2023年考研考博考博英语昆明理工大学考试高频考点参考题库答案

2023年考研考博考博英语昆明理工大学考试高频考点参考题库带答案（图片大小可自由调整）答案解析附后第1卷一.综合题(共20题)1.单选题Ingeneral,oursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucraticmanagementinwhichmanbecomesasmall,well-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwages,well-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusic,andbypsychologistsand“human-relations”experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerless,thathedoesnotwholeheartedlyparticipateinhisworkandthatheisboredwithit.Infact,theblueandthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement.Theworkerandemployeeareanxious，notonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob;theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedorfallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirjob,theyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasforthetightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthatmomentontheyaretestedagainandagainbythepsychologists,forwhomtestingisabigbusiness,andbytheirsuperiors,whojudgetheirbehavior,sociability,capacitytogetalong,etc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstress,theverycausesofunhappinessandillness.AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepre-industrialmodeofproductionortonineteenth-century“freeenterprise”capitalism?Certainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities—thoseofallloveandofreason—aretheaimsofsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisend,andshouldbepreventedfromrulingman.1.By“awell-oiledcoginthemachinery’’theauthorintendstorendertheideathatmanis（

）.2.Therealcauseoftheanxietyoftheworkersandemployeesisthat（

）.

3.Fromthepassagewecaninferthatrealhappinessoflifebelongstothose（

）.

4.Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorsuggeststhatweshould（

）.

5.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsindustrialismmightbestbesummarizedasoneof（

）.问题1选项A.anecessarypartofthesocietythougheachindividual’sfunctionisnegligibleB.workingincompleteharmonywiththerestofthesocietyC.anunimportantpartincomparisonwiththerestofthesociety,thoughfunctioningsmoothlyD.ahumblecomponentofthesociety,especiallywhenworkingsmoothly问题2选项A.theyarelikelytolosetheirjobsB.theyhavenogenuinesatisfactionorinterestinlifeC.theyarefacedwiththefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceD.theyaredeprivedoftheirindividualityandindependence问题3选项A.whoareatthebottomofthesocietyB.whoarehigherupintheirsocialstatusC.whoprovebetterthantheirfellowcompetitorsD.whocouldkeepfarawayfromthiscompetitiveworld问题4选项A.resorttotheproductionmodeofourancestorsB.offerhigherwagestotheworkersandemployeesC.enablemantofullydevelophispotentialitiesD.takethefundamentalrealitiesforgranted问题5选项A.approvalB.dissatisfactionC.suspicionD.tolerance2.单选题（

）,Imustdoanotherexperiment.问题1选项A.BeiteversolateB.ItiseversolateC.ItbeeversolateD.Solateitbeever3.单选题Thenewspaperdidnotmentionthe（

）ofthedamagecausedbythefire.问题1选项A.rangeB.levelC.extentD.quality4.单选题Generouspublicfundingofbasicsciencewould（

）considerablebenefitsforthecountry’shealth,wealthandsecurity.问题1选项A.resultfromB.settledownC.lieinD.leadto5.单选题Heisverytired.Heneeds（

