英语学习Uni英语泛读课件

Unit10WeatherPartIVocabulary赤道维度、经度海拔北回归线、南回归线北极、南极热带、温带、寒带地中海加勒比海波斯湾墨西哥湾半岛构造板块地壳干旱热带风暴热带气旋强降雨热浪飓风震源、震中、震级余震里氏震级岩浆火山喷发火山口海啸雪崩塌方洪水降水气象学地震学水文学PartIVocabularyEquatorLatitude,longitudeAltitudeTropicofCancerTropicofCapricornNorthpole,southpoleTropical/TorridZone,TemperateZone,Frigid/coldZoneMediterraneanSeaCaribbeanSeaThePersianGulfTheGulfofMexicoPeninsularTectonicplateCrustTropicalstormTropicalcyclonesIntenserainfallshurricanesHypocenter,epicenter,magnitudeAftershockRichterscaleLavaVolcanoeruptionCraterTsunamiAvalancheLandslideDelugePrecipitationSeismologyMeteorologyhydrologyPartIIBackground:ElNino,LaNinaElNino-(ElNee-nyo)isthewarmingofwaterinthePacificOcean.

LaNina-(LahNee-Nyah)isthecoolingofwaterinthePacificOcean.

PartIIBackground:ElNino,LaNinaPartIIBackground:ElNino,LaNinaElNino,LaNinaWindsofChangeGroundandsatellitedatawereusedtocreatethisimageoftheequatorialPacific,showingdeviationsinElNiñotemperatureandwinddirectioninMay1997.East-to-westwindshavereversedthemselves,atleft,andacounterclockwisepatternnearthetopsendswarm,moistairtowardCalifornia.ImagebyW.TimothyLiu,JetPropulsionLaboratory,NASAPartIIBackground:ElNino,LaNinaInterestingFactsElNinowasfirstdiscoveredhundredsofyearsagobyfishermenoffthecoastofPeru.ElNinomeans“LittleBoy”andwasnamedaftertheChristchild(幼年基督),becauseitusuallystartsaroundChristmas.LaNinameans"LittleGirl."ItisalsocalledElViejo,whichmeans"oldman,"oranENSOcoldevent.LaNinaoccursroughlyhalfasoftenasElNinoElNinoandLaNinaarethemostpowerfulphenomenaontheearthandaltertheclimateacrossmorethanhalftheplanet.ElNinomaybecausedbyunderwatervolcanoesinthePacific.PartIIBackground:HurricaneMitchHurricaneMitchwasthemostpowerfulhurricaneofthe1998Atlantichurricaneseason,withmaximumsustainedwindsof180

mph(285

km/h).Thestormwasthethirteenthtropicalstorm,ninthhurricane,andthirdmajorhurricaneoftheseason.Atthetime,HurricaneMitchwasthestrongestAtlantichurricaneobservedinthemonthofOctober,thoughithassincebeensurpassedbyHurricaneWilmaofthe2005season.ThehurricanematchedthefourthmostintenseAtlantichurricaneonrecord(ithassincedroppedtoseventh).MitchformedinthewesternCaribbeanSeaonOctober22,andafterdriftingthroughextremelyfavorableconditions,itrapidlystrengthenedtopeakatCategory

