北京理工大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解

PartⅠReadingComprehension(40points)Directions：Inthisparttherearefourpassagesforyoutoread.Aftereachpassagetherearefivequestions,beloweachofwhomtherearefouranswersmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestanswerandmarkthecorrespondingletterwithapencilontheMACHINE-SCORINGANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.IwasintroducedtotheconceptofliteracyanimatorinOladumiArigbede's(1994)articleonhighilliteracyratesamongwomenandschooldropoutratesamonggirls.AccordingtoArigbede,literacyanimatorsviewtheirroleasassistingintheself-liberatingdevelopmentofpeopleintheworldwhoarestrugglingforamoremeaningfullife.Animatorsareafamilyofdeeplyconcernedandcommittedpeoplewhosegut-levelrejectionofmasshumanpauperizationcompelsthemtointerveneonthesideofthemarginalized.Theirmotivationisnotderivedfromaloveofliteracyasmerelyanothertechnicallifeskill,andtheyacceptthatliteracyisneverculturallyorideologicallyneutral.ArigbedewritesfromherexperiencesasananimatorworkingwithwomenandmeninNigeria.Shebelievesthatliteracyanimatorshavetomakeaclearchoiceaboutwhosecultureandwhoseideologywillbefosteredamongthosewithwhomtheywork.DoliteracyeducatorsintheUnitedStatesconsiderwhethertheinstructiontheypursueconflictswiththeirstudents'traditionalculturesorcommunity,orfostersilliteraciesinlearners'firstorhomelanguagesordialectsandintheirorality?Someapproachestoliteracyinstructionrepresentanideologyofindividualism,control,andcompetition.Consider,forexample,thedifferenceinvaluesconveyedandrepresentedwhenstudentsengageinchoralreadingversusthepracticeofhavingonestudentreadoutloudtothegroup.Toidentifyasaliteracyanimatoristochoosetheideologyof"sharing,solidarity,love,equity,co-operationwithandrespectofbothnatureandotherhumanbeings."Literacypedagogythatmatchestheanimatorideologyworksonmaintainingthelanguagesandculturesofmillionsofminoritychildrenwhoatpresentarebeingforcedtoacceptthelanguageandcultureofthedominantgroup.Itmightleadtoassessmentthatexaminestheperformanceoutcomesofacommunityofliteracylearnersandthesocialsignificanceoftheirusesofliteracy,asopposedtomeasuringwhatanindividualcandoasareaderandwriteronastandardizedtest.Shor(1993)describesliteracyanimatorsasproblem-posing,community-based,dialogiceducators.Doourteacher-educationtextbooksonreadingandlanguageartspromotetheideathatteachersshouldexploreproblemsfromacommunity-baseddialogic1．Aliteracyanimatorisonewho______.A．strugglesforamoremeaningfullifeB．freespeoplefrompovertyandilliteracyC．iscommittedtomarginalizetheilliterateD．isconcernedwithwhatisbehindilliteracy2．TheauthorsuggeststhatliteracyeducatorsintheUSinaA．promotestudents'homelanguagesB．forcestudentstoaccepttheircultureC．teachnothingbutreadingandwritingD．considerliteracyasofnon-neutralnature3．ArigbedeworkedwithNigeriansprobablyto______.A．teachAmericancustomsandideologyB．makeachoiceofculturetobefosteredC．rejectthevaluesofthedominantclassD．helpmaintainNigerianlanguageandculture4．Accordingtotheauthor,"choralreading"mayA．individualismB．collectivismC．competitionD．immersion5．Animatorideologyemphasizesmoreon______.A．thesocialfunctionofliteracyB．students'performanceintestsC．thedominantgroup'slanguageD．theattainmentoflifeskillsAccordingtoonesurveyof12,000people,about30percentofthosemakingNewYear'sresolutionssaytheydon'tevenkeepthemintoFebruary.Andonlyabout1in5actuallystaysontrackforsixmonthsormore,reportsediets．