）.问题1选项A.agoodnightrestB.goodrestofanightC.agoodrestnightD.agoodnight’srest6.单选题Todaywemakeroomforaremarkablynarrowrangeofpersonalitystyles.We’retoldthattobegreatistobebold,tobehappyistobesociable.Weseeourselvesasanationofextroverts—whichmeansthatwe’velostsightofwhowereallyare.One-thirdtoone-halfofAmericansareintroverts—intheotherwords,oneoutofeverytwoorthreepeopleyouknow.Ifyou’renotanintrovertyourself,youaresurelyraising,managing,marriedto,orcoupledwithone.Ifthesestatisticssurpriseyou,that'sprobablybecausesomanypeoplepretendtobeextroverts.Closetintrovertspassundetectedonplaygrounds,inhighschoollockerrooms,andinthecorridorsofcorporateAmerica.Somefooleventhemselves,untilsomelifeevent—alayoff,anemptynest,aninheritancethatfreesthemtospendtimeastheylike―jolts（震惊）themintotakingstockoftheirtruenatures.Youhaveonlytoraisethissubjectwithyourfriendsandacquaintancestofindthatthemostunlikelypeopleconsiderthemselvesintroverts.Itmakessensethatsomanyintrovertshideevenfromthemselves.WelivewithavaluesystemthatIcalltheExtrovertIdeal—theomnipresent（无所不在的）beliefthattheidealselfisgregarious（社交的）,andcomfortableinthespotlight.Thearchetypalextrovertprefersactiontocontemplation,risk-takingtoheed-taking,certaintytodoubt.Hefavorsquickdecisions,evenattheriskofbeingwrong.Sheworkswellinteamsandsocializesingroups.Weliketothinkthatwevalueindividuality,butalltoooftenweadmireonetypeofindividual―thekindwho’scomfortable“puttinghimselfoutthere.”Sure,weallowtechnologicallygiftedlonerswholaunchcompaniesingaragestohaveanypersonalitytheyplease,buttheyaretheexceptions,nottherule,andourtoleranceextendsmainlytothosewhogetfabulouslywealthyorholdthepromiseofdoingso.Introversion—alongwithitscousinssensitivity,seriousness,andshyness—isnowasecond-classpersonalitytrait,somewherebetweenadisappointmentandapathology（变态）.IntrovertslivingundertheExtrovertIdealarelikewomeninaman’sworld,discountedbecauseofatraitthatgoestothecoreofwhotheyare.Extroversionisanenormouslyappealingpersonalitystyle,butwe’veturneditintoanoppressivestandardtowhichmostofusfeelwemustconform.TheExtrovertIdealhasbeendocumentedinmanystudies,thoughthisresearchhasneverbeengroupedunderasinglename.Talkativepeople,forexample,areratedassmarter,better-looking,moreinteresting,andmoredesirableasfriends.Velocityofspeechcountsaswellasvolume:werankfasttalkersasmorecompetentandlikablethanslowones.Eventhewordintrovertisstigmatized—oneinformalstudy,bypsychologistLaurieHelgoe,foundthatintrovertsdescribedtheirownphysicalappearanceinvividlanguage,butwhenaskedtodescribegenericintrovertstheydrewablandanddistastefulpicture.ButwemakeagravemistaketoembracetheExtrovertIdealsounthinkingly.Someofourgreatestideas,art,andinventions—fromthetheoryofevolutiontovanGogh’ssunflowerstothepersonalcomputer—camefromquietandcerebralpeoplewhoknewhowtotuneintotheirinnerworldsandthetreasurestobefoundthere.1.Accordingtotheauthor,thereexists,asfaraspersonalitystylesareconcerned,adiscrepancybetween（

）.2.TheidealextrovertisdescribedasbeingallthefollowingEXCEPT（

）.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,oursocietyonlypermits（

）

tohavewhateverpersonalitytheylike.4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsBESTreflectstheauthor’sopinion?5.Theauthorwindsupthepassagewitha（

