计算机组织结构chap2课件

WilliamStallings

ComputerOrganization

andArchitectureChapter2

ComputerEvolutionandPerformanceGenerationsofComputerVacuumtube--1946-1957 1Transistor--1958-1964 2Small,mediumscaleintegration–1965-19713–IC100-3,000devicesonachipLargescaleintegration--1972-1977 4

–

LSI3,000-100,000devicesonachipVerylargescaleintegration--1978-1991 5–VLSI100,000-100,000,000devicesonachipUltralargescaleintegration–1991- 6–ULSIOver100,000,000devicesonachipP24Whenmicrocomputer?​1stcomputer–

generationIUniversityofPennsylvania18,000vacuumtubesDecimal(notbinary)Finished1946​vonNeumann/Turing?Mainmemorystoringprogramsanddata–1st

CPUinterpretinginstructionsfrommemoryandexecuting. i.e.

fetchinstructionfrommemory

executeinstructioninCPUbinarysystem​StructureofvonNeumannmachine​IBM1953-the701IBM’sfirststoredprogramcomputerScientificcalculations1955-the702Businessapplications700series​NJU103fromSovietUnionvacuumtubes30persecondmemory409632bits/word1959,firstrunningcomputerinuniversitiesoneroominNorthbuilding​Transistors–generationII1958Discretecomponents transistor,resistor,capacitoroncircuitboardsIBM7000DECProducedPDP-1​IntegratedCircuit–generationIII…1965IC(Microelectronics) transistor,resistor,capacitoronachip siliconwafer(硅晶片)Twofundamentaltypesofcomponents(P24)‘​GateforprocessingMemorycellforstorage(P141)read1Carrysignalinput1Logicfunction01P281inputwriteStoragecellLogicfunctionSiCiAiBi​Moore’sLawIncreaseddensityofcomponentsonchipNumberoftransistorsonachipwilldoubleeveryyearSince1970’sdevelopmenthasslowedalittle Numberoftransistorsdoublesevery18monthsHigherpackingdensity

shorterelectricalpaths,SmallersizeflexibilityCostofchipunchangedGordonMoore-cofounderofIntelP29​IBM360seriesMultiplexedswitchstructure (Fig.2.5,P2 3)DECPDP-8FirstminicomputerBUSstructure‘​

​

FA..BCDS1S2......Multiplexerconnectsmultipleinputstoasingleoutput.Atanytime,oneoftheinputsisselectedtobepassedtotheoutput.

MUXmemoryI/O1I/O2I/O3CPU​DEC-PDP-8BusStructureOMNIBUSConsoleControllerCPUMainMemoryI/OModuleI/OModuleP31​Series200inChina210—— 360/30 南大，常州无线电厂 220—— 360/40 240—— 360/50 北大，北京738厂 260​LSI–generationIV

1971-4004

FirstmicroprocessorAllCPUcomponentsonasinglechip4bit1974-8080Intel’sfirstgeneralpurposemicroprocessor8bit​PCA8086–16bitprocessor486–32bitprocessorPentium4–64bitprocessor

何谓32位处理机?Keydistinguishingfeatureofaprocessoristhenumberofbitsthattheprocessordealswithatatime.32bits+32bits​

SemiconductorMemory1970MagneticcorestoragesemiconductormemoryMuchfasterthancoreCapacityapproximatelydoubleseachyear​ImproveperformanceCPU---如何提高速度? -提高集成度=shortenthedistancebetweencomponents -increasefrequency -pipelining,superscalar–parallelism, -multicore...Memory---如何更大?如何提高存取速度? -increasedensityofchip -speeduprunfrequency(DDR3-1333…)=P37​ImproveperformanceI/O---如何提高速度? -Deviceitself(display,printer) -Caching(diskcache) -Buffering(printer,I/Omodule)forparallism -Newinterfacetechniques:USB,usenetwork technology -...​TypicalI/ODeviceDataRates​Improveperformanceinterconnection---如何提高速度? -增加传输线的宽度:16位32 64 -Higher-speedinterconnectionbuses -Moreelaboratebusstructures:

hierarchy--P73 -...​ProblemsCPU density,frequencycause:? -RCdelay:ascomponentsonthechipdecrease insize, wireinterconnectsbecomethinner,increaseresistance. wiresareclosertogether,increasingcapacitance -Power:powerdensityincreaseswithdensityof

logicandclockspeed.

dissipatingheatisissue​ProblemsMemory densitycause:? -reduceparallelism:asthedensityofchip increase,fewermemorychipsareused.PerformanceMismatch -Memoryspeedlagsbehindprocessorspeed​LogicandMemoryPerformanceGap​SolutionsCPU---moreemphasisonorganizationaland architecturalapproaches. -Multiplecores:placingmultipleprocessorson singlechip.Usetwosimplerprocessorson thechipratherthanonemorecomplex processorMemory -makememorychipwider:increasenumber ofbitsretrievedatonetime(pin)​POWER4ChipOrganization​SolutionsPerformanceMismatch -incorporatecaches:L1cache(dedicatingpart ofprocessorchip),L2cacheKeyisbalanceProcessorcomponentsMainmemoryI/OdevicesInterconnectionstructures​IntelMicroprocessorPerformance​ExamplesofcomputerdesignPentium---CISC P41PowerPC---RISC P42​InternetResources​Summary1.HistoryENIAC,1946,UniversityofPennsylvaniavonNeumannmachine--storedprogramIBM360series–mainframeDECPDP11–minicomputerIntel–microprocessor2.GenerationsofComputervacuumtubetransistor​integratedcircuitLSIVLSIULSI3.ThreeprincipalconstituentsofacomputersystematIClevel4.Moore’sLawDoublingperformanceeveryyear(18months)​5.Whatisthekeydistinguishingfeatureof

amicroprocessor?6.Improveperformancemethodsproblemssolutions​Assignment网络查询DDR3,SDRAM,chipsetWriteaprogramtoconvertdecimalnumbers(appearinprogramsinHLL)tobinarynumbers​Chipset MostCPUstodayuseachipsetofoneormorechipsthathelpbridgeorconnectthevariousbusestotheCPUDiskcache Whendiskcachingisbeingused,duringanydiskaccessthecomputersystemalsofetchesprogramordatacontentslocatedinneighboringdiskareas(suchastheentiretrack)andtransportsthemtoadedicatedpartofRAMknownasadiskcache

​生活中的辛苦阻挠不了我对生活的热爱。7月-237月-23Saturday,July15,2023人生得意须尽欢，