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关于英语专业写作四大类句式1第1页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三2whisperchatshoutdeclaremurmursay

第2页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三3look

glancepeepscanwatchstareglareglimpse第3页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三4交通工具

transportationtools懂得许多知识

knowalotofknowledge吃了一大口

eatabigmouthtransporthaveagoodcommandofdevour第4页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三5word

concreteaccurateHowtoachievethosegoals?第5页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三6SuggestionReadmorebooks,takesomenotesLookupdictionariesOxfordAdvancedLearner’sdictionaryLongmanEnglishdictionaryOxfordCollocationsEnglishIdiomsdictionary第6页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三7,.;:“”‘’?…!-[]()/—

punctuation第7页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三8sentence?

clause?What’sthedifference?第8页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三9Doyouknowthosesentences?Therainfellforthreedays.Therainfellforthreedays,andeverystreetintownwasflooded.Becausetherainfellforthreedays,everystreetintownwasflooded.Becausetherainfellforthreedays,everystreetintownwasflooded,andpeopleabandonedtheirhomesasriveroverfloweditsbanks.(simple)(compound)(complex)(compound-complex)第9页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三10clausedependentclauseindependentclauseBatikisapopularhandicraftpurchasedbytourists.AlthoughIwashedmynewbatik(蜡染)incoldwater.Inthisway,itcanbecalledasentence.第10页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三11sentencesimplesentencecompoundsentencecomplexsentencecompound-complexsentenceconsistsofoneindependentclauseconsistsoftwoormoreICsconsistsofoneormoreDCandanICconsistsofoneormoreDCsandtwoormoreICs第11页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三12CompoundSentencesUsingcoordinatingconjunctionsUsingcorrelativeconjunctionsUsingconjunctiveadverbsUsingsemicolon第12页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三13CoordinatingConjunctions(并列连词)FANBOYS

[for,and,nor,but,or,yet,so]

Format:comma(,)+FANBOYS

Johnhasanadvanceddegreeinjournalism,yethehasneverlearnedtospellorpunctuateproperly.

JohnfinishedhisexamandMarycorrectedit.

Note:

commacanbeomittedwhenthetwomainclausesareveryshortandcloselylinkedinmeaning

第13页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三14CorrelativeConjunctions(关联词)either…or…neither…nor…both…and…notonly…butalso…either…or…as...asjustas...so

themore...thelessthemore...themoreso…as…nosooner...thanwhether…or…Either

youdecidetostayintheshallowendofthepooloryougooutintheocean.

第14页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三15ConjunctiveAdverbs(连接副词)Format:semicolon(;)+CA+comma(,)Thevisitorcametothedoor;however,itwastoolateforhimtogetin.Exception:

then,thus之后不加逗号第15页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三16Contrasthowever,instead,ontheotherhand,nevertheless,otherwise,incontrastCause&Effecttherefore,thus,hence,consequently,asaresult,forthisreasonSimilarideasbesides,moreover,furthermore,inaddition,similarlyEmphasis&Illustrationindeed,infact,inparticular,forexample,forinstanceTimethen,meanwhile,atthesametime,afterward,later第16页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三17Usingsemicolon;Similarideas

Johnisabeggar;hisfatherwasatramp.Oppositeideas

Johnisabeggar;hisfatherwasamillionaire.Cause-effectrelationship

Thestormsweptthecountry;twothousandpeoplewerelefthomeless.第17页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三18Whathappenswhenyouputtwoindependentclausestogetherwithoutsemicolonoranyotherconjunctions?AttentionItistoofartowalktoschoolitissnowing.Itistoofartowalktoschool,itissnowing.Itistoofartowalktoschool,moreover,itissnowing.第18页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三19Run-onSentences不间断句子第19页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三201.Twoormoreindependentsentencesarefusedwithnopunctuationorconjunctionsinbetween.Itistoofarwalktoschoolitissnowing.2.Twoormoresentencesarejoinedbycommas.Itistoofarwalktoschool,itissnowing.3.Twoormoresentencesjoinedbyaconnectingadverbarepunctuatedincorrectly.Itistoofarwalktoschool,moreover,itissnowing.ThreeRun-onTraps第20页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三21UseasemicolontojointwosentenceswhicharerelatedinmeaningIthinkIshallliedown;I’mverytired.WriteperiodsaftersentencesUseaconjunctiontojointwosentencesIcalledPeterbuthewasnotathome.UsesemicolonbeforeconnectingadverbsItistoofartowalktoschool;moreover,itissnowing.FreeingTrappedRun-ons第21页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三22ComplexSentences(I)