com,aconsumerdietandfitnessWebsite.Butdon'tletthoseoddsmakeyoureachforthenearestbagofpotatochips.Expertssayyoucankeepthoseresolutionslongterm,evenifyou'restrugglingnow."Themotivationcomesfromwithin,andsowhenyoufindthatyou'redeclininginyourhealthyeatingprogram,andthenjustaskyourself,'IsthisgoingtogetmetheresultsthatIwant?',"saysLeslieStewart,aregistereddietitianandlicensednutritionist．"Andifyou'redoingsomethingeverydaytoeathealthy,thenthat'sgoingtopayoffinthelongrun."Stewartadvisestousewhatshecallsthe90-10eatingrule."Ifyou'reeatinghealthy90percentofthetime,then10percentofthetime,youcancutyourselfsomeslackandeatpleasurably."Shesaysshebelievesthat"healthyeatingisevolutioninsteadofresolution."Thesameprinciplecanbeappliedtoalaggingexerciseresolution,too.Stayingmotivatediskeytolong-termsuccess,andreviewingoriginalgoalscanhelpstrengthenaweakeningworkoutprogram.Addingvarietytoafitnessregimealsocanpreventyoufromhangingupthoseexerciseshoes.Afterafewweeksofwell-intentionedworkouts,boredommaybecreepingyou'reyourroutine.Settinggoalstoohighisanothercommonmistake."Ifyou'renotrunningamarathonattheendofthemonth,don'tworry,"sayMayoClinicexperts.Atoointenseworkout—andtheresultingpainandstiffness—isdiscouragingandmayforcemosttoabandonaprogram.Startingslowlyiskey.Butifyourgoalsalreadyhavefallenbythewayside，Uriasaystostartupagainimmediately."AlittlesetbackisOK;getbackonthehorseandride...drivetowardthatgoal,"hesays.6．Accordingtotheauthor,onlyabout20%peoplekeepingtheirresolutionsdoesnotnecessarilymeanthat______.A．thefigureisratherdepressingandunexpectedaswellB．thosewhohavemadetheirresolutionshouldgiveuptheireffortC．whoeverkeeptheirresolutionsshouldstarteatingpotatoD．long-termresolutionsarenotimportantforthosefacingtroubles7．Whatistheideabehindthe90-10eatingruleaccordingA．Youshouldkeepeatinghealthy90%ofthetime.B．Youshouldfeelfreetoeat10％ofthetime.C．Youshouldlearntoeathealthygradually.D．Suddenchangewillbemoreefficientandeffective.8．Whichofthefollowingyoushouldavoidtokeepyourselfinterestedinexercise?A．Hangingupyourexerciseshoesifyoufeeltired.B．Keepingboredomawayfromyourdailyactivity.C．Makingaschedulewithtoohighgoalsinit.D．Runningamarathonatthebeginningofthemonth.9．Howmanysuggestionsatleasthavebeenintroducedconcerningtheexerciseresolution?A．Four.B．Five.C．Six.D．Seven.10．Whatiscriticallyimportantinmakinglong-termresolutionssuccessful?A．Youshouldbestrugglingwithyourselfallthetime.B．Youshouldconstantlyevaluatetheresultsyouwant.C．Youshouldtrytokeepyourselfmotivated.D．Youshouldtryyourbesttodiversifyyourfitnesspractice.Ourpresentgenerationofculturalcritics,arrivingaftertheassaultofpostmodernismandtheincreasinglywidespreadcommercializationofculture,hasbeencastadrift,withoutanyfirmbasisforjudgments.Publicationsandinstitutionstosupportseriouscriticism,inthisview,eithernolongerexistorarefewinCriticstoday,itisalsoclaimed,aretoocozybehindtheiviedwallsofacademe,contenttoemployaprosestylethatisdecipherableonlytoahandfulofthecognoscenti.Thedeadlydiveofuniversitycriticsintotheshallowdepthsofpopularculture,moreover,revealstheunwillingnessofthesecriticstoupholdstandards.Evenifthereasonsofferedarecontradictory,theseJeremiahshuddlearoundtheirsadconclusionthatseriousculturalcriticismhasfallenintoamorassofpettybickeringandbloatedreputations.Suchnarrativesofdeclension,astapleofAmericanintellectuallifesincethetimeoftheself-serving,historicallyinaccurateanddifficulttoprove.Hasthelevelofcriticismdeclinedinthelast50years?Ofcoursethelogicofsuchanopiniondependsonthefiguresthatarebeingcontrastedwithoneanother.Anynumberofculturalcriticsthrivingtodaycouldbeinvokedtodemonstratethatculturalcriticismisaliveandwell.Butmanynewandthrivingvenuesforcriticismanddebateexisttoday,andtheyarenotlimitedsolelytothediscussionofliteraryworks.Actually,theybecamesoencrustedwiththeirowncertitudeandpoliticaljudgmentsthattheybecamelargelyirrelevant.Todaythecomplaintisthatliteraryculturelackscivility.Weliveinanageofcommercialismandspectacle.Writersseekthelimelight,andonewaytobaskinitistopublishreviewsthatscorchthelandscape,withDalePeckasthefatuous,butnotatypical,caseinpoint.HeidiJulavits,inanessayinTheBeliever,lamentedthedownfallofseriousfictionandreviewing.Shesurveyedaliteraryculturethathadembraced"snark",hertermforhostile,self-servingreviews.Thesnarkreview,accordingtoJulavits,eschewsaseriousengagementwithliteratureinfavorofasound-biteapproach,anattempttoturnthereviewintoaformofentertainmentakintofilmreviewsorrestaurantcritiques.Acriticfoundculturalcriticismtobein"criticalcondition."Forhim,thepostmodernturnto,theory,initsquestioningofobjectivity,cutthecritical,independentgroundoutfromunderreviewers.Theriseofchainbookstoresandblockbusterbestsellersdemeanedliteraryculture,makingitpreytothecommercialvaluesofthemarketandentertainment.Thecriticismdoesnotseemdiscontinuous.NorshouldweforgetthatcivilityrarelyreignedinthecirclesofNewYorkintellectuals.TheartcriticClementGreenbergphysicallypummeledthetheatercriticLionelAbelafterAbelrejectedtheviewthatJeanWahl,theFrenchphilosopher,wasanti-Semitic.ThoughRobertPeckhasthereputationofaliteraryhatchetman,sofarasIknowhisblowsthusfarhaveallbeenconfinedtotheprintedpage.Culturalcriticismhascertainlychangedovertheyears.Theolddaysofthecriticwhowieldedunchallengedauthorityhavehappilypassed.Oursisamorepluralisticage,onenotbeholdentoanarrowliteraryculture.Thedemocratizationofcriticism—asintheAmazonsystemofreaders'evaluatingbooks—isamessyaffair,asdemocracymustbe.Butthesolutiontotheproblemsofcriticisminthepresentisbestnotdiscoveredinthemustybasementsofnostalgiaandsentimentfortheculturalcriticismofahalf-centurygone.Ratherthesolutionistorecognize,asJohnDeweydidalmostacenturyago,thattheproblemsofdemocracydemandmoredemocracy,lessnostalgiaforagoldenagethatneverwas,andaspiritofopennesstowhatisnewandinvigoratinginourculture.11．Whatisthepossibleconnectionbetweenculturalcriticsandpublicationsandinstitutions?Apostmodernismcommercializationcherishedbypublicationsandinstitutions.B．Postmodernismandcommercializationareattackedbytheseriouspublicationsandinstitutions.C．Culturalcriticismisshortofjudgmentsandwillnotexistwithoutthesupportofpublicationsandinstitutions.D．Publicationsandinstitutionsshowalmostnointerestinseriousculturalcriticism.12．HowdotheuniversitycriticsliketheseriousculturalA．Culturalcriticismisnotseriousenoughwhenthearticlesarewritteninthecozyprosestyle.B．Popularcultureissoprevailingthatseriouscriticsarenotwillingtokeeptotheshallowstandards.C．Seriousculturalcriticismisfullofinsignificantquarrelsandthepublicdonotreallytrustit.D．