室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution课件

15七月2023室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollutionINDOORAIRQUALITYIndoorairquality

(IAQ)isatermwhichreferstothe

airquality

withinandaround

buildings

and

structures,especiallyasitrelatestothehealthandcomfortofbuildingoccupants.

INDOORAIRQUALITYIndoorairqualityisinfluencedby:Outdoorairpollution:vehiclesandindustrialplantsSecondhandtobaccosmokeFuelsusedforheatingandcookingConfinedandpoorlyventilatedspacesOvercrowdedhomesandinsufficientlivingspaceCustoms,habits,traditionsLevelofeconomicdevelopment:Industrialized≠developingcountriesADVERSEHEALTHEFFECTSIrritationofthemucousmembranes(eyes,nose,throat)Cough,wheeze,chesttightnessIncreasedairwayresponsivenesstoallergensLong-termexposuredecreaseslunggrowthImpairmentofpulmonaryfunctionIncreasedsusceptibilitytochronicobstructivelungdiseasesAcuteChronicENVIRONMENTANDPOLLUTIONIndoorenvironmentsalsoreflectoutdoorairqualityIndustrialoragriculturalactivitiesTreatmentofindustrialeffluentsanddomesticresiduesTrafficSolidwastemanagementCottageindustriesChemicalincidentsandspillsENVIRONMENTANDPOLLUTIONIndoorairpollutionalsoaffectsoutdoorairqualityINDOORAIRPOLLUTANTParticulatematterCarbonmonoxideSecondhandtobaccosmokePesticidesVolatileorganiccompoundsBiologicalpollutants -Mites -Allergens -MouldsRadonAsbestosPARTICULATEMATTERCoarseparticles(2.5–10micrometres)depositedintheupperrespiratorytractandlargeairwaysFineparticles(<2.5micrometres)mayreachterminalbronchiolesandalveoliSMOKYCOOKINGFUELSOpenfirecookingstovesproduceheavysmokecontaining:FineparticlesCarbonmonoxide(CO)Polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons(PAHs)StronglylinkedtopneumoniaSuggestedlinktolowbirthweightInadults:chronicobstructivepulmonarydisease,lungcancerSMOKYCOOKINGFUELSLevelofparticulatesinhomeusingbiofuel:>1000µg/m3(24hrmean)Canreach10000µg/m3PM10EPA:50µg/m3PM10annualmeanWomenandyoungchildrenhavegreatestexposureSMOKYCOOKINGFUELSAgedistributionofglobalburdenofdiseaseattributabletosolidfueluseAgegroup(yrs)AttributablemortalityAttributableDALYs0–456835–140015–595860+389Youngchildrenathighriskdueto:LungimmaturityHighexposuretoIAP:nearly1millionchildrenunder5yrsdieeveryyearduetosolidfueluse!CARBONMONOXIDETHE"SILENTKILLER"

ACOMMONCAUSEOFACUTEANDLETHALPOISONINGColourless,odourlessgasformedbyincompleteburningofcarbon-basedfuels

CO’saffinityforHbis240–270timesgreaterthanoxygenFetalHbhashigheraffinityforCOCOcausesaleftwardshiftoftheoxyhaemoglobin(OHb)dissociationcurveIntoxicationresultsintissuehypoxiaMultipleorgansystemsareaffectedCARBONMONOXIDESOURCESGas,kerosene,woodstovesandcoalFires,fireplaces,furnaces

LeakingchimneysandventsRoomandwaterheatersVehicleexhaustinclosedgarageTobaccosmokeCARBONMONOXIDESymptoms:

Headache,dizzinessNausea,vomitingIrritabilitySleepiness,confusionUnconsciousness,comaDeathIncreasingCOHbSECONDHANDTOBACCOSMOKEINCREASESRISKOF:RespiratorytractillnessAsthmaMiddleeareffusionsPrenatalcomplicationsandlowbirthweightFire-relatedinjuriesSuddeninfantdeathsyndrome(SIDS)Cancers(childhoodleukemiaandothers)SECONDHANDTOBACCOSMOKE

70%morerespiratoryproblemsPneumoniaandhospitalizationinyear1is38%higherInfantmortalityis80%higher20%ofallinfantdeathscouldbeavoidedifallpregnantsmokersstoppedbythe16thweekofgestation

5timeshigherriskofsuddeninfantdeathsyndrome(SIDS)Childrenwhosemotherssmoke:ORPESTICIDESSprayingpesticidesindoor:HigherconcentrationsnearthefloorPersistenceinsomesurfaces(carpets,softtoys)OveruseandmisusePESTICIDESClassescommonlyused:PyrethroidsNeurotoxicantsInsectrepellents(DEET)MosquitocoilsHealtheffects:AcutepoisoningAllergicandgeneralsymptomsHouseholduseinAfrica,Asia,SouthAmericaVOLATILEORGANICCOMPOUNDSAlkanes,aromatichydrocarbons,alcohols,aldehydes,ketonesSources:Solvents,fabricsofteners,deodorizersandcleaningproductsPaints,glues,resins,waxesandpolishingmaterialsSpraypropellants,drycleaningfluidsPensandmarkersBindersandplasticizersCosmetics:hairsprays,perfumesVOLATILEORGANICCOMPOUNDSHEALTHEFFECTSAcute:IrritationofeyesandrespiratorytractGeneral:headache,dizziness,lossofcoordination,nausea,visualdisordersAllergicreactions,includingasthmaandrhinitisChronic:Damagetoliver,kidney,bloodsystemandcentralnervoussystem(CNS)Somemaycausecancerinhumans(formaldehyde)VOLATILEORGANICCOMPOUNDS

FORMALDEHYDEIndustrializedcountriesHouseholdcleanersanddeodorizersGluesandresinsTobaccosmokeCarpetingFurnitureanddyedmaterialsPressedwoodproductsUreaformaldehydeinsulatingfoam(UFFI)OthersDevelopingcountriesUseofsolidfuelsindoorsMosquitocoilsFurniture(pressedwood)VOLATILEORGANICCOMPOUNDS

FORMALDEHYDEHEALTHEFFECTSIrritationofeyes,noseandthroatBreathingdifficultiesSkinrashAsthmaandotherallergicreactionsMaybeasensitizerMaycausecancerBIOLOGICALPOLLUTANTSAnimaldander,dustmites,moulds,infectiousagents,pollenSourcesofbiologicalagents:Water-damagedsurfacesandmaterialsHumidifiersandstagnantwaterWatervapourfromcookingandshoweringAirconditioningsystemsMattresses,upholsteredfurnitureandcarpetsDirtBIOLOGICALPOLLUTANTSDUSTMITESFeedonhumandanderPreferwarm,humidenvironmentsSources:bedding,carpets,upholstery,softtoysBIOLOGICALPOLLUTANTSANIMALALLERGENSBirdsDogdanderCockroachpartsandfaecesCatdander(mostallergenic)BIOLOGICALPOLLUTANTSAfrequentlyundetectedenvironmentalproblemOccurindampindoorareasAllergiesandnonspecificsymptomsarecommon,butinfectionsarerareMOULDSBIOLOGICALPOLLUTANTSAirwayandconjunctivalirritationHeadacheDifficultyinconcentratingHypersensitivityreactions:asthma,rhinitisSys