）

note.问题1选项A.whatpeoplesaytheycandoandwhattheyactuallycanB.whatsocietyvaluesandwhatpeoplepretendtobeC.whatpeopleprofessandwhatstatisticsshowD.whatpeopleprofessandwhattheyhidefromothers问题2选项A.doubtfulB.sociableC.determinedD.bold问题3选项A.theyoungB.theordinaryC.theartisticD.therich问题4选项A.Introversionisseenasaninferiortraitbecauseofitsassociationwithsensitivity.B.Extroversionisarbitraryforcedbysocietyasanormuponpeople.C.Introvertsaregenerallyregardedaseitherunsuccessfulorasdeficient.D.Extroversionandintroversionhavesimilarpersonalitytraitprofiles.问题5选项A.cautiousB.warningC.positiveD.humorous7.单选题Ofthegreatvarietyofopinionsconcerning“marriageformoney”，thefollowingthreeareimportantwithreferencetothedevelopmentoftheimportanceofmoney.Marriagesbasedexclusivelyuponeconomicmotiveshavenotonlyexistedinallperiodsandatallstagesofdevelopment,butareparticularlycommonamongprimitivegroupsandconditionswheretheydonotcauseanyoffenceatall.Thedisparagementofpersonaldignitythatnowadaysarisesineverymarriagethatisnotbasedonpersonalaffection―sothatasenseofdecencyrequirestheconcealmentofeconomicmotives—doesnotexistinsimplercultures.Thereasonforthisdevelopmentisthatincreasingindividualizationmakesitincreasinglycontradictoryanddiscreditabletoenterintopurelyindividualrelationshipsforotherthanpurelyindividualreasons.Fornowadaysthechoiceofapartnerinmarriageisnolongerdeterminedbysocialmotives(thoughregardfortheoffspringmaybeconsideredtobesuchamotive),insofarassocietydoesnotinsistuponthecouple’sequalsocialstatus―acondition,however,thatprovidesagreatdealoflatitudeandonlyrarelyleadstoconflictsbetweenindividualandsocialinterests.Inaquiteundifferentiatedsocietyitmayberelativelyirrelevantwhomarrieswhom,irrelevantnotonlyforthemutualrelationshipofthecouplebutalsofortheoffspring.Thisisbecausewheretheconstitutions,stateofhealth,temperament,internalandexternalformsoflifeandorientationsarelargelythesamewithinthegroup,thechancethatthechildrenwillturnoutwelldependslessuponwhethertheparentsagreeandcomplementeachotherthanitdoesinhighlydifferentiatedsociety.Itthereforeseemsquitenaturalandexpedientthatthechoiceofthepartnershouldbedeterminedbyreasonsotherthanpurelyindividualaffection.Yetpersonalattractionshouldbedecisiveinahighlyindividualizedsocietywhereaharmoniousrelationshipbetweentwoindividualsbecomesincreasinglyrare.Thedecliningfrequencyofmarriagewhichistobefoundeverywhereinhighlycivilizedculturalcircumstancesisundoubtedlydue,inpart,tothefactthathighlydifferentiatedpeopleingeneralhavedifficultyinfindingacompletelysympatheticcomplementtothemselves.Yetwedonotpossessanyothercriterionandindicationfortheadvisabilityofmarriageexceptmutualinstinctiveattraction.But,happinessisapurelypersonalmatter,decideduponentirelybythecouplethemselves,andtherewouldbenocompellingreasonfortheofficialinsistenceonatleastpretendinglovemaybemisleading—particularlyinthehigherstrata,whosecomplicatedcircumstancesoftenretardthegrowthofthepurestinstincts—nomatterhowmuchotherconditionsmayaffectthefinalresults,itremainstruethat,withreferencetoprocreation,loveisdecidedlysuperiortomoneyasafactorselection.Infact,inthisrespect,itistheonlyrightandproperthing.Marriageformoneydirectlycreatesasituationofpanmixia—theindiscriminatepairingregardlessofindividualqualities―aconditionthatbiologyhasdemonstratedtobethecauseofthemostdirectanddetrimentaldegenerationofthehumanspecies.Inthecaseofmarriageformoney,theunionofacoupleisdeterminedbyafactorthathasabsolutelynothingtodowithracialappropriateness—justastheregardformoneyoftenenoughkeepsapartacouplewhoreallybelongtogether—anditshouldbeconsideredasafactorindegenerationtothesameextenttowhichtheundoubteddifferentiationofindividualsmakesselectionbypersonalattractionmoreandmoreimportant.Thiscasetooillustratesoncemorethattheincreasingindividualizationwithinsocietyrendersmoneyincreasinglyunsuitableasamediatorofpurelyindividualrelationships.1.Accordingtothetext,whatissaidtoinfluencematrimonialcompatibilityandstabilityinsimplercultures?2.Marriagesmotivatedbymonetaryaspirationsaremorelikelynottobecamouflagedinwhatstrataofsociety?3.Themarriagerateissaidtobedecreasingbecause（

