwasseenoccasionally.231).each/everytimewithoutexceptiononeach/everyoccasionalwaysinvariably2)habituallyasarulegenerallynormallyusually3)regularlyrepeatedly4)frequentlyoftencommonly5)moreoftenthannot6)asoftenasnot(neuralfrequency)7)sometimesonsomeoccasionsattimes8)occasionallynowandthenfromtimetotime9)rarelyseldominfrequently10)hardlyeverbarelyeveralmostneverscarcelyever11)onnooccasionnotonceatnotimenever24c)QuantityQuantitylanguagecanbeusedtoreplacenumbers(many)oritcanbeusedtocommentonnumbers(asmanyas45).Youcandescribeyourresultsinnumbersorpercentagesbutthosenumbersorpercentagesarealreadyvisibletoyourreaderinthegraphortable:yourreaderneedstoknowwhatthenumberorquantitiesmeaninordertounderstandthem.25Forexample,ifthetableorgraphofyourresultsshowsthattheeffectyouwerelookingforoccurredin23%ofcases,youcancommunicatethisasastrongresult(inasmanyas23%ofcases)oraweakresult(inonly23%ofcases).AscanbeseeninFig.1,theeffectoccurredin23%ofcases.26Thewordsandphrasesthatcommunicatequantitycanbedividedintofivegroups.1)Thefirstgroupcontainswordsandphraseswhichmakethesize/quantitylookbig:Aconsiderableamountofresidueremainedinthepipe.2)Thesecondgroupcontainswordsorphraseswhichmakethesize/quantitylooksmall:Barely23%oftheresidueremainedinthepipe.273)Thethirdgroupisusedtoemphasizehowbig/small/high/lowthesize/quantityis:Theamountthatremainedwasevenhigher/evenlowerthanpredicted.4)Thefourthgroupisusedtocommunicatethatthesize/quantityissimilar/closetoanother.Almostall/Almosthalfoftheresidueremainedinthepipe.285)Thefifthgroupisusefulwhenyouneedtosaysomethingaboutquantitybutyoudonotwanttocommityourselftoaninterpretationofhowbigorsmallitwas:Someoftheresidueremainedinthepipe.29agreatdeal(of)afewalittleanumber(of)appreciableappreciably(high/lower)approximatelyasmanyasasfewasatleastbarelybelowbyfarclose(to)considerableconsiderably(high/lower)even(higher/lower)exceptionally(high/low)extremely(high/low)fairly(high/low)far(high/low)fewfewer(than)greater(than)hardlyinsomecasesjustjust(over/under)30lesslittlemarginalmarginally(higher/lower)markedmarkedlymoderatemore(than)mostmuchnearlynegligiblenoticeablenoticeablynumerousonlyover(half/25%)particularlyplentypracticallyquitereasonablyrelativelysignificantlyslightsmallso(high/low)somesomewhatsubstantialsubstantiallytosomeextentunderupwardsofvirtuallywell(under/over)31d)Causality

Thissectionisdesignedtoprovideyouwithavarietyoflanguageoptionstorepresentyourunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweentheeventsyouobserved.Xproducedy.Xoriginatediny.Xislinkedtoy.32Someverbs/phrasescommunicateaclear/strongcausalconnection.cause,produce,bedueto

Somerefertoapartialcause.

beafactorin,contributeto33Somerefertotheinitialorfirstcauseinacausalchain.originateininitiateTherearealsoverbsandphraseswhichcommunicateaweakcausalconnection.berelatedtolink34(be)a/thecauseof(be)a/theconsequenceof(be)afactorin(be)a/theresultof(be)duetoaccompany/(be)accompaniedaccountfor/(be)accountedforaffect/(be)affectedarisefromascribeto/(be)ascribedtoassociate/(be)associatedattributeto/(be)attributedtobringabout/(be)broughtaboutcause/becausedbycomefromconnectto/(be)connectedtocontributecreate/(be)createdderive/(be)derivegiverisetogenerate/(be)generatedinfluence/(be)influencedinitiate/(be)initiatedlink/(be)linkedoriginateinproduce/(be)producedrelate/(be)relatedresultfromresultinstemfromyieldtrigger/(be)triggered35Causalstatementssuchasxcausedyareriskybecausetheymaybedisprovedatalaterstage.1)toweakenthecausalverbxwaslinkedtoy.362)toaddafrequencyqualifier:

xoftencausedy.xcommonlycausedy.xrarelycausedy.373)toaddaquantityqualifier:xcausedyinmanycases.xcausedyinsomecases/tosomeextent.xcausedyinvirtuallyallcases.384)toaddamodalverb:xmayhavecausedy.xmighthavecausedy.39Youcanusemorethanoneinasentence,dependingonhow‘weak’youwant