CulturalcriticshavebecomesoseriousastotellthestoriesimbuedwithAmericanintellectualPuritanism.13．Whatistheauthor'sopinionofthecurrentcomplaintabouttheliteraryexpansionintotheotherfields?A．Whenliterarycriticsdiscussissueswithpoliticaljudgments,theirviewsarelikelytobemeaningless.B．Itisreasonableforwriterstoseeklimelightsincewearelivingintheageofcommercialism.C．Criticsshouldbeencouragedtowriteandpublishpoignantarticleswhichwouldscorchthelandscape.D．Itisthecritics'responsibilitytolamentthedownfallofseriousfictionandreviewing.14．Whatdoes"thesnarkreview"refertoaccordingtoA．Culturalreviewswhichareunfriendlyandselfish.B．Literaryreviewsavoidingseriouscriticism.C．Entertainmentreviewsinthefilmindustry.D．Postmodernreviewsindependentofobjectivity.15．Inordertofindawayoutthecurrentdilemmafortheculturalcriticism,theauthorsuggeststhat______.A．weshouldreturntotheolddayswhenthecriticspassedtheirjudgmentswithoutchallengesB．pluralismshouldbeheldback,reinforcingtheunchallengedauthorityintheliterarycriticismC．democraticcriticismshouldnotbeadoptedbecauseitisrathermessyasprovedintheAmazonsystemD．weshouldencouragemoredemocracy,dismissnostalgiaandcultivateanopenattitudeInJuly,almostunnoticedbythenationalpress,adeadlybirdvirusarrivedonapheasantfarminSurrey.ExpertsfromtheDepartmentfortheEnvironment,FoodandRuralAffairs(Defra)identifiedNewcastledisease,avirususuallymortaltoturkeysandgeesebutnothumans,inaflockof9,000pheasantchicksimportedfromFranceaheadoftheshootingseason.Withinhoursofthediagnosis,veterinaryexpertshadswungintoaction,throwingupa3kmexclusionzonearoundthefarmnearCobhamandculling10,000birds.Thecarcasseswereburnedandpremisescleanedtostopthevirusescaping.ItwasfourweeksbeforeDefra'sVeterinaryExoticDiseasesDivisionfeltitwassafeforpoultrymovementsintheareatoresume．Thisweekend,withthenewsthatH5N1,afarmoredeadlybirdvirus,hasreachedTurkey,similaremergencyplansarebeingreadiedbyofficialsfromDefraandotheragencies.ThescenariotheyarepreparingforisthattheH5N1virus,whichsofarhasledtothecullingofbillionsofchickensinsouth-eastAsiaand60humandeaths,willsoonarriveontheseshores.Whathappensnextdependsonwheretheoutbreakoccurs,whetheritcanbecontainedand—mostimportantofall—whetheritmutatestobecomeinfectiousbetweenpeople.Sofar,onlypoultryworkersorthosedirectlyexposedtochickenfaecesorbloodarethoughttobeatrisk,thoughdirecthuman-to-humantransmissioncannotberuledout."Everytimeanewpersongetsinfectedwiththevirusthereisasmallchancethatpersonwilltriggerapandemic,"saidNeilFerguson,ascientistatImperialCollege,whohasbeenrunningsimulationsonwhatmighthappenwereH5N1toreachBritain."It'saverysmallchance,probably1ina1,000,1in10,000orless."ShoulddiseasedbirdsreachBritain,thefirststepforveterinaryofficialswouldbetocontaintheoutbreakastheydidwithNewcastledisease.AnamberalertwouldbesoundedandsamplessenttotheVeterinaryLaboratoryAgency(VLA)inWeybridge,Surrey.IfIanBrown,theheadofavianvirologythere,confirmsthecauseofdeathasH5N1,thealertlevelwillberaisedtoredandawholeseriesofemergencyprocedures,fromquarantine,restrictionofpoultrymovementstoculling,willswingintoaction.Otheragencies,suchastheDepartmentofHealth,theHealthProtectionAgencyandtheMinistryofDefence,wouldbebroughtintotheloop.Intheeventthattheoutbreakcannotbecontained,Deframayhavetoconsidermasscullingprogrammesandthepossibilityofvaccination.Atthispoint,withtheriskofthevirusspreadingtohumanpopulations,theDepartmentofHealthwouldappointaUKnationalinfluenzapandemiccommitteetocoordinatetheresponseofhospitaltrustsandlocalauthorities.TheCivilContingencySecretariat(CCS)oftheCabinetwillalsobealertedandCobra,theemergencycommitteewhichcoordinatesWhitehall'sresponsetoterrorism,readiedforapossiblebreakdownincivilorder.TheDepartmentofHealth'spandemicpreparednessplanpublishedinMarchenvisagesasmanyas54,000Britonsdyinginthefirstfewmonthsofaflupandemic.ButinJune,CCSofficialswarnedthatthatcouldbeanunderestimate.Themorelikelyfigure,theysaid,was700,000—projectiontheDepartmentofHealthisexpectedtotakeonboardwhenitupdatesitspandemicpreparednessplanlaterthismonth.Inthemostseriouscase,officialsestimatetherewouldbeasmanydeathsinthe12weeksofanepidemicasthereusuallyareinayear.Atthepeakofthepandemic,19,000peoplewouldrequitehospitalbeds,promptingcouncilstorequisitionschoolstoaccommodatethesick.Totreatthedying,thegovernmentwouldbegindrawingdownitsstockpilesofTamiflu(药名),ananti-viraldrugthattreatsflu.Butwithonly14courses,enoughforaquarterofthepopulation,likelytobeavailable,soonerorlaterrationingwouldhavetobeimposed,withhealthprofessionalsandessentialcivilservantsthefirstinline.Thegovernmentwouldalsocomeunderpressuretoreleasestoresofitspreciousfluvaccine.Atpresenttherearecontingencyplansforjusttwotothreemilliondoses.ButthereisnoguaranteethatvaccineswhichprotectagainstannualhumanflustrainswillalsoworkagainstH5N1．Theconsequenceshardlybearthinkingabout.Earlierthisyear,inadressrehearsalintheEastMidlandscodenamed,OperationArcticCircle,officialsquicklyconcludedthatmassmortuarieswouldbeneededtoburythedead.Butnooneknowswhether,intheeventofapandemic,anyofthesemeasureswillproveeffective.JohnAvizienius,seniorscientificofficerattheRSPCAandamemberofDefra'savianinfluenzastakeholdergroup,said:"Allyoucandoisplanfortheworstcasescenario."ThefearisthatwildgeesemovingfromwesternChinatoSiberiamayhavespreadthevirustoseveralspeciesofducksandgullsthatbrieflyvisitBritishshoresontheirannualmigrationnorth.Theseducks,manyofwhichmaynotshowsignsofillness,maybepassingonthevirustopoultryonBritishfarms.Inthehopethattheyarenot,DefraandtheWildfowlandWetlandannouncedlastweekthattheywouldbeconductingtestson11,000wildbirds—threetimesthenormallevel."TheriskofavianinfluenzaspreadingfromeasternRussiatotheUKviamigratingbirdsisstilllow,"saidDefra'schiefvet,DebbyReynolds."However,wehavesaidallalongthatwemustremainonthelookout."16．Whatdoesthe"scenario"inParagraph2meantoA．TurkeywillbeexposedtothenationwideaggressionofthedeadlyvirusasthemostseverelyattackedcountryontheseB．Turkeymustkillbillionsofchickenandotherkindsofpoultry.C．TurkeyhastoberesponsibleforthearrivalofH5N1onD．AlltheveterinaryexpertsinTurkeywillsoonswinginto17．Whatis,accordingtoNeilFerguson,thepossibleriskofbirdfluifonegetsinfected?A．Anyone'sinfectionwilltriggerpandemicthoughitisprobablyoneintenthousand.B．Eachtimeapersongetsinfectedwiththeviruswillcauseanenormouspandemicbirdflu.C．Thepersoninfectedwiththeviruswilldogreatharmtopeoplearoundhim.D．Itisimpossiblethatthevirusinfectionofacertainpersonswillcauseanationalbirdvirusspreading.18．ThechangeofalertcolorsfromambertoredimpliesA．allpoultryworkersmustleavetheirworkingplacesassoonaspossibleB．theofficialsintheDepartmentofHealthmustcallformuchmoreofinternationalassistanceC．themostserioussituationofbirdfluhasappearedD．