）.4.Howisthequestionofraceinrelationtomarriagesimilartothequestionofmoney?5.Panmixiaissaidto（

）.问题1选项A.PersonaldignityB.EconomicdeclineC.MonetaryconsiderationsD.Financialgrowth问题2选项A.UpperB.MiddleC.LowerD.Lowest问题3选项A.wedemandtoomuchofourpartnersB.partnersdon’tgivecomplimentsC.peoplearetoodifferentiatedsociallyD.theeconomicdisparityinmanyregionsisgrowing问题4选项A.Theyfuelmutualinstinctualattraction.B.Theyinspireindividualresponsibilities.C.Theydeflectsuperficialrelationships.D.Theyprohibitsuitablemarriages.问题5选项A.aidtheselectionprocessB.complementindividualizationC.inspirepositiveresultsD.setupbiologicaldecline8.单选题

JackwasabouttoannounceourplanbutI（

）.问题1选项A.cuthimshortB.gavehimupC.turnedhimoutD.puthimthrough9.单选题Ourcorporation’sobligationunderthis（

）islimitedtorepairorreplacement.问题1选项A.warrantyB.licenseC.marketD.necessity10.单选题Plasticheartvalvesandotherhuman“spareparts”have（

）possiblemanyrecentdevelopmentsinsurgery.问题1选项A.madeitB.beenmadeC.madeD.become11.单选题Onecanunderstandothersmuchbetterbynotingtheimmediateandfleetingreactionsoftheireyesand（

）toexpressedthoughts.问题1选项A.countenancesB.dilemmasC.concessionsD.junctions12.翻译题TranslatethefollowingtwoparagraphsintoChineseOnceyouturnoveranewleaf,youcan’texpecttochangecompletelyrightaway.Youareboundtovacillateattimes.Thekeyistobesatisfiedwithgradualimprovement,expectingandacceptingtheoccasionalslipsthatcomewithanychange.Andevenafteryouarehandlingthesedecisionsinafirmerandmoreconfidentmanner,youcan’texpectyourchildrentorespondimmediately.Forawhilethey’llkeeponapplyingtheoldpressuresthatusedtoworksowell.Butthey’lleventuallycometorespectyourdecisionsoncetheylearnthatnaggingandarguingnolongerwork.Intheend,bothyouandyourchildrenwillbehappierforit.Thetrendsarequicklyacceleratingforasimplereason:Informationispower,andtechnologydemocratizesanduniversalizestheavailabilityofinformation.Hence,organizationswillnolongerbeabletosubsidizeprocessesandjobsthatglorifyhierarchicalcontrolbutturnoffthespigotonknowledge-flow.FuturistGeorgeGilderdescribesaworldwheretheeconomyisbasedonsand,glassandair.Sandisthesiliconusedtomakemicrochips,thebuildingblocksofcomputing—andthatbuildingblockisgrowingexponentially.Theperformanceofmicrochipsdoublesevery18months.13.单选题Oneofthewrongnotionsaboutscienceisthatmanyscientificdiscoverieshavecomeabout（

）.问题1选项A.accordinglyB.accidentallyC.artificiallyD.additionally14.单选题Consumersdeprivedoftheinformationandadvicetheyneededwerequitesimply（

）everycheatinthemarketplace.问题1选项A.inlieuofB.forthepriceofC.bycourtesyofD.atthemercyof15.单选题Wehavedoneallwecouldandnowourcherishedprojectis（

）ournewCEO.问题1选项A.ontheagendaofB.inthepowerofC.undertheguidanceofD.withtheguidanceof16.单选题CrowdcontrolcouldsoonbecomeacrucialskillforclimbersonMountEverest,asimportantasphysicalstrengthorwatchingtheweather.Inasingledaylastweek,nearly40peoplereachedthetopoftheworld—arecord.Reportssentbysatellitetelephonefrombasecampspokeofqueuesatdangerousridgesandcrowdedaspeoplepassedeachotherinthefinaldashforthe8,848meters(29,129ft)summit.Moretraditionalmountaineerssneer(嘲笑)atthecircusatmospheresurroundingEverestinrecentyears,andtherearewarningsthatthecrowdsaremakingthemountainmoredangerous.Overcrowdinghasalreadytakenitstoll.In1996,14diedonthemountainwhenthemembersofseveralexpeditionsweretrappedathighaltitudesbysuddensnowstorm.BadweatherinearlyMayledtothisyear’sjamonthesummitridge,butthetoll,luckily,waslight.Justfourclimbersdied,includingaNepaliSherpawhohadmade11previoussuccessfulclimbing.Traditionalistsarealsoworriedaboutthegrowingtendencyofexpeditionstosetrecordsandachieve“firsts”,ratherthansimplyclimbthemountain.Thisyear’scropofsummiteersincludedtheoldestman,64-year-oIdShermanBullfromConnecticut,andtheyoungest:16-year-oldTembaTsheriSherpaofNepal.AnAmericanwithonlyonearmwasonthemountainthisyear;anIndianwithnolegsalsotriedbuttonoavail.Inthemostspectacularfeat,ErikWeihenmeyer,anAmerican,becamethefirstblindpersontoreachthetopoftheworld.Hisfellowclimbersstayedinfrontofhimonthewayup,describingtheterrainandringingbells.NepalviewsMountEverestassomethingofacashcow;thegovernmentchargesexpeditionsaminimumof$70,000.ThatisprobablywhyofficialsinKatmanduareignoringconcernsaboutovercrowdingandtalkingaboutevenmoreclimberscomingnextyear.Butacelebrationofthe48thanniversaryofthefirstconquestofEverest,bySirEdmundHillaryandSherpaTenzingNorgay,wascancelledafterviolentstrikes,calledbytheCommunistopposition.Retuningclimberswhothoughttheirchallengewasoverhadtowalkfromhoteltoairportsotheycouldflyhometotheusualtriumphalwelcome.TumultuousNepalipolitics,itseems,couldbejustthecrowd-controlmeasurethatEverestneeds.1.WhatisimportanttoclimbersonMountEverest?2.Moreaccidentshavehappenedinrecentyearsdueto（

）.3.Severalsummiteersarementionedinthethirdparagraphtoshow（

）.

4.TheattitudeoftheNepaligovernmenttowardthecircusatmosphereis（

）.

5.AnanniversarycelebrationofthefirstconquestofEverestwascancelleddueto（

）.问题1选项A.Watchingtheweather.B.Makingafinaldash.C.Psychologicaladjustment.D.Groupmanagement.问题2选项A.badgeographicalconditionsB.carelessnessoftheclimbersC.overcrowdingD.snowstorms问题3选项A.theircourageB.theirdiversityC.theirgreatachievementsD.theircommonmotivation问题4选项A.indifferentB.welcomingC.worriedD.concerned问题5选项A.overcrowdingB.politicalreasonsC.thereturningoftheclimbersD.thelackofcrowd-controlmeasure17.单选题Whiletyping,Helenhasahabitofstopping（