Subordinatingbyadverbclauses(状语从句)Subordinatingbyadjectiveclauses(形容词性从句)Subordinatingbynounclauses(名词从句)Subordinatingbypunctuation(标点符号)第22页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三23AdverbClausessubordinateconjunctionscontrast&concession:evenif,whereas,although,though,while,cause:because,since,as,sothat,inthat,inorderthatcondition:if,unless,provided(that),whethertime:after,before,assoonas,since,until,while,when,whenever第23页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三24Althoughthegroundiswet,thepartywillbeheldoutdoors.Thepartywillbeheldoutdoorsalthoughthegroundiswet.Attention:difficultuseofcomma第24页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三25Adjective/AttributiveClausesRelativepronoun:who,whom,whose,which,that,when,whereTheclubofficerswillmeetintheroom

wheretheymetlastweek.AlbertEinstein,whowasalsoaphilosopherand

huma-nitarian,profoundlychangedanddeepenedbasicconceptsofspace,time,matter,andenergy.第25页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三26NounClauseIntroductorywords:who,what,where,why,how,when,whoever,whichever,whatever,that,thefactthat,it…thatThefactthatthesupervisorhasaskedCarolyn

to

handlethespecialsubjects

suggestsshewillgetthepromotion.Nooneunderstoodwhythetwogroupshadstoppednegotiating.第26页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三27Subordinatingbypunctuation1.dash:introduceaclauseoraphraseasexplanation.Thatmorning―thethirdsincetheaccident―hewokethinkingthattodayhewouldtellthetruth.2.colon:toexplainorrestateIknewwhyIhadtoleave:Iwasafraidtoseehim.3.parentheses:serveasexplanationThehighticketprice(¥20to¥100)madeMr.Wangthinktwiceaboutgoingtotheconcert.第27页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三28ExercisesHenrytoldajoke.Henryisusuallyveryserious.Ihadneverheardthejokebefore.Henry,whoisusuallyveryserious,toldajokeIhadneverheardbefore.Someelderlypeopleareatadisadvantage.Theyareonfixedincomes.Inflationkeepsreducingtheirspendingpower.Elderlypeoplewhoareonfixedincomesareatadisadvantagebecauseinflationkeepsreducingtheirspendingpower.第28页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三29ComplexSentences(II)Subordinatingbyappositives(同位语)Subordinatingbyparticipialphrases(分词短语)Subordinatingbyabsolutephrases

(独立主格)Subordinatingbygerunds(动名词)Subordinatingbyinfinitives(不定式)Subordinatingbypropositionalphrases(介词短语)第29页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三30Subordinatingbyappositives(同位语)1.appositive:placedatthebeginningofasentenceorinfrontoftheworditexplainsandseparatedbycomma.(a)Rome,thecapitalofItaly,iswheretheVaticanislocated.(b)Onceaboominggoldrushterritory,AlaskacontainsAmerican’slargestoilandgasreserves.2.restrictiveappositive:aparticularindividualintheclasswillnotbeseparatedbycomma.(c)Theastronaut

Gregarnievwasarrestedfordrivingwithoutalicense.第30页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三31Subordinatingbyparticipialphrases

(分词短语)Delayedbyheavytraffic,Iwaslateformyappointment.2.Straighteninghistieandbuttoninghiscoat,Robertwalkedintothemanager’soffice.第31页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三32Whatifaphraseorclausewronglyattachedtothemainclause,sothattheimpliedsubjectofthephrase/clauseisnotthesameoneofthemainclause?Attention第32页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三33DanglingModifier

悬垂修饰语第33页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三34DanglingmodifierXAlthoughswimmingvaliantlyupstream,thecanoewasunabletoreachhimintime.Swimmingvaliantlyupstream,themandidnotreachthecanoe.XGrilledonthecharcoal,theroomwasfilledwiththesmellofthefish.Theroomwasfilledwiththesmellofthefishgrilledonthecharcoal.第34页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三35Subordinatingbyabsolutephrases

(独立主格结构)

Addrelatedmeaningtoasentenceinsteadofmodifyingaspecificwordandtheyareseparatedbyacommaorapairedcommas.