5status,thehighestpossibleratingontheSaffir-SimpsonHurricaneScale.Afterdriftingsouthwestwardandweakening,thehurricanehitHondurasasaminimalhurricane.ItdriftedthroughCentralAmerica,reformedintheBayofCampeche,andultimatelystruckFloridaasastrongtropicalstorm.StormpathMudslideDamageTally（stick）(para.5)PartIIIText:MainideaWhatarethetwoquestionsthatthetextistryingtoanswer?Hasweatheronearthgonewild?Why?Effectivedataareneededtoconfirmthatweatherhasgonewild;currentextremeweathereventsoccurduetomanyfactors,includingElNiňoandLaNiňa;andtheglobalwarmingissueshouldbestudiedfromtheglobalperspectivePartIIIText:organizationPara1-2:SurpriseandextremeweatherPara3-4：Inspiteofthescientist’sopinionthatweatherisstartingtochange,tounderstandthepatterninnaturalvariability,weneedtostudydata,whichisn’teasy.Para5-7:Weatherrelateddamagestakentogetherseemtoshowafrighteningpicture—climatechange.Para8-9Thestatisticsmeteorologistshavecollectedonextremeweathereventsaren’tenoughtoprovethattheweatherisgettingworse.Para10-17Onereasonforpossibleclimatechangeisdiscussed:globalwarningPara18-24Anotherreasonforpossibleclimatechangeisdiscussed:ElNinoandLaNinaPara25-end:Conclusionandsuggestionsfordealingwithextremeweatherinthefuture.PartIIIText:Questions1.Whyarescientistsreluctanttoconcludethattheweatherhasgonewild?Hastheweathergoneextremeinyourarea?2.Isglobalwarmingtoblameforharshweather?3.WhatisElNiňo?Andwhatisitsinfluenceontheclimate?PartIIIText:QuestionsDespiteoftheincreaseddisastersbroughtaboutbybadweather,scientistsarehesitanttosaytheweatherisgettingworseforlackofstrongdatatoprovethestatement.Asharshweatherhappensinfrequently,itisdifficultforscientiststocomeupwithenoughscientificallysoundstatistics.Besides,eveniftheyhadgoodnumbers,thepresentcomputerresolutionisstilltoocoarsetobeabletomakedefinitepredictions.PartIIIText:QuestionsAlthoughthehypothesisthatglobalwarmingistoblameforharshweatherarouseswideattentionamongscientists,noonecanprovideenoughevidencetoproveit.Forexample,Trenberth,whosefindingsaboutglobalwarmingandElNiňocausedastirinthefieldofmeteorology,isawareoftheweaknessofhishypothesis.PartIIIText:QuestionsElNiňoistheperiodicwarmingoftheequatorialPacificthatinducesstormsandotherclimaticevents,historicallyoccursonceeverythreeorsevenyearsandlastsforuptotwoyears.Itcancausestorms,floods,droughts,andsecondaryeffectslikefires.Forexample,intheearly1990's,thedrynessinIndonesiaandothertropicalpacificarea,theblisterinsouthernAfricaandthestorminCaliforniawereallduetoElNiňo.Sentences1.Butthescientistscautionedthatthestudyanalyzedonly80yearsofdata,confined

itselftotheUnitedStates－whichoccupiesamere2percentoftheglobe－andfoundnothingoutoftherealmofpurechance.(para.15)

Therealmofpurechance:metaphorThestudyanalyzeddataofashorttimeof80yearsandasmallareaoftheUnitedStates,therefore,theresultswereonlyaccidentalandnotreliable.

Sentences2.Scientistsfoundthemselveswondering:Whatwouldhappenifoneofnature'sstormmachines

－notcompletelyunderstoodbutstilladheringtorhythmsasregularastheseasons－werepressedintoservicebyglobalwarming?(para.17)ScientistsdonothaveacompleteunderstandingofELNino.However,ithasregularrhythms.ScientistswantedtoknowwhatwouldhappenifglobalwarmingforcedELNinotohappen?