）togiveherlongandflowinghairasmooth.问题1选项A.occasionallyB.simultaneouslyC.eventuallyD.promptly18.单选题Speakingtwolanguagesratherthanjustonehasobviouspracticalbenefitsinanincreasinglyglobalizedworld.Butinrecentyears,scientistshavebeguntoshowthattheadvantagesofbilingualismareevenmorefundamentalthanbeingabletoconversewithawiderrangeofpeople.Beingbilingual,itturnsout,makesyousmarter.Itcanhaveaprofoundeffectonyourbrain,improvingcognitiveskillsnotrelatedtolanguageandevenshieldingagainstdementia（痴呆）inoldage.Thisviewofbilingualismisremarkablydifferentfromtheunderstandingofbilingualismthroughmuchofthe20thcentury.Researchers,educatorsandpolicymakerslongconsideredasecondlanguagetobeaninterference,cognitivelyspeaking,thathinderedachild’sacademicandintellectualdevelopment.Theywerenotwrongabouttheinterference:thereisampleevidencethatinabilingual’sbrainbothlanguagesystemsareactiveevenwhenheisusingonlyonelanguage,thuscreatingsituationsinwhichonesystemobstructs（痴呆）theother.Butthisinterference,researchersarefindingout,isn’tsomuchahandicapasablessingindisguise.Itforcesthebraintoresolveinternalconflict,givingthemindaworkoutthatstrengthensitscognitivemuscles.Thecollectiveevidencefromanumberofsuchstudiessuggeststhatthebilingualexperienceimprovesthebrain’sso-calledexecutivefunction.Acommandsystemdirectstheattentionprocessesthatweuseforplanning,solvingproblemsandperformingvariousothermentallydemandingtasks.Theseprocessesincludeignoringdistractionstostayfocused,switchingattentionwillfullyfromonethingtoanotherandholdinginformationinmind—likerememberingasequenceofdirectionswhiledriving.Whydoesthetussle（搏斗）betweentwosimultaneouslyactivelanguagesystemsimprovetheseaspectsofcognition?Untilrecently,researchersthoughtthebilingualadvantagestemmedprimarilyfromanabilityforinhibitionthatwashoned（磨炼）bytheexerciseofsuppressingonelanguagesystem:thissuppression,itwasthought,wouldhelptrainthebilingualmindtoignoredistractionsinothercontexts.Butthatexplanationincreasinglyappearstobeinadequate,sincestudieshaveshownthatbilingualsperformbetterthanmonolingualsevenattasksthatdonotrequireinhibition,likethreadingalinethroughanascendingseriesofnumbersscatteredrandomlyonapage.Thekeydifferencebetweenbilingualsandmonolingualsmaybemorebasic:aheightenedabilitytomonitortheenvironment.“Bilingualshavetoswitchlanguagesquiteoften—youmaytalktoyourfatherinonelanguageandtoyourmotherinanotherlanguage,”saysAlbertCosta,aresearcherattheUniversityofPompeaFabrainSpain.“Itrequireskeepingtrackofchangesaroundyouinthesamewaythatwemonitoroursurroundingswhendriving.”InastudycomparingGerman-ItalianbilingualswithItalianmonolingualsonmonitoringtasks,Mr.Costaandhiscolleaguesfoundthatthebilingualsubjectsnotonlyperformedbetter,buttheyalsodidsowithlessactivityinpartsofthebraininvolvedinmonitoring,indicatingthattheyweremoreefficientatit.Thebilingualexperienceappearstoinfluencethebrainfrominfancytooldage,andthereisreasontobelievethatitmayalsoapplytothosewholearnasecondlanguagelaterinlife.1.Accordingtothepassage,themorerecentandoldviewsofbilingualismdiffermainlyin（

）.2.Thefactthatinterferenceisnowseenasablessingindisguisemeansthat（

）.