thechangeofthecolorfunctionsgreatlyastheweatherreportsdo19．WhatarethestepstakenbytheDepartmentofHealthofUKwiththeriskofthevirusspreadingtohumanpopulation?A．TheDepartmentofHealthrequiredCivilContingencySecretariattopublishdocumentsforthepandemicpreparedness.B．TheDepartmentofHealthrequiredtheUKnationalcommitteetoco-workwithhospitaltrustsandlocalauthorities.C．TheDepartmentofHealthrequiredCivilContingencySecretariattomakeapandemicplanassoonaspossible.D．TheDepartmentofHealthrequireseveryhospitaltostoreTamiflu,thepreciousfluvaccine.20．Britishgovernment'sfearofthewildgeesefromwesternA．thedomesticducksandgullsinfectedbytheimportedgeesetoBritainB．thepoultryonBritishfarmshasbeeninfectedbytheimmigratedwildgeeseC．themigrationofthewildgeeseeverywinterD．BritishshoresinfectedbythegeesevirusPartⅡTranslation(40points)AfollowingparagraphsintoChinese.(20points)21．Everyonehassomethingtheyareashamedof,afraidoforthattheyfeelguiltyabout.Eachofus,inourownway,hasdevisedaneatlittlemethodofhandlingourdarkside.Wemayknowhowtohideit.Fewofusknowhowtohealit.Whenwerefusetoadmitwhatwehavedoneinthepast,weblockourpathtothefuture.Nomatterhowterriblewethinkweare,howbadwebelievewehavebeen,howlowwethinkwehavefallen,wecancleanourmindsandbeginagain.Weexpendsomuchenergytryingtofixwhoweare,werarelygettoknowourselves.Ifwerealizedhowpreciousthegiftoflifeis,wewouldnotwasteamomenttryingtoimproveit.Ifwereallyunderstoodhowpreciouswearetothegiftoflife,wewouldnotwastetimetryingtofixourselves.Wecannotdrawtousmorethanwebelieveweareworth.Everythingthathappenstousandeverychoicewemakeisareflectionofwhatwebelieveaboutwhoweare.Ourinspirationcomesfromourself-acceptance.Ourmotivationcomesfromourself-reliance.Whenweacceptourselvesandrelyonourselves,wefeelgoodaboutourselves.Whenyoufeelgoodaboutsomething,youbelieveinit.Whenyoubelieveinit,itwillworkforyou!Itisoflittleconsequencewhatyourpasthasbeen.Whatmatterstoyouandforyouisrightnow.Itisnotyourconcernwhatothersmaybesayingordoing.Whenyouaretakingcareofyourself,youhaveverylittletimetopayattentiontoothers.Peoplecanloveyouorhateyou,ignoreyouordoteonyoureveryword.Nomatterwhatanyoneelsemaythinkordoorsay,ithasverylittleimpactonwhoyoureallyare.Itisonlyinyourmindthatyoubuildordestroytheesteemforyour"self".Self-esteembeginsandendswithyou,theself.Whenyouhaveit,youhaveitandnoonecantakeitawayfromyou.Directions：TranslateEnglish．(20points)followingparagraphPartⅢWriting(20points)Directions：Youaretowriteacompositionofnolessthan250wordsanddoyourcompositionneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingtopic：WhatShouldHumanDotoPreservetheNature?PartIReadingComprehension第一段的第二句"intheself-liberatingdevelopmentofpeople2．A语)+consider(谓语)+whether(从句引导词)+theinstruction(从句主learners'firstorhomelanguagesordialectsandintheirorality?3．D5．A的"Itmightleadtoassessmentthatexaminestheperformanceoutcomesofacommunityofliteracylearnersandthesocialsignificanceoftheirusesofliteracy，asopposedto【难句1解析】Animatorsareafamilyofdeeplyconcernedandcommittedpeoplewhosegut-levelrejectionofmasshumanpauperizationcompelsthemtointerveneonthesideofthemarginalized．句中的主体结构是animatorsarefamilywhoserejectioncompelsthem，其余的都是修饰成分。【难句2解析】DoliteracyeducatorsintheUnitedStatesconsiderwhethertheinstructiontheypursueconflictswiththeirstudents'traditionalculturesorcommunity，orfostersilliteraciesinlearners'firstorhomelanguages