托福作文写作范文详解dvanta

托福作文写作范文详解ReadingInmanyorganizations,perhapsthebestwaytoapproachcertainnewprojectsistoassembleagroupofpeopleintoateam.Havingateamofpeopleattackaprojectoffersseveraladvantages.Firstofall,agroupofpeoplehasawiderrangeofknowledge，expertise,andskillsthananysingleindividualislikelytopossess.Also,becauseofthenumbersofpeopleinvolvedandthegreaterresourcestheypossess,agroupcanworkmorequicklyinresponsetothetaskassignedtoitandcancomeupwithhighlycreativesolutionstoproblemsandissues.Sometimesthesecreativesolutionscomeaboutbecauseagroupismorelikelytomakeriskydecisionsthatanindividualmightnotundertake.Thisisbecausethegroupspreadsresponsibilityforadecisiontoallthemembersandthusnosingleindividualcanbeheldaccountableifthedecisionturnsouttobewrong.Takingpartinagroupprocesscanbeveryrewardingformembersoftheteam.Teammemberswhohaveavoiceinmakingadecisionwillnodoubtfeelbetteraboutcarryingouttheworkthatisentailedbythedecisionthantheymightdoingworkthatisimposedonthembyothers.Also,theindividualteammemberhasamuchbetterchanceto“shine”,togethisorhercontributionsandideasnotonlyrecognizedbutrecognizedashighlysignificant,becauseateam’soverallresultscanbemorefar‐reachingandhavegreaterimpactthanwhatmighthaveotherwisebeenpossibleforthepersontoaccomplishorcontributeworkingalone.ListeningProfessorNowIwanttotellyouaboutwhatonecompanyfoundwhenitdecidedthatitwouldturnoversomeofitsnewprojectstoteamsofpeople,andmaketheteamresponsibleforplanningtheprojectsandgettingtheworkdone.Afteraboutsixmonths,thecompanytookalookathowwelltheteamsperformed.Onvirtuallyeveryteam,somemembersgotalmosta"freeride"...theydidn'tcontributemuchatall,butiftheirteamdidagoodjob,theyneverthelessbenefitedfromtherecognitiontheteamgot.Andwhataboutgroupmemberswhoworkedespeciallywellandwhoprovidedalotofinsightonproblemsandissues?Well...therecognitionforajobwelldonewenttothegroupasawhole,nonameswerenamed.Soitwon'tsurpriseyoutolearnthatwhentherealcontributorswereaskedhowtheyfeltaboutthegroupprocess,theirattitudewasjusttheoppositeofwhatthereadingpredicts.Anotherfindingwasthatsomeprojectsjustdidn'tmoveveryquickly.Why?Becauseittooksolongtoreachconsensus;ittookmany,manymeetingstobuildtheagreementamonggroupmembersabouthowtheywouldmovetheprojectalong.Ontheotherhand,therewereotherinstanceswhereoneortwopeoplemanagedtobecomeveryinfluentialoverwhattheirgroupdid.Sometimeswhenthoseinfluencerssaid"Thatwillneverwork"aboutanideathegroupwasdeveloping,theideawasquicklydroppedinsteadofbeingfurtherdiscussed.Andthentherewasanotheroccasionwhenacoupleinfluencersconvincedthegroupthataplanoftheirswas"highlycreative."Andeventhoughsomememberstriedtowarntherestofthegroupthattheprojectwasmovingindirectionsthatmightnotwork,theywerebasicallyignoredbyothergroupmembers.Canyouguesstheendingtothisstory?Whentheprojectfailed,theblamewasplacedonallthemembersofthegroup.阅读听力要点概括ReadingPassageMainpoints:Havingateamoffersseveraladvantages.Subpoint1:Widerknowledgeexpertiseandskills.Subpoint2:Groupprocesscanberewarding.Subpoint3:Individualteammemberbettertoshine.LectureAttitude:Turnoverprojecttoteamandmakethemresponsible.SubPoint1:Somememberdon'tcontribute.(Realcontributorsnothappy.)SubPoint2:Tooklongtoreachconsensus.(Peoplebecomeinfluential.)SubPoint3:Influencerscanbringfailaswell.范文逐段赏析Paragraph1Thelecturertalksaboutresearchconductedbyafirmthatusedagroupsystemtohandletheirwork.Hesaysthatthetheorystatedinthepassagewasverydifferentandsomewhatinaccuratewhencomparedtowhathappenedinreality.此段功能：(Listeningpassage后文提到用L代替)(Readingpassage后文用R代替)作者先总结L的意见，L说一间公司进行了一次群组作业的调研。实际的结果和理论中完全不一样。此段结构：开头段表示了L的逻辑，L将主要讲解R理论中和L实际中的不同。Paragraph2First,somemembersgotfreerides.Thatis,somedidn’tworkhardbutnonethelessreceivedrecognitionforthegroup’ssuccess.Thisalsoindicatesthatpeoplewhoworkedhardwerenotgivenalloftherecognitiontheyshouldhavereceived.Inotherwords,theyweren’tgiventheopportunityto“shine.”Thisdirectlycontradictswhatthereadingpassageindicateswouldresultfromgroupwork.此段功能：以L的现实引出一个分论点，有些组员根本无所作为，但由于小组成功也获得认可。这样一来那些全力工作的组员并没有得到足够的认可。他们没有得到发光的机会，这样的事实于R陈述的完全相反。此段结构：此段为总分结构，作者引出L的一系列实证后说明R是错误的。Paragraph3Second,groupswereslowinprogress.Thereadingpassagesaysthatgroupsaremoreresponsivethanindividualsbecauseofthenumberofpeopleinvolvedandtheiraggregatedresources.However,thespeakertalksabouthowthefirmfoundoutthatgroupswereslowerthanindividualsindecisionmaking:groupsneededmoretimeformeetings,whicharenecessaryproceduresingroupdecisionmaking.Thiswasanotherplacewhererealitycontradictedtheory.此段功能：作者引出第二个事实：群组进度缓慢。R说群组工作会更迅捷因为更多的集合资源。L说群组慢的原因是因为他们做出决定太慢，太多时间开会，这样的时间消耗也是和R的理论相反的。此段结构：此段为总分结构，L开头摆出来事实结论，随后开始一系列和R的对比。Paragraph4Third,influentialpeoplemightemergeandleadthegrouptowardssuccessorfailure.Iftheinfluentialpeopleareleadingintherightdirectiontherewouldbenoproblem;butincaseswheretheygointhewrongdirection,thereisrarelyapersonwithenoughinfluencetocounterthedecisionmade.Inotherwords,thegroupmi