Sentences3.Aknowninstigatorofstorms,floods,droughts,andsecondaryeffectslikefires,theElNiňo-SouthernOscillationcouldgoalongwaytowardexplainingmanyweatherextremes.(para.18)Instigator:initiator,producerGoalongwaytoward…:beanimportantfactorin…beveryimportantandhelpfulin对…大有裨益Goodwillandcooperationcangoalongwaytowardssmoothingyourwaytothetop.4.ContrastingcooloceancurrentsinthePacificcanusherintheoppositephase?,LaNina,whichtendstodryoutthesouthwesternandSouthCentralstates.(para.18)Usherinsth:markorbethestartofsth.new;cause,start迎来，开始FireworkdisplaysusheredintheNewYearSentences5.Forme,thenewdata...indicatethatweappeartobenudgingnoticeablyclosertothe‘smokinggun'demandedbypeoplewhorequireveryhighlevelsofproof.Nudge:gentlypushwiththeelbow;approach,getclosetoSmokinggun:apieceofevidencethatsomeoneisresponsibleforacrime,orthatsomethingistrue,确凿证据就我看来，这些新数据表明...我们离那些要求很高层次证据的人所要求的‘确凿证据’，明显地已经越来越近。PartIV:expressions把目光投向窗外冬季暴雪夏季酷暑秋季寒潮抛在我们面前地狱般狂风横扫。。。暴风雪重击。。。倾盆大雨自然变化热带旋风PartIV:expressions控诉怪异的天气局部地区诸多原因计算损失遭遇灾难重击气候灾难索赔轻视…的观点增长的人口降水事件从历史数据中筛选提出观点引起轰动，引起波澜PartIV:expressions文献显示可信度不高海水蒸发畏缩，退缩肩膀耷拉下来风暴、洪水的制造者在某处大雨倾盆普通的埃尔尼诺掷硬币指出自己工作中的漏洞这有点道理。遭受连续打击横扫达到新高是未来天气的类比和预演PartIV:expressionsFlipyoureyesovertothewindow把目光投向窗外(flip:turn,move,throwquickly)Awinterblizzard

冬季暴雪(compare:blister,lizard)Asummerswelter

夏季酷暑(sweatbecauseofheat)Anautumncoldsnap

秋季寒潮(break,movequickly)Sling…ourway抛在我们面前(throwcasually,fling)Hellholesofwindrampagesthrough…地狱般狂风横扫…(rushaboutviolentlyandwildly)RoastthroughweeksoftheworstdroughtBlizzardspound…暴风雪重击Torrentialdownpour倾盆大雨Naturalvariability

自然变化PartIV:ExpressionsIndict

weirdweather控诉怪异的天气Yourneckofwoods局部地区

ahostofreasons诸多原因(araftof)Tallyupthedamage计算损失Bewhackedbydisasters遭遇灾难重击(hithard)Weatherwoes

气候灾难(thingsthatcausegreatsorrow)Damageclaims

索赔Diminishtheclaimsthat…轻视…的观点(makeorbecomelessinsize,volume,intensity;belittle)Swelling

population增长的人口Precipitationevents降水事件Theliteraturehassuggestedthat…文献显示Tropical

cyclones

热带旋风PartIV:expressionsTheseprojections

ranklowontheconfidencescale可信度不高（anestimationbasedonastudy;预测）Flinch

畏缩，退缩（moveasideasaresultoffear）one’sshoulderscrumple

肩膀耷拉下来(becomebent,crooked;collapse)Oceanevaporation

海水蒸发(vapor：steam)Siftthroughhistoricaldata从历史数据中筛选(sieve筛子)Float

anidea提出观点Causeastir

intheaudience引起轰动，引起波澜Instigatorofstorms，flood风暴、洪水的制造者(instigate:initiate,bringabout)Usherintheoppositephase(cause,bringabout)PartIV:expressionsDrenchCalifornia在加尼福尼亚地区大雨倾盆(wetthoroughly,soak;compare:trench)Run-of-the-millElNino普通的埃尔尼诺Acornflip

掷硬币Poke

aholeinhisownwork指出自己工作中的漏洞(poker拨火棍)There’sashred

oftruthtoit.这有点道理。（asmallnarrowpiece）Getbattered

遭受连续打击(beatrepeatedlywithhardblows)Whisk

through横扫(flywhiskusedtoremovedustorflies)Hitnewhighs达到新高Evidencemountsthat…越来越多，增长Ananalogue，adryruntothefuture是未来