3.WhatistheroleofParagraphFourinrelationtoParagraphThree?4.Whichofthefollowingcanaccountforbetterperformanceofbilingualsindoingnon-inhibitiontasks?5.Whatisthemainthemeofthepassage?问题1选项A.itspracticaladvantagesB.perceivedlanguagefluencyC.itsroleincognitionD.itsroleinmedicine问题2选项A.itspotentialbenefitshaveremainedundiscoveredB.ithasledtounexpectedlyfavorableresultsC.itseffectsoncognitivedevelopmenthavebeenminimalD.onlyafewresearchershaverealizeditsadvantages问题3选项A.ItprovidescounterevidencetoParagraphThree.B.Itoffersanotherexampleoftheroleofinterference.C.Itservesasatransitionalparagraphinthepassage.D.ItfurtherillustratesthepointinParagraphThree.问题4选项A.AnabilitytoignoredistractionsB.Anabilitytomonitorsurroundings.C.Anabilitytoperformwithlesseffort.D.Anabilitytoexercisesuppression.问题5选项A.Featuresofbilingualsandmonolinguals.B.Interferenceandsuppression.C.Bilingualsandmonitoringtasks.D.Reasonswhybilingualsaresmarter19.单选题Atallagesandatallstagesoflife,fearpresentsaproblemtoalmosteveryone.“Wearelargelytheplaythingsofourfears,"wrotetheBritishauthorHoraceWalpolemanyyearsago."Toone,fearofthedark;toanother,ofphysicalpain;toathird,ofpublicridicule;toafourth,ofpoverty;toafifth,ofloneliness—forallofusourparticularcreaturewaitsinahiddenplace.”Fearisoftenausefulemotion.Whenyoubecomefrightened,manyphysicalchangesoccurwithinyourbody.Yourheartbeatandresponsesquicken;yourpupilsexpandtoadmitmorelight;largequantitiesofenergy-producingadrenaline(肾上激素)arepouredintoyourbloodstream.Confrontedwithafireoraccident,fearcanfuellife-savingflight.Similarly,whenadangerispsychologicalratherthanphysical,fearcanforceyoutotakeself-protectivemeasures.Itisonlywhenfearisdisproportionaltothedangerathandthatitbecomesaproblem.Somepeoplearesimplymorevulnerabletofearthanothers.Avisittothenewbornnurseryofanylargehospitalwilldemonstratethat,fromthemomentoftheirbirths,afewfortunateinfantsrespondcalmlytosuddenfear-producingsituationssuchasaloudlyslammeddoor.Yetaneighborinthenextbedmaycryoutwithprofoundfright.Frombirth,heorsheismorepronetolearnfearfulresponsesbecauseheorshehasinheritedatendencytobemoresensitive.Further,psychologistsknowthatourearlyexperiencesandrelationshipsstronglyshapeanddetermineourlaterfears.AyoungmannamedBill,forexample,grewupwithafatherwhoregardedeachadversityasatemporaryobstacletobeovercomewithimaginationandcourage.Usinghisfatherasamodel,Billcametowelcomeadventureandtotrusthisownabilitytosolveproblem.Phil’sdad,however,spentmostofhistimetryingtoprotecthimselfandhisfamily.Afraidtorisktheinsecurityofajobchange,heremainedunhappyinoneposition.Heavoidedlongvacationsbecause"thecarmightbreakdown."Growingupinsuchahome,Philnaturallylearnedtobecomefearfulandtense.1.InthelastsentenceofParagraph1,“ourparticularcreature”refersto（

）.2.Fearcanbeausefulemotiontousbecauseitcan（

）.

3.Fearbecomesaproblemonlywhen（

）.

4.Differentresponsesofnewborninfantstoaloudlyslammeddoorimplythat（

）.

5.Psychologistshavefoundthatourlaterfearsaredeterminedlargelybyour（

）.问题1选项A.fearofsomethingB.publicridiculeC.physicalpainD.afiercebeast问题2选项A.quickenourheartbeatandresponsesB.helpusrespondquicklytodangerandprotectourselvesC.stimulatemanyphysicalchangeswithinourbodyD.pourlargequantitiesofadrenalineintoourbloodstream.问题3选项A.onecannotstandthedangerB.oneisnotwellpreparedforitC.thedangerismorepsychologicalthanphysicalD.thedangeristhoughtgreaterthanitreallyis问题4选项A.peoplesometimesseemtoturnadeafeartonoiseB.somepeopleseemtobeverysensitivetonoiseC.somepeopleareinherentlymoreeasilyaffectedbydangerD.people’sresponsetostimuliisnotaninheritedfeature问题5选项A.parents’lifestyleB.earlyexperiencesC.schooleducationD.homeeducation20.翻译题Readthefollowingparagraphcarefullyandt