1.Theofficeclosedandthephoneoffthehook,

Jennyfinishedthereportwithoutinterruption.

2.Herodealong,hisdogrunningandbarkingafterhim.第35页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三36Subordinatingbygerunds(动名词)Somethingisabadhabit.Lucyfrequentlyskipsbreakfast.Lucy’sfrequentskippingof

breakfastisabadhabit.第36页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三37Subordinatingby

infinitives(不定式)Shefeltdisappointed.ShelostthechancetovisitEngland.ShefeltdisappointedtohavelostthechancetovisitEngland.第37页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三38Subordinatingbyprepositionalphrases

(介词短语)Weliketoeatdinnerateighto’clock.Welikelightedcandlesonthetable.

Weliketoeatdinnerateighto’clockwithlightedcandlesonthetable.Chinawillneverseekhegemony.Chinaisasocialistcountry.

China,asasocialistcountry,willneverseekhegemony.第38页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三39Exercise1.Iwalkedtothewindowandlookedout.2.Ifeltverylonely.3.Ididn’tknowwhattodo.Iwalkedtothewindowandlookedout,feelingverylonelyandnotknowingwhattodo.(participialphrases)第39页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三401.Thefarmersatonthegroundandsmiled.2.Thelasttruckwasloaded.3.Thetreeswerebare.Thelasttruckloadedandthetreebare,thefarmersatonthegroundandsmiled.(absolutephrase)第40页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三41Attention

Ifyou'vegotadependentclausestandingalone,whatwillhappen?第41页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三42Sentencefragment句子碎片第42页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三43AvoidingSentenceFragmentsSometimesasentencefragmentcangiveyouagreatdealofinformation,butit’sstillnotacompletesentence:Afterthecoachencouragedhimsomuchlastyearandheseemedtoimprovewitheachpassinggame.Herewehaveasubject-verbrelationship—infact,wehavetwoofthem—buttheentireclauseissubordinatedbythedependentwordafter.Wehavenoindependentclause.第43页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三44AvoidingSentenceFragmentsAsentencefragmenttriesitsbesttobeasentence,butitjustcan’tmakeit.It’smissingsomething.Often,it’smissingaverborpartofaverbstring:Johnworkingextrahardonhishookshotlately.Here,forinstance,we’remissinganauxiliary—hasbeen,inthiscase,probably—thatwouldcompletetheverbstringandthesentence.第44页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三45AvoidingSentenceFragmentsBealertforstringsofprepositionalphrasesthatnevergetaroundtoestablishingasubject-verbrelationship:ImmediatelyafterthefoundingofthecollegeandduringthoseearlyyearsasthepredominanteducationalinstitutionintheAmericanMidwest.Again,becarefulofsentenceswhichgivetheirshareofinformationbutstilldon’tcontainasubjectandverb.第45页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三46Compound-complexsentence

TheGrandCanyonisastunningsight,butYosemiteNationalParkalsohasmanyimpressivefeaturesthatyouwillneverforget.compoundsentencecomplexsentence第46页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三47AnalysisNewOrleansisknownforitslivelyFrenchQuarter,andvisitorswhohaveaninterestinhistorywillenjoyatourofthehistoricsites.第47页,讲稿共53页,2023年5月2日,星期三481.Stayalittlelongerifyoulike.________2.Althoughmydogcanplaythepiano,hedoesnotdoitwell,andnobodyaskshimforencores.________3.Afterthelastsong,themusicianspackeduptheirinstrumentsandgotonthebus.________4.I’llgoifI

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